aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
aum&daum&d
aum&daum&d
aum&dEE
EE
E
oo
oo
oKKKKKMo0gpm'kwd,apmifMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
Mo0gpm'kwd,apmifMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
Mo0gpm'kwd,apmif
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfxHokdYa&;ykdYcJhaom
&Sifaygvk\'kwd,ajrmufpmapmifukd qifjcifESvkH;oGif;avhvmjcif;
tufzf? 0def; ruf vD,kd'ftufzf? 0def; ruf vD,kd'f
tufzf? 0def; ruf vD,kd'ftufzf? 0def; ruf vD,kd'f
tufzf? 0def; ruf vD,kd'f
(F. Wayne Mac Leod)
rmwdumrmwdum
rmwdumrmwdum
rmwdum
pum;OD; ------------------------------------------------- 1
aum&dE
oKMo0gpmukd ed'gef;ysKd;jcif; -------------------------- 5
1/ qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif; ------------- 9
2/ tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif; -------------------------- 21
3/ xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif ----------------------- 35
4/ arSmufvSefolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm; ------------------- 49
5/ wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI ------------------------ 59
6/ zkH;uG,frxm;aom rsufESmrsm;ubkef;awmfukd
xif[yfjcif; ---------------------------------------- 71
7/ owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwf ------------- 79
8/ jyif;xefpGm eif;ajccH&aomfvnf; usKd;yJhysufqD;jcif;
okdYra&muf ------------------------------------------ 89
9/ ,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf -------------------------- 103
10/ ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm; ----------------------- 113
11/ trIawmfaqmifolcsif; -------------------------------127
12/ xkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufyg -------------------------------- 145
13/ cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif------------------- 153
14/ pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmf ---------------------- 167
15/ tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif; --------------------- 177
16/ pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm; ------------189
Light To My Path Book Distribution
Sydney Mines, NS CANADA B1V 1Y5
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
aum&daum&d
aum&daum&d
aum&dEE
EE
E
oo
oo
oKKKKKMo0gpm'kwd,apmifMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
Mo0gpm'kwd,apmifMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
Mo0gpm'kwd,apmif
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfxHokdYa&;ykdYcJhaom
&Sifaygvk\'kwd,ajrmufpmapmifukd qifjcifESvkH;oGif;avhvmjcif;
tufzf? 0def; ruf vD,kd'ftufzf? 0def; ruf vD,kd'f
tufzf? 0def; ruf vD,kd'ftufzf? 0def; ruf vD,kd'f
tufzf? 0def; ruf vD,kd'f
(F. Wayne Mac Leod)
rmwdumrmwdum
rmwdumrmwdum
rmwdum
pum;OD; ------------------------------------------------- 1
aum&dE
oKMo0gpmukd ed'gef;ysKd;jcif; -------------------------- 5
1/ qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif; ------------- 9
2/ tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif; -------------------------- 21
3/ xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif ----------------------- 35
4/ arSmufvSefolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm; ------------------- 49
5/ wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI ------------------------ 59
6/ zkH;uG,frxm;aom rsufESmrsm;ubkef;awmfukd
xif[yfjcif; ---------------------------------------- 71
7/ owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwf ------------- 79
8/ jyif;xefpGm eif;ajccH&aomfvnf; usKd;yJhysufqD;jcif;
okdYra&muf ------------------------------------------ 89
9/ ,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf -------------------------- 103
10/ ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm; ----------------------- 113
11/ trIawmfaqmifolcsif; -------------------------------127
12/ xkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufyg -------------------------------- 145
13/ cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif------------------- 153
14/ pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmf ---------------------- 167
15/ tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif; --------------------- 177
16/ pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm; ------------189
Light To My Path Book Distribution
Sydney Mines, NS CANADA B1V 1Y5
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
17/ aygvkvlaMumufvm; -------------------------------- 203
18/ ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif; --------------------- 217
19/ tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif; ---------- 229
20/ tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif; ------------------- 241
21/ ukd,füpl;aomql; ------------------------------------ 253
22/ oifwkdYü 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkd ------------------------ 265
23/ pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif; ------------------------ 275
pum;OD;pum;OD;
pum;OD;pum;OD;
pum;OD;
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHokdY &Sifaygvka&;om;ay;ykdYcJhaom
'kwd,pmapmifonf yxrpmapmif\aemufqufwGJjzpfonf/ þ (aum
&dE
oKMo0g') yxrpmapmifwGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdY\toif;awmftwGif;ü jzpfysufaeaomjyóemrsm;aMumifh
jypfwifarmif;rJcJhonf/ olwkdYonfowif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd
BuJjzefYjcif;trIü tqD;twm;taESmuft,SufrjzpfrnfhtaMumif;
xkdjyóemrsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;MuzkdY &Sifaygvkutav;teuf
wkdufwGef;cJhonf/ vltcsKdUu þyxrpmapmif\ cufxefrmausmrIukd
txifvGJcJhMuonf/ þ'kwd,pmapmifwGif &Sifaygvkurdrd\&nf&G,fcsuf
ukdt"dyÜg,faumufvGJcJhMuaomolrsm;ESihf jyefvnfoihfjrwfjcif;ukd jyKvkyfzkdY
BudK;pm;cJhonf/
þ'kwd,pmapmif&Sd &Sifaygvk\'kwd,&nf&G,fcsufrSm ukd,fukd
ukd,f wrefawmfrsm;[k a<u;aMumfMuonfh rSm;,Gif;aom q&mrsm;\
vSnfhpm; jcif;ukd cHae&aomolrsm;ukd oGefoifay;zkdYjzpfonf/ þrSm;,Gif;
aom q&mrsm;onf &Sifaygvk\vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd avsmhcsí &Sifaygvk
\ trIawmfvkyfief;ukd xdckdufepfemapzkdY BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ þokdYjyK
vkyf&mwGif olwkdYonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd vSnfhjzm;cJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvkonf þ'kwd,pmapmifwGif owif;aumif;w&m;
a[mjcif;trIawmftaMumif;ukd tus,fw0ifhajymjyxm;onf/
aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd rSm;,Gif;aomya&mzufrsm;onf qkd;0g;aomykHOyrmrsm;ukd
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
17/ aygvkvlaMumufvm; -------------------------------- 203
18/ ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif; --------------------- 217
19/ tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif; ---------- 229
20/ tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif; ------------------- 241
21/ ukd,füpl;aomql; ------------------------------------ 253
22/ oifwkdYü 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkd ------------------------ 265
23/ pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif; ------------------------ 275
pum;OD;pum;OD;
pum;OD;pum;OD;
pum;OD;
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHokdY &Sifaygvka&;om;ay;ykdYcJhaom
'kwd,pmapmifonf yxrpmapmif\aemufqufwGJjzpfonf/ þ (aum
&dE
oKMo0g') yxrpmapmifwGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdY\toif;awmftwGif;ü jzpfysufaeaomjyóemrsm;aMumifh
jypfwifarmif;rJcJhonf/ olwkdYonfowif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd
BuJjzefYjcif;trIü tqD;twm;taESmuft,SufrjzpfrnfhtaMumif;
xkdjyóemrsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;MuzkdY &Sifaygvkutav;teuf
wkdufwGef;cJhonf/ vltcsKdUu þyxrpmapmif\ cufxefrmausmrIukd
txifvGJcJhMuonf/ þ'kwd,pmapmifwGif &Sifaygvkurdrd\&nf&G,fcsuf
ukdt"dyÜg,faumufvGJcJhMuaomolrsm;ESihf jyefvnfoihfjrwfjcif;ukd jyKvkyfzkdY
BudK;pm;cJhonf/
þ'kwd,pmapmif&Sd &Sifaygvk\'kwd,&nf&G,fcsufrSm ukd,fukd
ukd,f wrefawmfrsm;[k a<u;aMumfMuonfh rSm;,Gif;aom q&mrsm;\
vSnfhpm; jcif;ukd cHae&aomolrsm;ukd oGefoifay;zkdYjzpfonf/ þrSm;,Gif;
aom q&mrsm;onf &Sifaygvk\vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd avsmhcsí &Sifaygvk
\ trIawmfvkyfief;ukd xdckdufepfemapzkdY BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ þokdYjyK
vkyf&mwGif olwkdYonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd vSnfhjzm;cJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvkonf þ'kwd,pmapmifwGif owif;aumif;w&m;
a[mjcif;trIawmftaMumif;ukd tus,fw0ifhajymjyxm;onf/
aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd rSm;,Gif;aomya&mzufrsm;onf qkd;0g;aomykHOyrmrsm;ukd
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
wnfaqmufaecJhMuonf/ xkdaMumihf &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;tm; ocifc&pfawmf\ ppfrSefaomoHwrefrsm;jzpfMuzkdY pdefac:cJh
onf/ avmuDom;rsm;xHü ocifc&pfawmf\bkef;awmfukd xif&Sm;jyo
MuzdkY &Sifaygvku olwkdYukdtoday;cJhonf/ olwkdY\ajrcE¨mrsm;onf
,m,DomjzpfNyD;? xkdcE¨mrsm;ukd ocifbk&m;\trIawmftwGuf ay;tyf
vQifbkef;toa&ESihf jynfhpkHaomcE¨monf olwkdYukdaumif;uifbkHü
apmifhpm;aernfjzpfaMumif;ukd owd&aeMuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/ olkwdkYykdif
aomt&mcyfodrf;ukd ocifbk&m;tm;ay;tyfí aus;Zl;awmfü
ajymifajrmuf MuzdkYqifhac:onf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;twGuf t&mtm;vkH;vG,ful
cJhvdrfhrnf[k uwdray;cJhyg/ trSefqkd&vQif ocifbk&m;twGufaMumihf
vltcsKdUrSm 'ku©a&mufaecJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvku þyk*¾dKvfrsm;ukd
þcufcJjcif;tcsdefü ESpfodrfhay;vkdí ocifa,½Iukd4if;wkdY\arQmfvifh
csuftjzpfESihf pl;pkdufxm;MuapvkdcJhonf/
aum&dE
oKMo0g'pmapmifonf ocifbk&m;ukdtrIawmfjrwfü
*kPfwifhapvkdaomolrsm;twGuf trIawmfvufpGJusrf;wpfusrf;jzpf
onf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHokdY a&;om;ay;ykdYcJhaom þ'kwd,pm
apmifwGif yk*¾dKvfa&;qufqHa&;rsm;ü ½kef;uefae&jcif;rsm;? trIaqmif
tcsif;csif;Mum;ü txifvGJrSm;rIrsm;? rSm;,Gif;aompdwf&if;pdwfxm;rsm;?
½kyfykdif;qkdif&mqif;&J'ku©rsm;? raocsmra&&mrIrsm;? avmuDpkHprf;aESmuf
,Sufjcif;rsm;ponf t&mtm;vkH;ukd vdyfrla&;om;xm;onf/
ocifbk&m;xHü tcsdefjynfhaomfvnf;aumif;? tcsdefykdif;aomf
vnf;aumif; tapcHvkdaomolrsm;onf þpmapmif&Sd tajccHpnf;rsOf;
Oya'orsm;ukd aumif;rGefpGm oifMum;wwfajrmufxm;&rnfjzpfonf/
tcef;wpfcef;pD\tpü&nfñTef;xm;aom usrf;csufrsm;ukd zwf
½IzkdYtcsdef,lyg/ uREkfyf\&nf&G,fcsufrSm or®musrf;pm\ae&mukdtpm;
xkd;zkdYr[kwfyg/ or®musrf;pmukd &Sif;vif;vmapzkdYjzpfonf/ aum&dE
oKMo
0g'pm'kwd,apmifü uREkfyfrNcHKikHrdaomt&mrsm;pGm&SdaeaMumif;ukd uREkfyf
owdjyKrdygonf/ tvGefajymifajrmufvSaom þpmapmifüawGU&onfh
or®mw&m;rsm;ESihf 4if;wkdY\vufawGU&,lusihfokH;p&m tcsufrsm;tm;vkH;
ukd rnfolurQjynfhjynfh00okH;oyfa&;om;Ekdifrnfr[kwfyg/ tay:,H
oabmukdom uREkfyfNcHKikHokH;oyfEkdifonf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ xkdokdYjzpf
aomaMumihf þusrf;apmifrSaz:jyay;xm;aom or®mw&m;rsm;\
vufawGUusihfokH;&eftcsufrsm;wGif pmzwfolwkdif;onf oefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmf\vrf;jyjcif;ukd&SmBuHMu&rnfjzpfonf/ þpmtkyfü uREkfyf
&nfñTef;az:jyxm;aom tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;ukd oefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmfu oifhtoufwmü tokH;jyKrnfhtaMumif;rSm uREkfyf\qk
awmif;csufjzpfonf/ þpmtkyfonf or®musrf;pmxJokdY oihfukdOD;aqmif
oGm;&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? or®musrf;pm\vufawGU&,lusihfokH;&ef
tcsufrsm;ukd oihf&JUukd,fawGUb0tajctaersm;ESihf qufpyfay;&ef
twGufvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocif\vufxJrS wefqmyvmwpfck omjzpf
onf/ þpmtkyfukd oihftoufwmü xkdokdYaumif;BuD;ay;&ef bk&m;ocif
ESpfoufjcif;&Sdygapaomf.../
tufzf 0def; rufvD,kd'f
2 3
pum;OD;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
wnfaqmufaecJhMuonf/ xkdaMumihf &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;tm; ocifc&pfawmf\ ppfrSefaomoHwrefrsm;jzpfMuzkdY pdefac:cJh
onf/ avmuDom;rsm;xHü ocifc&pfawmf\bkef;awmfukd xif&Sm;jyo
MuzdkY &Sifaygvku olwkdYukdtoday;cJhonf/ olwkdY\ajrcE¨mrsm;onf
,m,DomjzpfNyD;? xkdcE¨mrsm;ukd ocifbk&m;\trIawmftwGuf ay;tyf
vQifbkef;toa&ESihf jynfhpkHaomcE¨monf olwkdYukdaumif;uifbkHü
apmifhpm;aernfjzpfaMumif;ukd owd&aeMuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/ olkwdkYykdif
aomt&mcyfodrf;ukd ocifbk&m;tm;ay;tyfí aus;Zl;awmfü
ajymifajrmuf MuzdkYqifhac:onf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;twGuf t&mtm;vkH;vG,ful
cJhvdrfhrnf[k uwdray;cJhyg/ trSefqkd&vQif ocifbk&m;twGufaMumihf
vltcsKdUrSm 'ku©a&mufaecJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvku þyk*¾dKvfrsm;ukd
þcufcJjcif;tcsdefü ESpfodrfhay;vkdí ocifa,½Iukd4if;wkdY\arQmfvifh
csuftjzpfESihf pl;pkdufxm;MuapvkdcJhonf/
aum&dE
oKMo0g'pmapmifonf ocifbk&m;ukdtrIawmfjrwfü
*kPfwifhapvkdaomolrsm;twGuf trIawmfvufpGJusrf;wpfusrf;jzpf
onf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHokdY a&;om;ay;ykdYcJhaom þ'kwd,pm
apmifwGif yk*¾dKvfa&;qufqHa&;rsm;ü ½kef;uefae&jcif;rsm;? trIaqmif
tcsif;csif;Mum;ü txifvGJrSm;rIrsm;? rSm;,Gif;aompdwf&if;pdwfxm;rsm;?
½kyfykdif;qkdif&mqif;&J'ku©rsm;? raocsmra&&mrIrsm;? avmuDpkHprf;aESmuf
,Sufjcif;rsm;ponf t&mtm;vkH;ukd vdyfrla&;om;xm;onf/
ocifbk&m;xHü tcsdefjynfhaomfvnf;aumif;? tcsdefykdif;aomf
vnf;aumif; tapcHvkdaomolrsm;onf þpmapmif&Sd tajccHpnf;rsOf;
Oya'orsm;ukd aumif;rGefpGm oifMum;wwfajrmufxm;&rnfjzpfonf/
tcef;wpfcef;pD\tpü&nfñTef;xm;aom usrf;csufrsm;ukd zwf
½IzkdYtcsdef,lyg/ uREkfyf\&nf&G,fcsufrSm or®musrf;pm\ae&mukdtpm;
xkd;zkdYr[kwfyg/ or®musrf;pmukd &Sif;vif;vmapzkdYjzpfonf/ aum&dE
oKMo
0g'pm'kwd,apmifü uREkfyfrNcHKikHrdaomt&mrsm;pGm&SdaeaMumif;ukd uREkfyf
owdjyKrdygonf/ tvGefajymifajrmufvSaom þpmapmifüawGU&onfh
or®mw&m;rsm;ESihf 4if;wkdY\vufawGU&,lusihfokH;p&m tcsufrsm;tm;vkH;
ukd rnfolurQjynfhjynfh00okH;oyfa&;om;Ekdifrnfr[kwfyg/ tay:,H
oabmukdom uREkfyfNcHKikHokH;oyfEkdifonf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ xkdokdYjzpf
aomaMumihf þusrf;apmifrSaz:jyay;xm;aom or®mw&m;rsm;\
vufawGUusihfokH;&eftcsufrsm;wGif pmzwfolwkdif;onf oefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmf\vrf;jyjcif;ukd&SmBuHMu&rnfjzpfonf/ þpmtkyfü uREkfyf
&nfñTef;az:jyxm;aom tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;ukd oefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmfu oifhtoufwmü tokH;jyKrnfhtaMumif;rSm uREkfyf\qk
awmif;csufjzpfonf/ þpmtkyfonf or®musrf;pmxJokdY oihfukdOD;aqmif
oGm;&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? or®musrf;pm\vufawGU&,lusihfokH;&ef
tcsufrsm;ukd oihf&JUukd,fawGUb0tajctaersm;ESihf qufpyfay;&ef
twGufvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocif\vufxJrS wefqmyvmwpfck omjzpf
onf/ þpmtkyfukd oihftoufwmü xkdokdYaumif;BuD;ay;&ef bk&m;ocif
ESpfoufjcif;&Sdygapaomf.../
tufzf 0def; rufvD,kd'f
2 3
pum;OD;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
aum&daum&d
aum&daum&d
aum&dEE
EE
E
oo
oo
oKMo0g'pm'kwd,apmifukd ed'gef;ysKd;jcif;KMo0g'pm'kwd,apmifukd ed'gef;ysKd;jcif;
KMo0g'pm'kwd,apmifukd ed'gef;ysKd;jcif;KMo0g'pm'kwd,apmifukd ed'gef;ysKd;jcif;
KMo0g'pm'kwd,apmifukd ed'gef;ysKd;jcif;
a&;om;jyKpkola&;om;jyKpkol
a&;om;jyKpkola&;om;jyKpkol
a&;om;jyKpkol
aum&dE
oKMo0g'pm'kwd,apmifukd a&;om;jyKpkolrSm wrefawmf
&SifaygvkjzpfNyD; wdarmaoESihftwlwuGa&;om;jyKpkcJhonf (2aum 1;1)/
&Sifaygvku pmapmifukda&;om;jyKpkcJhNyD;? wdarmaou yg0ifaomt&m
rsm;ukd od&Sdxm;í &Sifaygvka&;om;csufrsm;ukd tjynfht0oabmwlcJh
onfrSmusrf;abmiftoGm;tvmtm;jzifhodomxif&Sm;aeygonf/
aemufcHtajctaeaemufcHtajctae
aemufcHtajctaeaemufcHtajctae
aemufcHtajctae
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfxHokdY a&;om;ay;ykdYcJhonfh aum&dE
oKMo0g'
pmyxrapmifwGif toif;awmfüjzpfysufaeaom ukd,fusifhw&m;azmuf
jyefrI? pdwf0rf;uGJrI? tvGJokH;pm;jyKvkyfrIrsm;tm; ruG,fr0SufESihf tckdif
trmajymqkdxm;onfh rSwfwrf;rsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYawGU&onf/ 2aum 7;8
wGif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 0rf;enf;aMuuGJapcJhaom pmwpfapmif
taMumif;ukd &Sifaygvkajymjyxm;onf/ þtcsufukdMunfhjcif;jzihf
,kHMunfolrsm;onf &Sifaygvk\pmukd aumif;aumif;rGefrGefvufrcHcJhMu
aMumif;uREkfyfwkdYem;vnf&onf/ trSefqkd&vQif 2aum 12;21ESihf 13;2
wkdYwGif yxrpmapmifü rdrdvdyfrla&;om;cJhaom tjypf'kp½dkufrsm;rS
aemifw&MuzkdY ajrmufjrm;pGmu jiif;qefcJhMuaMumif; &Sifaygvkod&Sdowd
jyKrdcJhonf/
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
aum&daum&d
aum&daum&d
aum&dEE
EE
E
oo
oo
oKMo0g'pm'kwd,apmifukd ed'gef;ysKd;jcif;KMo0g'pm'kwd,apmifukd ed'gef;ysKd;jcif;
KMo0g'pm'kwd,apmifukd ed'gef;ysKd;jcif;KMo0g'pm'kwd,apmifukd ed'gef;ysKd;jcif;
KMo0g'pm'kwd,apmifukd ed'gef;ysKd;jcif;
a&;om;jyKpkola&;om;jyKpkol
a&;om;jyKpkola&;om;jyKpkol
a&;om;jyKpkol
aum&dE
oKMo0g'pm'kwd,apmifukd a&;om;jyKpkolrSm wrefawmf
&SifaygvkjzpfNyD; wdarmaoESihftwlwuGa&;om;jyKpkcJhonf (2aum 1;1)/
&Sifaygvku pmapmifukda&;om;jyKpkcJhNyD;? wdarmaou yg0ifaomt&m
rsm;ukd od&Sdxm;í &Sifaygvka&;om;csufrsm;ukd tjynfht0oabmwlcJh
onfrSmusrf;abmiftoGm;tvmtm;jzifhodomxif&Sm;aeygonf/
aemufcHtajctaeaemufcHtajctae
aemufcHtajctaeaemufcHtajctae
aemufcHtajctae
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfxHokdY a&;om;ay;ykdYcJhonfh aum&dE
oKMo0g'
pmyxrapmifwGif toif;awmfüjzpfysufaeaom ukd,fusifhw&m;azmuf
jyefrI? pdwf0rf;uGJrI? tvGJokH;pm;jyKvkyfrIrsm;tm; ruG,fr0SufESihf tckdif
trmajymqkdxm;onfh rSwfwrf;rsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYawGU&onf/ 2aum 7;8
wGif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 0rf;enf;aMuuGJapcJhaom pmwpfapmif
taMumif;ukd &Sifaygvkajymjyxm;onf/ þtcsufukdMunfhjcif;jzihf
,kHMunfolrsm;onf &Sifaygvk\pmukd aumif;aumif;rGefrGefvufrcHcJhMu
aMumif;uREkfyfwkdYem;vnf&onf/ trSefqkd&vQif 2aum 12;21ESihf 13;2
wkdYwGif yxrpmapmifü rdrdvdyfrla&;om;cJhaom tjypf'kp½dkufrsm;rS
aemifw&MuzkdY ajrmufjrm;pGmu jiif;qefcJhMuaMumif; &Sifaygvkod&Sdowd
jyKrdcJhonf/
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmfukd oGm;a&mufvnfywf
cJhaomf vnf;xkdvnfywfrIonf aumif;aomvnfywfrIwpfckjzpfykHray:
cJhyg/ 2aum 2;1wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonf
4if;wkdYxH vma&mufrvnfywf&jcif;rSm ]]0rf;enf;jcif;vnfywfrI}}ukd
aemufwpfcg rjzpfapvkdaomaMumihfjzpfonf[k ajymcJhonf/ xkdvnfywf
rIonf 0rf;enf;emusifzG,fjzpf&jcif;taMumif;t&if;tcsKdUukd þpmapmif
wGif vdyfrlajymqkdxm;onf/ yxrpmapmifü &Sifaygvkaz:jyajymqkdonfh
tjypf'kp½kdufrsm;rS aemifw&zdkY vltcsKdUu jiif;qefcJhMuaMumif;ukd uREkfyf
wkdYaz:jycJhNyD;jzpfonf (2aum 12;21? 13;2)/ xkdYtjyiftoif;awmfü
wrefawmfwpfyg;tjzpfESihf &Sifaygvkü&SdaomtcGihftmPmukd ar;cGef;
xkwfcJhaomolrsm;vnf;&SdcJhonf/ xkdyk*¾dKvfrsm;u &Sifaygvk\pmonf
]]av;vHaompm? wefckd;ESihfjynfhpkHaompm}} jzpfonf[kqkdMuaomfvnf;
vlcsif;awGUaomtcgwGifrl qGJaqmifrIr&Sdaomoljzpfonf[k ajymqkdcJh
Muonf (2aum 10;10)/ tjcm;olrsm;u &Sifaygvkonf tjcm;wref
awmfrsm;xufykdí edrfhusonf[k rSwf,lcJhMuonf (2aum 11;7-9)/
&Sifaygvkonf rdrdwdkYaum&dE
oKtoif;awmftm; tjcm;toif;awmf
rsm;xuf edrfhusouJhokdY qufqHaeonf[k rSwf,loltcsKdUvnf;&Sdaeao;
onf (2aum 12;13)/
þpmapmifwGif &Sifaygvku rdrd\wrefawmft½kduft&mESihf
qifhac:jcif;ukd ckcHumuG,fajymqkda&;om;&eftwGuftcsdefawmfawmf
rsm;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKxm;onf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
bk&m;ocifonf rdrdukdwrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfvmzkdY qifhac:cJhNyD;olwkdYonf
rdrdwrefawmfjzpfjcif;\ oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfaMumif;? rdrd
wrefawmfjzpfjcif;tm;jzihf vltajrmuftjrm;toufwmajymif;vJí
oGefoifavhusihfay;jcif;ukd cHMu&aMumif; today;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku
toif;awmfukd tvkdawmfESihfnDaom toufwm&SifoefykHjzihf a&SUquf
&SifoefMu&ef? txl;ojzihf4if;wkdYykdifqkdifouJhokdY rykdifqkdifaomolrsm;xHü
4if;wkdY\csrf;om<u,f0rIukd ay;urf;a0iSMu&ef cGeftm;ay;cJhonf/
,aeYtwGufþusrf;apmifta&;ygykH,aeYtwGufþusrf;apmifta&;ygykH
,aeYtwGufþusrf;apmifta&;ygykH,aeYtwGufþusrf;apmifta&;ygykH
,aeYtwGufþusrf;apmifta&;ygykH
toif;awmfütjcm;,kHMunfolESihf jyóemrjzpfcJhzl;aom
,kHMunfol[lí rsm;rsm;pm;pm;r&Sdyg/ uREkfyfwkdYwnf;omjyóem&Sdaomol
r[kwfaMumif;ukd od&jcif;onf cGeftm;&p&myifjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk\
trIawmfvkyfief;ukd ar;cGef;xkwfcJhMuonf/ &Sifaygvkukdvnf;aumif;?
&Sifaygvk\trIawmfvkyfief;ukdvnf;aumif;? &Sifaygvk\yifukdp½kdufukd
vnf;aumif; oabmrusaomolrsm; aum&dE
oKNrdKUü&SdcJhonf/ c&pfawmf
\ukd,fcE¨mawmfü uREkfyfwkdYESihftjcm;,kHMunfolrsm;Mum;ü &Sdaeaom
jyóemtm;rnfokdYajz&Sif;&rnfhtaMumif; tHhzG,fykHOyrmwpfckukd
&Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYtm; ay;xm;onf/
ukd,fcE¨mawmfwpfckvkH;\ aumif;usKd;twGufuREkfyfwdkYyGihfyGifh
vif;vif;ajymqkdzkdYvkdtyfaomtcsdefrsm;&SdouJhokdY uREkfyfuif;uif;uGmuGm
aezkdYvkdtyfaomtcsdefrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ okdYaomfxkdokdYjyKvkyfcJhaom
tcsdefrsm;wGif &Sifaygvkonf toif;awmftwGufvnf;aumif;? rdrdukd
qefYusifMuaomolrsm;twGufvnf;aumif; tNrJpkd;&drfylyefaecJhygonf/
&Sifaygvk\ ESvkH;om;onf olwkdYtwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? usKd;yJhysufpD;
aeaomolwkdY\qufqHa&;rsm;twGufvnf;aumif; aMuuGJcJh&onf/
okdYaomfolonf rdrdukdvnf;aumif;? rdrd\trIawmfvkyfief;ukd vnf;
aumif; qefYusifaecJhaomolrsm;ESihf jyefvnfoifhjrwfjcif;ukd &SmBuHí
6 7
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmifukd ed'gef;ysKd;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmfukd oGm;a&mufvnfywf
cJhaomf vnf;xkdvnfywfrIonf aumif;aomvnfywfrIwpfckjzpfykHray:
cJhyg/ 2aum 2;1wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonf
4if;wkdYxH vma&mufrvnfywf&jcif;rSm ]]0rf;enf;jcif;vnfywfrI}}ukd
aemufwpfcg rjzpfapvkdaomaMumihfjzpfonf[k ajymcJhonf/ xkdvnfywf
rIonf 0rf;enf;emusifzG,fjzpf&jcif;taMumif;t&if;tcsKdUukd þpmapmif
wGif vdyfrlajymqkdxm;onf/ yxrpmapmifü &Sifaygvkaz:jyajymqkdonfh
tjypf'kp½kdufrsm;rS aemifw&zdkY vltcsKdUu jiif;qefcJhMuaMumif;ukd uREkfyf
wkdYaz:jycJhNyD;jzpfonf (2aum 12;21? 13;2)/ xkdYtjyiftoif;awmfü
wrefawmfwpfyg;tjzpfESihf &Sifaygvkü&SdaomtcGihftmPmukd ar;cGef;
xkwfcJhaomolrsm;vnf;&SdcJhonf/ xkdyk*¾dKvfrsm;u &Sifaygvk\pmonf
]]av;vHaompm? wefckd;ESihfjynfhpkHaompm}} jzpfonf[kqkdMuaomfvnf;
vlcsif;awGUaomtcgwGifrl qGJaqmifrIr&Sdaomoljzpfonf[k ajymqkdcJh
Muonf (2aum 10;10)/ tjcm;olrsm;u &Sifaygvkonf tjcm;wref
awmfrsm;xufykdí edrfhusonf[k rSwf,lcJhMuonf (2aum 11;7-9)/
&Sifaygvkonf rdrdwdkYaum&dE
oKtoif;awmftm; tjcm;toif;awmf
rsm;xuf edrfhusouJhokdY qufqHaeonf[k rSwf,loltcsKdUvnf;&Sdaeao;
onf (2aum 12;13)/
þpmapmifwGif &Sifaygvku rdrd\wrefawmft½kduft&mESihf
qifhac:jcif;ukd ckcHumuG,fajymqkda&;om;&eftwGuftcsdefawmfawmf
rsm;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKxm;onf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
bk&m;ocifonf rdrdukdwrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfvmzkdY qifhac:cJhNyD;olwkdYonf
rdrdwrefawmfjzpfjcif;\ oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfaMumif;? rdrd
wrefawmfjzpfjcif;tm;jzihf vltajrmuftjrm;toufwmajymif;vJí
oGefoifavhusihfay;jcif;ukd cHMu&aMumif; today;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku
toif;awmfukd tvkdawmfESihfnDaom toufwm&SifoefykHjzihf a&SUquf
&SifoefMu&ef? txl;ojzihf4if;wkdYykdifqkdifouJhokdY rykdifqkdifaomolrsm;xHü
4if;wkdY\csrf;om<u,f0rIukd ay;urf;a0iSMu&ef cGeftm;ay;cJhonf/
,aeYtwGufþusrf;apmifta&;ygykH,aeYtwGufþusrf;apmifta&;ygykH
,aeYtwGufþusrf;apmifta&;ygykH,aeYtwGufþusrf;apmifta&;ygykH
,aeYtwGufþusrf;apmifta&;ygykH
toif;awmfütjcm;,kHMunfolESihf jyóemrjzpfcJhzl;aom
,kHMunfol[lí rsm;rsm;pm;pm;r&Sdyg/ uREkfyfwkdYwnf;omjyóem&Sdaomol
r[kwfaMumif;ukd od&jcif;onf cGeftm;&p&myifjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk\
trIawmfvkyfief;ukd ar;cGef;xkwfcJhMuonf/ &Sifaygvkukdvnf;aumif;?
&Sifaygvk\trIawmfvkyfief;ukdvnf;aumif;? &Sifaygvk\yifukdp½kdufukd
vnf;aumif; oabmrusaomolrsm; aum&dE
oKNrdKUü&SdcJhonf/ c&pfawmf
\ukd,fcE¨mawmfü uREkfyfwkdYESihftjcm;,kHMunfolrsm;Mum;ü &Sdaeaom
jyóemtm;rnfokdYajz&Sif;&rnfhtaMumif; tHhzG,fykHOyrmwpfckukd
&Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYtm; ay;xm;onf/
ukd,fcE¨mawmfwpfckvkH;\ aumif;usKd;twGufuREkfyfwdkYyGihfyGifh
vif;vif;ajymqkdzkdYvkdtyfaomtcsdefrsm;&SdouJhokdY uREkfyfuif;uif;uGmuGm
aezkdYvkdtyfaomtcsdefrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ okdYaomfxkdokdYjyKvkyfcJhaom
tcsdefrsm;wGif &Sifaygvkonf toif;awmftwGufvnf;aumif;? rdrdukd
qefYusifMuaomolrsm;twGufvnf;aumif; tNrJpkd;&drfylyefaecJhygonf/
&Sifaygvk\ ESvkH;om;onf olwkdYtwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? usKd;yJhysufpD;
aeaomolwkdY\qufqHa&;rsm;twGufvnf;aumif; aMuuGJcJh&onf/
okdYaomfolonf rdrdukdvnf;aumif;? rdrd\trIawmfvkyfief;ukd vnf;
aumif; qefYusifaecJhaomolrsm;ESihf jyefvnfoifhjrwfjcif;ukd &SmBuHí
6 7
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmifukd ed'gef;ysKd;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
11
11
1
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;
2aum 1;1-11 ukdzwf½Iyg/
aum&dE
oKMo0g'pm 'kwd,apmiftm;a&;om;jyKpkcJholESihf pyfvsOf;
íar;cGef;xkwfp&mr&Sdyg/ &Sifaygvku tcef;i,f 1wGif olYukd,folÜ þ
pmapmiftm;a&;om;jyKpkcJholtjzpf az:jycJhonf/ &Sifaygvku olYukd,f
olbk&m;ocif\tvkdawmftm;jzihf ocifa,½Ic&pf\wrefawmfjzpf
aMumif;rdwfqufcJhonfukd owdjyKyg/ olonfrdrd\qifhac:jcif;ukd
vnf;aumif;? c&pfawmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmf&Sd rdrd\t½kduft&mukdvnf;
aumif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;od&Sdem;vnfxm;onf/ &Sifaygvkonf þtrI
awmfvkyfief;wGif ,kHMunfpdwfcsrI&SdcJhí bk&m;ocifbkef;awmftwGuf
ukd,fhukdukd,ft<uif;rJhay;tyfxm;cJhonf/ olwrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfonfh
tm;avsmfpGm vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd &&Sdxm;onf/ olajymqkdaomt&m
rsm;ukd ocifbk&m;xHrSvmaomt&mrsm;ozG,frSwf,lí *½kwpkduf
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&ef vkdtyfonf/
þpmapmifonf ocifbk&m;ünDtpfukdwpfOD;jzpfaom wdarm
aoxHrSvnf; a&muf&SdvmcJhygonf/ olwkdYonf aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmf
xHokdYvnf;aumif;? ,aeYacwfwGif *&dEkdifiH[kodxm;Muaom tcg,jynf
wpf0kdufrStoif;awmfrsm;xHokdYvnf;aumif; twlwuGa&;om;ay;ykdYcJh
xkdolwkdY\aumif;usKd;ukd a&S;½IcJhonf/ þusrf;apmifonf c&pfawmf\
ukd,fcE¨mawmfü qufqHa&;jyóemrsm;ukd &ifqkdifBuHKawGUae&aom
olrsm;tm;vkH;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfapygonf/
aum&dE
oKMo0g'pm'kwd,apmifonf uREkfyfwkdY\tv,fü&Sdae
aomtjypf'kp½kdufukd vspfvsL½I&efrSm uREkfyfwkdYtwGuftvGefvG,fulonfh
tjzpfukdvnf; owday;aomusrf;jzpfonf/ þusrf;wpfavQmufvkH;wGif
wrefawmfBuD;onf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; tjypf'kp½kdufonf
EkdifiHawmf\ trIawmfvkyfief;ukd raESmuf,SufzkdY xkdtjypf'kp½kdufukd
ayghayghwefwefrxm;bJ? tvsiftjrefukdifwG,fajz&Sif;&rnfhtaMumif;
pdefac:cJhonf/
þpmapmifwGif &Sifaygvku,kHMunfolrsm;\ cGeftm;Av
twGufppfrSefaomt&if;tjrpfukd xkwfazmfjyoay;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvkk\
*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf rdrdür[kwfouJhokdY rdrd\cGeftm;AvwGifvnf;
r[kwfcJhyg/ toufwm&Sdbk&m;ocifxm0&bk&m;\ trIawmfvkyfief;ü
omjzpfonf/ ocifbk&m;onf rdrdtay:ü,kHMunfukd;pm;aom omref
,kHMunfolrsm;ukd tokH;jyK&efrnfokdYvkdvm;rI&Sdaeonfukd &Sifaygvku
uREkfyfwkdYukd jyoay;onf/
aum&dE
oKMo0g'pm'kwd,apmifwGif ppfrSefaom0dnmOfa&;&m
trIawmfvkyfief;\ oabmobm0ukd &Sifaygvkuxkwfazmfjyoay;xm;
onf/ þtrIawmfvkyfief;onf avmuDwefckd;tmPmESihfcsrf;om<u,f0
jcif;wkdYukd pdwf0ifpm;aom trIawmfvkyfief;r[kwfbJ? pdwfESvkH;ESdrfhcsjcif;?
twåpdwfuif;rJhjcif;wkdYjzihf vkyfaqmif&aomtrIawmfjzpfonf/
þtcsufonfuREkfyfwkdY\ acwfumvü tNrJvkdvkdowday;&onfhtcsuf
jzpfonf/
8
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
11
11
1
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;
2aum 1;1-11 ukdzwf½Iyg/
aum&dE
oKMo0g'pm 'kwd,apmiftm;a&;om;jyKpkcJholESihf pyfvsOf;
íar;cGef;xkwfp&mr&Sdyg/ &Sifaygvku tcef;i,f 1wGif olYukd,folÜ þ
pmapmiftm;a&;om;jyKpkcJholtjzpf az:jycJhonf/ &Sifaygvku olYukd,f
olbk&m;ocif\tvkdawmftm;jzihf ocifa,½Ic&pf\wrefawmfjzpf
aMumif;rdwfqufcJhonfukd owdjyKyg/ olonfrdrd\qifhac:jcif;ukd
vnf;aumif;? c&pfawmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmf&Sd rdrd\t½kduft&mukdvnf;
aumif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;od&Sdem;vnfxm;onf/ &Sifaygvkonf þtrI
awmfvkyfief;wGif ,kHMunfpdwfcsrI&SdcJhí bk&m;ocifbkef;awmftwGuf
ukd,fhukdukd,ft<uif;rJhay;tyfxm;cJhonf/ olwrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfonfh
tm;avsmfpGm vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd &&Sdxm;onf/ olajymqkdaomt&m
rsm;ukd ocifbk&m;xHrSvmaomt&mrsm;ozG,frSwf,lí *½kwpkduf
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&ef vkdtyfonf/
þpmapmifonf ocifbk&m;ünDtpfukdwpfOD;jzpfaom wdarm
aoxHrSvnf; a&muf&SdvmcJhygonf/ olwkdYonf aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmf
xHokdYvnf;aumif;? ,aeYacwfwGif *&dEkdifiH[kodxm;Muaom tcg,jynf
wpf0kdufrStoif;awmfrsm;xHokdYvnf;aumif; twlwuGa&;om;ay;ykdYcJh
xkdolwkdY\aumif;usKd;ukd a&S;½IcJhonf/ þusrf;apmifonf c&pfawmf\
ukd,fcE¨mawmfü qufqHa&;jyóemrsm;ukd &ifqkdifBuHKawGUae&aom
olrsm;tm;vkH;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfapygonf/
aum&dE
oKMo0g'pm'kwd,apmifonf uREkfyfwkdY\tv,fü&Sdae
aomtjypf'kp½kdufukd vspfvsL½I&efrSm uREkfyfwkdYtwGuftvGefvG,fulonfh
tjzpfukdvnf; owday;aomusrf;jzpfonf/ þusrf;wpfavQmufvkH;wGif
wrefawmfBuD;onf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; tjypf'kp½kdufonf
EkdifiHawmf\ trIawmfvkyfief;ukd raESmuf,SufzkdY xkdtjypf'kp½kdufukd
ayghayghwefwefrxm;bJ? tvsiftjrefukdifwG,fajz&Sif;&rnfhtaMumif;
pdefac:cJhonf/
þpmapmifwGif &Sifaygvku,kHMunfolrsm;\ cGeftm;Av
twGufppfrSefaomt&if;tjrpfukd xkwfazmfjyoay;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvkk\
*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf rdrdür[kwfouJhokdY rdrd\cGeftm;AvwGifvnf;
r[kwfcJhyg/ toufwm&Sdbk&m;ocifxm0&bk&m;\ trIawmfvkyfief;ü
omjzpfonf/ ocifbk&m;onf rdrdtay:ü,kHMunfukd;pm;aom omref
,kHMunfolrsm;ukd tokH;jyK&efrnfokdYvkdvm;rI&Sdaeonfukd &Sifaygvku
uREkfyfwkdYukd jyoay;onf/
aum&dE
oKMo0g'pm'kwd,apmifwGif ppfrSefaom0dnmOfa&;&m
trIawmfvkyfief;\ oabmobm0ukd &Sifaygvkuxkwfazmfjyoay;xm;
onf/ þtrIawmfvkyfief;onf avmuDwefckd;tmPmESihfcsrf;om<u,f0
jcif;wkdYukd pdwf0ifpm;aom trIawmfvkyfief;r[kwfbJ? pdwfESvkH;ESdrfhcsjcif;?
twåpdwfuif;rJhjcif;wkdYjzihf vkyfaqmif&aomtrIawmfjzpfonf/
þtcsufonfuREkfyfwkdY\ acwfumvü tNrJvkdvkdowday;&onfhtcsuf
jzpfonf/
8
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
Muonf/ þpmapmifukd xkda'owpf0kdufrS toif;awmfrsm;ü vufqifh
urf;zwf&IMuzkdY &SifaygvkarQmfvifhxm;onfukd owdjyKyg/
&Sifaygvku ,kHMunfolwkdYukd crnf;awmfbk&m;ESihf ocifa,½I
xHrSvmaom aus;Zl;awmfESihfNidrfoufjcif;wkdYjzihf EIwfcGef;qufcJhonf/
aus;Zl;awmfqkdonfrSm rxkdufrwefbJ&&Sdaombk&m;ocif\ rsufESmom
ay;rIjzpfonf/ þ,kHMunfolrsm;onf rxkdufwefaomþ*½kPmawmfukd
toufwmü cHpm;Mu&rnfhta&;rSm &Sifaygvk\pdwfqE´jzpfonf/ olwkdY
\tv,fü &ifqkdif½kef;uefae&onfht&mrsm;ukd axmuf½IvQif þt&m
onftcGHoufoufom&Sdaom aumif;BuD;r*Fvmwpfyg;r[kwfyg/
þ,kHMunfolrsm;onf bk&m;ocifxHrS rxkdufwefaomrsufESmomay;rI
ukdvkdtyfaeMuonf/ bk&m;ocifxHrS Nidrfoufjcif;ukdvnf; olwkdYcHpm;Mu
zkdY&SifaygvkqE´&SdcJhonf/ þNidrfoufjcif;onf bk&m;ocifESihf oifhwifh
rSefuefaom qufqH&if;ESD;rIrSa&mufvmonf/ þNidrfoufjcif;onf
bk&m;ocifESihfqufqHaygif;oif;jcif;ü &Sifoefjcif;? toufwm\cyfodrf;
aomtajctaersm;ü bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufjyKjcif;ESifhxdef;csKyfjcif;
wkdYudk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;rSa&mufvmonf/ þonfrSmrdrd\pmzwfy&dowf
BuD;twGufxm;&Sdaom &Sifaygvk\pdwfqE´jzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 3 wGif &Sifaygvku ocifa,½I\crnf;awmfbk&m;
ocifxHü csD;rGrf;jcif;ukd ay;urf;jcif;jzihf tpjyKcJhonf/ olonfbk&m;
ocifukd oem;jcif;*½kPm\tb? oufomjcif;trsKd;rsKd;wkdY\t&Sifjzpf
jcif;twGuf txl;csD;rGrf;cJhonfukd owdjyKyg/ þtcsuftm;jzihf uREkfyfwdkY
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ukdb,faomtcgwGifrQ &ifqkdifcHpm;zkdYrvkdyg[k rqkdvkdyg/
tcef;i,f 4 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; bk&m;ocif
onf rdrd\om;orD;rsm;ukd 4if;wkdY\tcuftcJjyóemrsm;ü ESpfodrfh
ay;íoufomjcif;ukd a&mufapaMumif; today;cJhonf/ qif;&J'ku©onf
b0\tpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfonf/ ocifa,½Iþavmuü aexkdif
&SifoefcJhpOfüyif qif;&J'ku©ukdBuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&onf/
qif;&J'ku©onf tjypfaMumifhusdefqJjcif;cH&aom þavmuBuD;
\tpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdYüoem;jcif;*½kPmESihfjynfh
awmfrlaombk&m;ocif&Sdaeygonf/ *½kPmw&m;\t&Sifjzpfonfh
tm;avsmfpGm bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY\emusifxdcdkufrIrsm;ESihf cHpm;rI
rsm;ukd em;vnfoabmaygufaeygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYütjypf&SdMuaomfvnf;
olonf uREkfyfwkdYukdcspfjcif;? *½kPmoufjcif;wkdYESifhtwl uREkfyfwkdY ESihftwl
idka<u;íuREkfyfwkdYESihftwl 0rf;ajrmufaeygonf (a,m[ef 11;33-36)/
&Sifaygvkajymqkdxm;csuft& bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYrcsd
rqefYcHpm;&csdefü uREkfyfwkdYESihftwl&Sday;aom oufomjcif;wkdY\t&Sif
vnf;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufjyKjcif;u pdwfylyefjcif;rsm;ukd
ajyaysmufapí uREkfyfwkdYtm;,kHMunfpdwfcsrIukday;onf/ uREkfyfwkdYcHpm;
ae&aomt&mukd bk&m;ocifuvnf; cHpm;ay;aMumif; &Sifaygvku
ajymjyxm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdY'ku©a&mufaomtcsdefü uREkfyfwkdYukdvufurf;
ulnDjcif;ukd oltvGefESpfouftm;&ygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY\
tcuftcJ'ku©rsm;ukd z,f&Sm;ay;rnfr[kwfaomfvnf;? uREkfyfwkdY\
ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;ü bk&m;ocif\tHhzG,frsufarSmufawmfukd aocsm
cHpm;EkdifMuygonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ 'ku©a0'emrsm;cH&pOfwpfavQmufvkH;wGif
bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyffwkdYukdcGeftm;opfrsm;ay;í wkdufwGef;ygvdrfhrnf/
uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\tvm;wlESpfodrfhjcif;ESihftwl
10 11
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
Muonf/ þpmapmifukd xkda'owpf0kdufrS toif;awmfrsm;ü vufqifh
urf;zwf&IMuzkdY &SifaygvkarQmfvifhxm;onfukd owdjyKyg/
&Sifaygvku ,kHMunfolwkdYukd crnf;awmfbk&m;ESihf ocifa,½I
xHrSvmaom aus;Zl;awmfESihfNidrfoufjcif;wkdYjzihf EIwfcGef;qufcJhonf/
aus;Zl;awmfqkdonfrSm rxkdufrwefbJ&&Sdaombk&m;ocif\ rsufESmom
ay;rIjzpfonf/ þ,kHMunfolrsm;onf rxkdufwefaomþ*½kPmawmfukd
toufwmü cHpm;Mu&rnfhta&;rSm &Sifaygvk\pdwfqE´jzpfonf/ olwkdY
\tv,fü &ifqkdif½kef;uefae&onfht&mrsm;ukd axmuf½IvQif þt&m
onftcGHoufoufom&Sdaom aumif;BuD;r*Fvmwpfyg;r[kwfyg/
þ,kHMunfolrsm;onf bk&m;ocifxHrS rxkdufwefaomrsufESmomay;rI
ukdvkdtyfaeMuonf/ bk&m;ocifxHrS Nidrfoufjcif;ukdvnf; olwkdYcHpm;Mu
zkdY&SifaygvkqE´&SdcJhonf/ þNidrfoufjcif;onf bk&m;ocifESihf oifhwifh
rSefuefaom qufqH&if;ESD;rIrSa&mufvmonf/ þNidrfoufjcif;onf
bk&m;ocifESihfqufqHaygif;oif;jcif;ü &Sifoefjcif;? toufwm\cyfodrf;
aomtajctaersm;ü bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufjyKjcif;ESifhxdef;csKyfjcif;
wkdYudk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;rSa&mufvmonf/ þonfrSmrdrd\pmzwfy&dowf
BuD;twGufxm;&Sdaom &Sifaygvk\pdwfqE´jzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 3 wGif &Sifaygvku ocifa,½I\crnf;awmfbk&m;
ocifxHü csD;rGrf;jcif;ukd ay;urf;jcif;jzihf tpjyKcJhonf/ olonfbk&m;
ocifukd oem;jcif;*½kPm\tb? oufomjcif;trsKd;rsKd;wkdY\t&Sifjzpf
jcif;twGuf txl;csD;rGrf;cJhonfukd owdjyKyg/ þtcsuftm;jzihf uREkfyfwdkY
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ukdb,faomtcgwGifrQ &ifqkdifcHpm;zkdYrvkdyg[k rqkdvkdyg/
tcef;i,f 4 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; bk&m;ocif
onf rdrd\om;orD;rsm;ukd 4if;wkdY\tcuftcJjyóemrsm;ü ESpfodrfh
ay;íoufomjcif;ukd a&mufapaMumif; today;cJhonf/ qif;&J'ku©onf
b0\tpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfonf/ ocifa,½Iþavmuü aexkdif
&SifoefcJhpOfüyif qif;&J'ku©ukdBuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&onf/
qif;&J'ku©onf tjypfaMumifhusdefqJjcif;cH&aom þavmuBuD;
\tpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdYüoem;jcif;*½kPmESihfjynfh
awmfrlaombk&m;ocif&Sdaeygonf/ *½kPmw&m;\t&Sifjzpfonfh
tm;avsmfpGm bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY\emusifxdcdkufrIrsm;ESihf cHpm;rI
rsm;ukd em;vnfoabmaygufaeygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYütjypf&SdMuaomfvnf;
olonf uREkfyfwkdYukdcspfjcif;? *½kPmoufjcif;wkdYESifhtwl uREkfyfwkdY ESihftwl
idka<u;íuREkfyfwkdYESihftwl 0rf;ajrmufaeygonf (a,m[ef 11;33-36)/
&Sifaygvkajymqkdxm;csuft& bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYrcsd
rqefYcHpm;&csdefü uREkfyfwkdYESihftwl&Sday;aom oufomjcif;wkdY\t&Sif
vnf;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufjyKjcif;u pdwfylyefjcif;rsm;ukd
ajyaysmufapí uREkfyfwkdYtm;,kHMunfpdwfcsrIukday;onf/ uREkfyfwkdYcHpm;
ae&aomt&mukd bk&m;ocifuvnf; cHpm;ay;aMumif; &Sifaygvku
ajymjyxm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdY'ku©a&mufaomtcsdefü uREkfyfwkdYukdvufurf;
ulnDjcif;ukd oltvGefESpfouftm;&ygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY\
tcuftcJ'ku©rsm;ukd z,f&Sm;ay;rnfr[kwfaomfvnf;? uREkfyfwkdY\
ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;ü bk&m;ocif\tHhzG,frsufarSmufawmfukd aocsm
cHpm;EkdifMuygonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ 'ku©a0'emrsm;cH&pOfwpfavQmufvkH;wGif
bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyffwkdYukdcGeftm;opfrsm;ay;í wkdufwGef;ygvdrfhrnf/
uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\tvm;wlESpfodrfhjcif;ESihftwl
10 11
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif12 13
tjcm;olrsm;ukd ESpfodrfhay;EkdifMurnfhtaMumif; bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyf
wkdYBuHKawGU&aom qif;&J'ku©rsm;ü uREkfyfwkdYukdESpfodrfhay;aMumif;
tcef;i,f 4wGif &SifaygvkuuREkfyfwkdYukd today;xm;onf/ rMumao;
rDESpfrsm;wGif ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;pGmukd &ifqkdif&zkdY ocifbk&m;u
uREkfyfukd tcGihfaumif;ay;cJhonf/ þtawGUtBuHKtm;jzihf uREkfyfonf
tjcm;olrsm; awGUBuHKcJh&rnfht&mrsm;tay:ü ykdíoabmaygufvmcJh&
onf/ uREkfyf &ifqkdifBuHKawGUcJh&aomtvm;wljyóemrsm;ukd &ifqkdif
BuHKawGU ae&aom olrsm;twGuf ykdíav;eufaom *½kPmw&m;ESihf
cHpm;csufwkdYjzihf uREkfyf a&;Ekdif? ajymEkdifvmcJhonf/ uREkfyfonfOD;aESmuf
A[kokwoufoufjzihfr[kwfbJ tawGUtBuHKrSa&;ajymcJhonf/ vlwkdY
&ifqkdifjzwfoef; ae&aomt&mrsm;ukd uREkfyfykdívG,fulpGm em;vnf
vmonf/ taMumif;rSmxkduJhokdYaomcufcJemusifrItcsKdUukd &ifqkdif
BuHKawGUzkdY tcGihfaumif;uREkfyfü &SdcJhaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ qif;&J'ku©ukd
BuHKawGUzkdY tcGihfaumif;wpfckESihftwl omíBuD;rm;aom wm0efwpfck
vnf; vkdufygvmonf/ omíBuD;rm;aom oem;jcif;*½kPmjzihf
trIawmftwGuf jyifqifrGrf;rHay;&ef bk&m;ocifu þtawGUtBuHKrsm;
ukd uREkfyfwkdYtm;BuHKawGUapjcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\ESpfodrfhjcif;ESihf
oufomapjcif;ukd &&SdcHpm;cJhMuaomuREkfyfwkdYonfteD;tem;rS 'ku©
a&mufaeaomolrsm;xHü tvm;wlESpfodrfhjcif;ukd ay;MuzdkY qifhac:jcif;
cHMu&onf/ qif;&J'ku©awGUjcif;ESihf bk&m;ocif\ ESpfodrfhjcif;ukd
BuHKawGUcHpm;jcif;\t"dyÜg,fukd em;vnfzkdYbk&m;ocifu oihfukdoGefoif
ay;aeygonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf oifonfteD;tem;rS vlwkdYukdykdí
xda&muf
pGmyHhykd;ulnDEkdifrnfjzpfonf/
ocifa,½Iukd,fwkdifvnf; qif;&J'ku©ukdcHpm;cJh&ouJhokdY uREkfyf
wkdYonfvnf; tjypf'kp½kdufESihfjynfhaeonfh þavmuBuD;wGif ajzmifhrwf
jcif;twGufaMumifh qif;&J'ku©BuHKawGU&rnfhtaMumif; &Sifaygvku uREkfyf
wkYdukdtckdiftrmajymjyxm;onf (i,f 5)/ bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfrSm
ocifc&pfawmfü ykdí'ku©a&mufavavuREkfyfwkdY\ oufomjcif;rSm
vnf;ykdíBuD;avavjzpfrnf[líjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYqif;&J'ku©a&mufcsdef
übk&m;ocifonfuREkfyfwkdYukd pGefYypfoGm;rnfr[kwfyg/ ESpfodrfhoufom
apjcif;qkdonfrSm emusifrIESihfqif;&J'ku© r&Sdjcif;ukdrqkdvkdyg/ ESpfodrfh
oufomapjcif;qkdonfrSm xkdt&mrsm;ukd&ifqkdifzkdY cGeftm;jzpfonf/
ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;onf qufvufí&Sdaernfjzpfaomfvnf;? bk&m;ocif
\ESpfodrfhoufomapjcif;onf tqkH;wkdifwnfMunfzkdY uREkfyfwkdYukd cGeftm;
opfrsm;oGef;avmif;ay;onf/ uREkfyfwkdY\vrf;c&D;ü a&muf&Sdvmaom
ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;\tEkdifykdif;jcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYcHzkdYrvkdtyfyg/ bk&m;
ocif\ESpfodrfhoufomapjcif;onf uREkfyfwkdYukd0rf;ajrmuf&TifjrL;
aeaom atmifEkdifolrsm;jzpfvmMuzkdY vkdtyfaom t&mtm;vHk;ukd ay;yg
vdrfhrnf/
&Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; wrefawmfBuD;rsm;yif
toufwmü 'ku©a0'emrsm;ukd BuHKawGUcHpm;cJhMu&aMumif;today;cJh
onf (i,f 6)/ olwkdYonf xkd'ku©a0'emrsm;ukd axG;ykdufcJhMuNyD; xkdt&m
onfwpfpdwfwpfykdif;tm;jzihf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;twGufjzpfaMumif;
ukdem;vnf;oabmaygufcJhMuonf/ wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf rdrdwkdYBuHK
awGU&aomppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;tm;jzihf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHü
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif12 13
tjcm;olrsm;ukd ESpfodrfhay;EkdifMurnfhtaMumif; bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyf
wkdYBuHKawGU&aom qif;&J'ku©rsm;ü uREkfyfwkdYukdESpfodrfhay;aMumif;
tcef;i,f 4wGif &SifaygvkuuREkfyfwkdYukd today;xm;onf/ rMumao;
rDESpfrsm;wGif ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;pGmukd &ifqkdif&zkdY ocifbk&m;u
uREkfyfukd tcGihfaumif;ay;cJhonf/ þtawGUtBuHKtm;jzihf uREkfyfonf
tjcm;olrsm; awGUBuHKcJh&rnfht&mrsm;tay:ü ykdíoabmaygufvmcJh&
onf/ uREkfyf &ifqkdifBuHKawGUcJh&aomtvm;wljyóemrsm;ukd &ifqkdif
BuHKawGU ae&aom olrsm;twGuf ykdíav;eufaom *½kPmw&m;ESihf
cHpm;csufwkdYjzihf uREkfyf a&;Ekdif? ajymEkdifvmcJhonf/ uREkfyfonfOD;aESmuf
A[kokwoufoufjzihfr[kwfbJ tawGUtBuHKrSa&;ajymcJhonf/ vlwkdY
&ifqkdifjzwfoef; ae&aomt&mrsm;ukd uREkfyfykdívG,fulpGm em;vnf
vmonf/ taMumif;rSmxkduJhokdYaomcufcJemusifrItcsKdUukd &ifqkdif
BuHKawGUzkdY tcGihfaumif;uREkfyfü &SdcJhaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ qif;&J'ku©ukd
BuHKawGUzkdY tcGihfaumif;wpfckESihftwl omíBuD;rm;aom wm0efwpfck
vnf; vkdufygvmonf/ omíBuD;rm;aom oem;jcif;*½kPmjzihf
trIawmftwGuf jyifqifrGrf;rHay;&ef bk&m;ocifu þtawGUtBuHKrsm;
ukd uREkfyfwkdYtm;BuHKawGUapjcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\ESpfodrfhjcif;ESihf
oufomapjcif;ukd &&SdcHpm;cJhMuaomuREkfyfwkdYonfteD;tem;rS 'ku©
a&mufaeaomolrsm;xHü tvm;wlESpfodrfhjcif;ukd ay;MuzdkY qifhac:jcif;
cHMu&onf/ qif;&J'ku©awGUjcif;ESihf bk&m;ocif\ ESpfodrfhjcif;ukd
BuHKawGUcHpm;jcif;\t"dyÜg,fukd em;vnfzkdYbk&m;ocifu oihfukdoGefoif
ay;aeygonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf oifonfteD;tem;rS vlwkdYukdykdí
xda&muf
pGmyHhykd;ulnDEkdifrnfjzpfonf/
ocifa,½Iukd,fwkdifvnf; qif;&J'ku©ukdcHpm;cJh&ouJhokdY uREkfyf
wkdYonfvnf; tjypf'kp½kdufESihfjynfhaeonfh þavmuBuD;wGif ajzmifhrwf
jcif;twGufaMumifh qif;&J'ku©BuHKawGU&rnfhtaMumif; &Sifaygvku uREkfyf
wkYdukdtckdiftrmajymjyxm;onf (i,f 5)/ bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfrSm
ocifc&pfawmfü ykdí'ku©a&mufavavuREkfyfwkdY\ oufomjcif;rSm
vnf;ykdíBuD;avavjzpfrnf[líjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYqif;&J'ku©a&mufcsdef
übk&m;ocifonfuREkfyfwkdYukd pGefYypfoGm;rnfr[kwfyg/ ESpfodrfhoufom
apjcif;qkdonfrSm emusifrIESihfqif;&J'ku© r&Sdjcif;ukdrqkdvkdyg/ ESpfodrfh
oufomapjcif;qkdonfrSm xkdt&mrsm;ukd&ifqkdifzkdY cGeftm;jzpfonf/
ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;onf qufvufí&Sdaernfjzpfaomfvnf;? bk&m;ocif
\ESpfodrfhoufomapjcif;onf tqkH;wkdifwnfMunfzkdY uREkfyfwkdYukd cGeftm;
opfrsm;oGef;avmif;ay;onf/ uREkfyfwkdY\vrf;c&D;ü a&muf&Sdvmaom
ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;\tEkdifykdif;jcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYcHzkdYrvkdtyfyg/ bk&m;
ocif\ESpfodrfhoufomapjcif;onf uREkfyfwkdYukd0rf;ajrmuf&TifjrL;
aeaom atmifEkdifolrsm;jzpfvmMuzkdY vkdtyfaom t&mtm;vHk;ukd ay;yg
vdrfhrnf/
&Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; wrefawmfBuD;rsm;yif
toufwmü 'ku©a0'emrsm;ukd BuHKawGUcHpm;cJhMu&aMumif;today;cJh
onf (i,f 6)/ olwkdYonf xkd'ku©a0'emrsm;ukd axG;ykdufcJhMuNyD; xkdt&m
onfwpfpdwfwpfykdif;tm;jzihf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;twGufjzpfaMumif;
ukdem;vnf;oabmaygufcJhMuonf/ wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf rdrdwkdYBuHK
awGU&aomppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;tm;jzihf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHü
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif14 15
ykdíxda&mufpGm trIawmfaqmifEkdifí olwkdY&ifqkdif&aom ppfaMumpkHprf;
jcif;rsm;ü cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;EkdifzdkY jyifqifrGrf;rHjcif;ukd cHcJhMu&onf/
bk&m;ocifonf &SifaygvkESihfwdarmaowkdYukd ESpfodrfhoufomapcJhonf/
xkdokdYtm;jzihf olwkdYonftvm;wl ESpfodrfhoufomjcif;ukd aum&dE
oKNrdKUESihf
tjcm;a'orS,kHMunfolrsm;tm; ay;EkdifMurnfjzpfonf/ olwkdYonf
xdckdufemusifjcif;ESihf ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;tv,fü bk&m;ocif\
aumif;jrwfjcif;ESihf cGeftm;Avukd oufaocHEkdifcJhMuygvdrfhrnf/
tcef;i,f 6 wGif ESpfodrfhoufomapjcif;onf onf;cHjcif;ukd
jzpfapaMumif;ukdvnf; owdjyKyg/ onf;cHjcif;onf zdtm;wpfckatmufü
tywfwukwfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; (okdY) wnfNrJaeEkdifjcif;tpGrf;tp
jzpfonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufukd uREkfyfwkdYESpfodrfhtm;ay;aomtcg bk&m;
ocifonf xdkzdtm;jzihf rdrd&nf&G,fxm;aomt&mukd txrajrmufap
rcsif;olwkdYukd xkdzdtm;atmufüqufvufNrJNrHaeMu&ef uREkfyfwkdYcGeftm;
ay;wkdufwGef;Muonf/ þtcsif;t&mtm;jzifh olwkdYrSm tm;opfoGef;
avmif;jcif;ukd cHMu&onf/
uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdif&aom ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;rS uREkfyfwkdYtvsif
tjrefxGufajy;roGm;oifhyg/ xkdokdYxGufajy;rnfhtpm; tqHk;wkdifwnf
MunfEkdifzdkY onf;cHjcif;ukday;oem;&ef bk&m;ocifxHüawmif;avQmuf
Mu&rnf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf uREkfyfwkdYonf xkdtawGUtBuHKrS oif,loifhonfh
t&mtm;vkH;ukd oif,lEkdifcJhMurnfjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdif&aom
qif;&J'ku©rsm;ü uREkfyfwkdYukdykHoGif;xkqpfzkdYrSm bk&m;ocif\pdwfqE´
jzpfonf/ tkd;xdef;onfyrm bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYukdrdrdjyKvkyfvkd
aom tkd;wefqmjzpfvmzdkY uREkfyfwkdYukdykHoGif;zefwD;&ef toufwnf;[l
aom&GHUap;ay:ü zdtm;rsm;jzihfzdodyfygonf/ þzdtm;atmufü&Sdae&
jcif;onf vG,fulaomt&mr[kwfaomfvnf; xkdokdY&Sdae&jcif;onf
uREkfyfwkdY\ aumif;usKd;twGufjzpfonf/ xkdokdY&Sdaejcif;jzihf uREkfyfwdkYonf
ocifc&pfawmfESihfykdío@mefwlvmMurnfjzpfonf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;onfvnf; wrefawmfwdkY\'ku©a0'emukd a0rQcHpm;MuonfESihf
trQ olwkdYonfwrefawmfwkdY\ oufomjcif;ukdvnf; a0rQcHpm;Mu&rnfh
taMumif; &Sifaygvkpdwfcsvsuf&SdaecJhonf (i,f 7)/
tcef;i,f 8 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf tm½Sdjynfüocifc&pfawmftzdkY rnfokdY'ku©
a0'emcHpm;cJh&aMumif;ukd today;cJhonf/ xkdt&yf&Sd omoemvkyfief;
üolwkdYBuHKawGUcJh&aomzdtm;rsm;ESihf pdwfzdpD;rIrsm;onf vlYcHEkdif&nfpGrf;\
wpfzufukdausmfvGefaecJhonf/ rdrdwkdYtouftwGuf pkd;&drfaMumuf&GHUcJh
Mu&onf/ rdrdwkdYtqkH;wkdifwnfMunfEkdifyghrvm;[k awG;awmcJhMuonf/
olwkdY\pdwfESvkH;ü aordefYukdcHpm;cJhMuNyD;? pdwfESvkH;tykdif;ykdif;usKd;aMuí
vlYtaejzihf aemufqkH;tqifhokdYolwkdYa&muf&SdcJhMuonf/ olwkdY\ vlYpGrf;
aqmifcHEkdifrIrSm tqkH;okdYa&mufcJhonf/ oifonfvnf; oifhtoufwmü
þtajctaersKd;ukd BuHKaumif;BuHKcJh&ayvdrfhrnf/
tcef;i,f 9ü &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ajymjy
aomt&mukd owdjyKyg/ þuJhokdYaom arQmfvifhcsufysufokOf;jcif;tajc
taersKd;ukd bk&m;ocifucGihfjyK&mwGif tvGefta&;BuD;aomtaMumif;
t&if;wpfck&SdaMumif; &SifaygvkoabmaygufcJhonf/ olwkdYonfukd,fhukd
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif14 15
ykdíxda&mufpGm trIawmfaqmifEkdifí olwkdY&ifqkdif&aom ppfaMumpkHprf;
jcif;rsm;ü cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;EkdifzdkY jyifqifrGrf;rHjcif;ukd cHcJhMu&onf/
bk&m;ocifonf &SifaygvkESihfwdarmaowkdYukd ESpfodrfhoufomapcJhonf/
xkdokdYtm;jzihf olwkdYonftvm;wl ESpfodrfhoufomjcif;ukd aum&dE
oKNrdKUESihf
tjcm;a'orS,kHMunfolrsm;tm; ay;EkdifMurnfjzpfonf/ olwkdYonf
xdckdufemusifjcif;ESihf ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;tv,fü bk&m;ocif\
aumif;jrwfjcif;ESihf cGeftm;Avukd oufaocHEkdifcJhMuygvdrfhrnf/
tcef;i,f 6 wGif ESpfodrfhoufomapjcif;onf onf;cHjcif;ukd
jzpfapaMumif;ukdvnf; owdjyKyg/ onf;cHjcif;onf zdtm;wpfckatmufü
tywfwukwfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; (okdY) wnfNrJaeEkdifjcif;tpGrf;tp
jzpfonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufukd uREkfyfwkdYESpfodrfhtm;ay;aomtcg bk&m;
ocifonf xdkzdtm;jzihf rdrd&nf&G,fxm;aomt&mukd txrajrmufap
rcsif;olwkdYukd xkdzdtm;atmufüqufvufNrJNrHaeMu&ef uREkfyfwkdYcGeftm;
ay;wkdufwGef;Muonf/ þtcsif;t&mtm;jzifh olwkdYrSm tm;opfoGef;
avmif;jcif;ukd cHMu&onf/
uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdif&aom ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;rS uREkfyfwkdYtvsif
tjrefxGufajy;roGm;oifhyg/ xkdokdYxGufajy;rnfhtpm; tqHk;wkdifwnf
MunfEkdifzdkY onf;cHjcif;ukday;oem;&ef bk&m;ocifxHüawmif;avQmuf
Mu&rnf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf uREkfyfwkdYonf xkdtawGUtBuHKrS oif,loifhonfh
t&mtm;vkH;ukd oif,lEkdifcJhMurnfjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdif&aom
qif;&J'ku©rsm;ü uREkfyfwkdYukdykHoGif;xkqpfzkdYrSm bk&m;ocif\pdwfqE´
jzpfonf/ tkd;xdef;onfyrm bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYukdrdrdjyKvkyfvkd
aom tkd;wefqmjzpfvmzdkY uREkfyfwkdYukdykHoGif;zefwD;&ef toufwnf;[l
aom&GHUap;ay:ü zdtm;rsm;jzihfzdodyfygonf/ þzdtm;atmufü&Sdae&
jcif;onf vG,fulaomt&mr[kwfaomfvnf; xkdokdY&Sdae&jcif;onf
uREkfyfwkdY\ aumif;usKd;twGufjzpfonf/ xkdokdY&Sdaejcif;jzihf uREkfyfwdkYonf
ocifc&pfawmfESihfykdío@mefwlvmMurnfjzpfonf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;onfvnf; wrefawmfwdkY\'ku©a0'emukd a0rQcHpm;MuonfESihf
trQ olwkdYonfwrefawmfwkdY\ oufomjcif;ukdvnf; a0rQcHpm;Mu&rnfh
taMumif; &Sifaygvkpdwfcsvsuf&SdaecJhonf (i,f 7)/
tcef;i,f 8 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf tm½Sdjynfüocifc&pfawmftzdkY rnfokdY'ku©
a0'emcHpm;cJh&aMumif;ukd today;cJhonf/ xkdt&yf&Sd omoemvkyfief;
üolwkdYBuHKawGUcJh&aomzdtm;rsm;ESihf pdwfzdpD;rIrsm;onf vlYcHEkdif&nfpGrf;\
wpfzufukdausmfvGefaecJhonf/ rdrdwkdYtouftwGuf pkd;&drfaMumuf&GHUcJh
Mu&onf/ rdrdwkdYtqkH;wkdifwnfMunfEkdifyghrvm;[k awG;awmcJhMuonf/
olwkdY\pdwfESvkH;ü aordefYukdcHpm;cJhMuNyD;? pdwfESvkH;tykdif;ykdif;usKd;aMuí
vlYtaejzihf aemufqkH;tqifhokdYolwkdYa&muf&SdcJhMuonf/ olwkdY\ vlYpGrf;
aqmifcHEkdifrIrSm tqkH;okdYa&mufcJhonf/ oifonfvnf; oifhtoufwmü
þtajctaersKd;ukd BuHKaumif;BuHKcJh&ayvdrfhrnf/
tcef;i,f 9ü &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ajymjy
aomt&mukd owdjyKyg/ þuJhokdYaom arQmfvifhcsufysufokOf;jcif;tajc
taersKd;ukd bk&m;ocifucGihfjyK&mwGif tvGefta&;BuD;aomtaMumif;
t&if;wpfck&SdaMumif; &SifaygvkoabmaygufcJhonf/ olwkdYonfukd,fhukd
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif16
ukd,f rrSDckdrtm;xm;bJ? bk&m;ocifukd rSDckdtm;xm;vmMuzkdY bk&m;ocif
onf þtajctaersm;ukd cGihfjyK&jcif;jzpfonf/
ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;ukd uREkfyfukd,fwkdif&ifqkdif&aomtcsdefrsm;
wGif uREkfyf\usef;rma&;ukd wkdufckdufcH&zkdY bk&m;ocifucGihfjyKcJhonf/
pdwfykdif;qkdif&mü uREkfyfonf pdwf"gwfusjcif;tcsdefukd trSefjzwfoef;cJh
&onf/ uREkfyf\trIawmfvkyfief;rS tpdwftykdif;BuD;BuD;rm;rm;ukd qHk;½IH;
cJhonf/ tvGef&if;ESD;aomqufqHa&;rsm;üvnf; prf;oyfcHcJh&onf/ þ
tcsdefumvwGif bk&m;ocifuuREkfyf\Zmwdyuwdü,kHMunfpdwfcsaerI
ukd ½kdufcsKd;aecJhygonf/ þcufcJMurf;wrf;aomtawGUtBuHKukd uREkfyf
jzwfoef;ausmfvTm;zkdYqkdvQif uREkfyfonfbk&m;ociftay:ü ,kHMunf
ukd;pm;jcif;taMumif; oif,loGm;&rnfjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSmuREkfyfü
um,cGeftm;? pdwf"gwfcGeftm;ESihf 0dnmOfcGeftm;yif r&Sdawmhaom
aMumifhjzpfonf/ þonfrSm &Sifaygvkuaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
þae&müajymjyaeaomt&mjzpfonf/ aoaomolukdyif &Sifjyefx
ajrmufapEkdifaom bk&m;ocifukd ,kHMunfukd;pm;&efoif,lzkdY olonf
þtjzpfrsKd;ukd tm&Sd jynfüBuHKawGUcJh&aMumif;ajymjyaeygonf(i,f 9)/
&Sifaygvkonf xdktcsdeftcgukd jyefjrifa,mifítvGefjyif;xef
aom'ku©a0'emESihfaojcif;wkdYrS olYukda&G;EIwfu,fwifcJhaom bk&m;
ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfukd aemifwGif oufaocHEkdifcJhrnfjzpfonf/ þppf
aMumpkHprf;jcif;umvürdrdESihf rdrd\vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;tm; cGeftm;ay;
&müvnf;aumif;? xkdppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rS rdrdwdkYukda&G;EIwfu,fwif&mü
vnf;aumif; bk&m;ocifopöm&SdcJhonfhtaMumif;ukd aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;tm; a&;om;ajymjycJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh &SifaygvkwGif bk&m;
ocif\a&G;EIwfEkdifpGrf;aom wefckd;awmftay:ü topfaom ,kHMunf
pdwfcsrIrsm;&SdaecJhonf/ olonftvGef jyif;xefaom tajctaersm;ü
bk&m;ocif\opöm&SdrIukd BuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&onf/ þtawGUtBuHKu
&Sifaygvktm;tem*wfü jzpfay:vmrnfht&mrsm;ukd &ifqkdifEkdif&ef
omí BuD;rm;aompdwfcsrIukd ay;cJhonf/ xkdYtjyif þtawGUtBuHKonf
aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd ,kHMunfolrsm;twGufvnf; tHhzG,foufaocHcsuf
wpfckjzpfcJhonf/ opöm&Sdaombk&m;ocifukdomí BuD;rm;aom,kHMunf
ukd;pm;jcif;ESihftwl olwkdY&ifqkdif&aomppfaMum pkHprf;jcif;rsm;ESihf
'ku©a0'emrsm;ukd rm;rm;&ifqkdifEkdif&ef bk&m;ocifu olwkdYukd
pGrf;aqmifay;cJhygvdrfhrnf/
omoemvkyfief;ü 'ku©a0'emrsm;pGmukd olESihftwlvkyfazmf
ukdifzufrsm;u qufvufí&ifqkdifBuHKawGUaeMuonfhtavsmuf aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;ukd qkawmif;jcif;jzifh ulnDMuzdkY&Sifaygvkawmif;qkdcJhonf/
ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm; aemufxyfa&mufvmMurnfhtjzpfukd &Sifaygvk
arQmfvifhaecJhonf/ trIawmfvkyfief;üt&mtm;vkH; vG,fulacsmarm
Murnfr[kwfaMumif;ukd olarQmfvifhxm;cJhonf/ tcef;i,f 11 wGif
aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; olYtwGufqkawmif;ay;MuonfESihftrQ
ajrmufjrm;pGmaom olwkdYurdrdwkdY\qkawmif;oHukd bk&m;ocifuajzMum;
ay;cJhjcif;twGuf bk&m;ocifukdaus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;cJhMurnfhtaMumif;ukd
ajymjycJhonf/ wrefawmfBuD;u ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;rS vGwfNidrf;zdkY
rawmif;qkdcJhyg/ xkdt&monf þb0üjzpfvmrnfht&mr[kwfyg/
17
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif16
ukd,f rrSDckdrtm;xm;bJ? bk&m;ocifukd rSDckdtm;xm;vmMuzkdY bk&m;ocif
onf þtajctaersm;ukd cGihfjyK&jcif;jzpfonf/
ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;ukd uREkfyfukd,fwkdif&ifqkdif&aomtcsdefrsm;
wGif uREkfyf\usef;rma&;ukd wkdufckdufcH&zkdY bk&m;ocifucGihfjyKcJhonf/
pdwfykdif;qkdif&mü uREkfyfonf pdwf"gwfusjcif;tcsdefukd trSefjzwfoef;cJh
&onf/ uREkfyf\trIawmfvkyfief;rS tpdwftykdif;BuD;BuD;rm;rm;ukd qHk;½IH;
cJhonf/ tvGef&if;ESD;aomqufqHa&;rsm;üvnf; prf;oyfcHcJh&onf/ þ
tcsdefumvwGif bk&m;ocifuuREkfyf\Zmwdyuwdü,kHMunfpdwfcsaerI
ukd ½kdufcsKd;aecJhygonf/ þcufcJMurf;wrf;aomtawGUtBuHKukd uREkfyf
jzwfoef;ausmfvTm;zkdYqkdvQif uREkfyfonfbk&m;ociftay:ü ,kHMunf
ukd;pm;jcif;taMumif; oif,loGm;&rnfjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSmuREkfyfü
um,cGeftm;? pdwf"gwfcGeftm;ESihf 0dnmOfcGeftm;yif r&Sdawmhaom
aMumifhjzpfonf/ þonfrSm &Sifaygvkuaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
þae&müajymjyaeaomt&mjzpfonf/ aoaomolukdyif &Sifjyefx
ajrmufapEkdifaom bk&m;ocifukd ,kHMunfukd;pm;&efoif,lzkdY olonf
þtjzpfrsKd;ukd tm&Sd jynfüBuHKawGUcJh&aMumif;ajymjyaeygonf(i,f 9)/
&Sifaygvkonf xdktcsdeftcgukd jyefjrifa,mifítvGefjyif;xef
aom'ku©a0'emESihfaojcif;wkdYrS olYukda&G;EIwfu,fwifcJhaom bk&m;
ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfukd aemifwGif oufaocHEkdifcJhrnfjzpfonf/ þppf
aMumpkHprf;jcif;umvürdrdESihf rdrd\vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;tm; cGeftm;ay;
&müvnf;aumif;? xkdppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rS rdrdwdkYukda&G;EIwfu,fwif&mü
vnf;aumif; bk&m;ocifopöm&SdcJhonfhtaMumif;ukd aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;tm; a&;om;ajymjycJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh &SifaygvkwGif bk&m;
ocif\a&G;EIwfEkdifpGrf;aom wefckd;awmftay:ü topfaom ,kHMunf
pdwfcsrIrsm;&SdaecJhonf/ olonftvGef jyif;xefaom tajctaersm;ü
bk&m;ocif\opöm&SdrIukd BuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&onf/ þtawGUtBuHKu
&Sifaygvktm;tem*wfü jzpfay:vmrnfht&mrsm;ukd &ifqkdifEkdif&ef
omí BuD;rm;aompdwfcsrIukd ay;cJhonf/ xkdYtjyif þtawGUtBuHKonf
aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd ,kHMunfolrsm;twGufvnf; tHhzG,foufaocHcsuf
wpfckjzpfcJhonf/ opöm&Sdaombk&m;ocifukdomí BuD;rm;aom,kHMunf
ukd;pm;jcif;ESihftwl olwkdY&ifqkdif&aomppfaMum pkHprf;jcif;rsm;ESihf
'ku©a0'emrsm;ukd rm;rm;&ifqkdifEkdif&ef bk&m;ocifu olwkdYukd
pGrf;aqmifay;cJhygvdrfhrnf/
omoemvkyfief;ü 'ku©a0'emrsm;pGmukd olESihftwlvkyfazmf
ukdifzufrsm;u qufvufí&ifqkdifBuHKawGUaeMuonfhtavsmuf aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;ukd qkawmif;jcif;jzifh ulnDMuzdkY&Sifaygvkawmif;qkdcJhonf/
ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm; aemufxyfa&mufvmMurnfhtjzpfukd &Sifaygvk
arQmfvifhaecJhonf/ trIawmfvkyfief;üt&mtm;vkH; vG,fulacsmarm
Murnfr[kwfaMumif;ukd olarQmfvifhxm;cJhonf/ tcef;i,f 11 wGif
aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; olYtwGufqkawmif;ay;MuonfESihftrQ
ajrmufjrm;pGmaom olwkdYurdrdwkdY\qkawmif;oHukd bk&m;ocifuajzMum;
ay;cJhjcif;twGuf bk&m;ocifukdaus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;cJhMurnfhtaMumif;ukd
ajymjycJhonf/ wrefawmfBuD;u ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;rS vGwfNidrf;zdkY
rawmif;qkdcJhyg/ xkdt&monf þb0üjzpfvmrnfht&mr[kwfyg/
17
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif18 19
okdYaomf&Sifaygvkawmif;qkdaomt&mrSm xkd'ku©a0'emrsm;ü bk&m;
ocif\cGeftm;ESihf bk&m;ocif\rsufESmomay;rIjzpfonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzifh
&SifaygvkESihf BuHKawGUonfholrsm;u &Sifaygvktay:ü&Sdaeaom bk&m;
ocif\ oem;jcif;*½kPmESihfESpfodrfhoufomapjcif;wkdYukdjrifawGUí olwkdY
vnf; aumif;BuD;cHpm;cJhMurnfjzpfonf/
þusrf;ykd'fi,frsm;wGif &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYtm;bk&m;ocif
onfrdrd\ESpfodrfhoufomapjcif;ukd ykdíxkwfazmfjyo&ef,kHMunfolrsm;
\toufwmü ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKaMumif;? xkdokdYtm;jzihf
bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;onf onf;cHjcif;? arQmfvifhjcif;wkdYü &ifhusuf
vmMuNyD; tjcm;'ku©a&mufaeolrsm;ukdvnf; ESpfodrfhtm;ay;EkdifMurnfh
taMumif;wkdYukd ajymjyxm;onf/ uREkfyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\ESpfodrfh
tm;ay;jcif;ukd ,aeYüvkdtyfaeaom nDtpfukdarmifESrrsm;xHü ay;Ekdif
rnfhtaMumif; bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY\'ku©a0'emrsm;xHü uREkfyf
wkdYukd ESpfodrfhoufomygapaomf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
þtoufwmwGif 'ku©a0'emrsm;rS uREkfyfwkdYvGwfNidrf;Ekdifacs
&Sdygov;/
þb0ü BuHKawGU&aomppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;tm;jzifh bk&m;
ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYürnfonfht&mukd txajrmufjynfhpkHapvkd
ygoenf;/
ESpfodrfhoufomapjcif;qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;/ ESpfodrfhoufom
apjcif;qkdonfrSm ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;r&Sdjcif;ukd qkdvkdyg
ovm;/
oihftoufwmü tvGefjyif;xefaom ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;
ukd&ifqkdifcJh&ygovm;/ xkdppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;tm;jzihf bk&m;
ocifonf oihftoufwmü rnfonfht&mukdtxajrmufjynfhpkH
apcJhygoenf;/
oihfawGYBuHKcJh&aom bk&m;ocif\ESpfodrfhoufomapjcif;ukd
tjcm;olrsm;tm; ,aeYüaumif;BuD;ay;&ef oifrnfokdYtokH;jyK
Ekdifoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
oif'ku©a&mufaomtcsdefü oihfukdESpfodrfhoufomapzkdY uwd
ay;xm;rIrsm;twGuf ocifbk&m;ukdaus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
oif&ifqkdif&aom 'ku©a0'emESihf ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;wkdYtm;
jzihfbk&m;ocifu oihfukdoGefoifay;vkdaomt&mrsm;qDokdY
oihf&JUrsufpdrsm;ukd zGihf[ay;zkdY awmif;avQmufyg/
eufeJjyif;xefaom ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;wpfckukd jzwfoef;ae&
onfhrdwfaqG (okdY) cspf&aomolwpfa,mufa,muf oifhwGif
&Sdygovm;/ þyk*¾dKvfukd þtcsdefem&Dü ocifbk&m;u
ESpfodrfhay;rnftaMumif;awmif;avQmufyg/
bk&m;ocifu oihfukdoGm;a&mufí ESpfodrfhtm;ay;apvkdaom
olwpfa,mufa,muf&Sdygovm;/ þtrIudpöü ocifbk&m;ukd
vrf;jyay;zdkY awmif;avQmufyg/
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif18 19
okdYaomf&Sifaygvkawmif;qkdaomt&mrSm xkd'ku©a0'emrsm;ü bk&m;
ocif\cGeftm;ESihf bk&m;ocif\rsufESmomay;rIjzpfonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzifh
&SifaygvkESihf BuHKawGUonfholrsm;u &Sifaygvktay:ü&Sdaeaom bk&m;
ocif\ oem;jcif;*½kPmESihfESpfodrfhoufomapjcif;wkdYukdjrifawGUí olwkdY
vnf; aumif;BuD;cHpm;cJhMurnfjzpfonf/
þusrf;ykd'fi,frsm;wGif &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYtm;bk&m;ocif
onfrdrd\ESpfodrfhoufomapjcif;ukd ykdíxkwfazmfjyo&ef,kHMunfolrsm;
\toufwmü ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKaMumif;? xkdokdYtm;jzihf
bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;onf onf;cHjcif;? arQmfvifhjcif;wkdYü &ifhusuf
vmMuNyD; tjcm;'ku©a&mufaeolrsm;ukdvnf; ESpfodrfhtm;ay;EkdifMurnfh
taMumif;wkdYukd ajymjyxm;onf/ uREkfyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\ESpfodrfh
tm;ay;jcif;ukd ,aeYüvkdtyfaeaom nDtpfukdarmifESrrsm;xHü ay;Ekdif
rnfhtaMumif; bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY\'ku©a0'emrsm;xHü uREkfyf
wkdYukd ESpfodrfhoufomygapaomf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
þtoufwmwGif 'ku©a0'emrsm;rS uREkfyfwkdYvGwfNidrf;Ekdifacs
&Sdygov;/
þb0ü BuHKawGU&aomppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;tm;jzifh bk&m;
ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYürnfonfht&mukd txajrmufjynfhpkHapvkd
ygoenf;/
ESpfodrfhoufomapjcif;qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;/ ESpfodrfhoufom
apjcif;qkdonfrSm ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;r&Sdjcif;ukd qkdvkdyg
ovm;/
oihftoufwmü tvGefjyif;xefaom ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;
ukd&ifqkdifcJh&ygovm;/ xkdppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;tm;jzihf bk&m;
ocifonf oihftoufwmü rnfonfht&mukdtxajrmufjynfhpkH
apcJhygoenf;/
oihfawGYBuHKcJh&aom bk&m;ocif\ESpfodrfhoufomapjcif;ukd
tjcm;olrsm;tm; ,aeYüaumif;BuD;ay;&ef oifrnfokdYtokH;jyK
Ekdifoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
oif'ku©a&mufaomtcsdefü oihfukdESpfodrfhoufomapzkdY uwd
ay;xm;rIrsm;twGuf ocifbk&m;ukdaus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
oif&ifqkdif&aom 'ku©a0'emESihf ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;wkdYtm;
jzihfbk&m;ocifu oihfukdoGefoifay;vkdaomt&mrsm;qDokdY
oihf&JUrsufpdrsm;ukd zGihf[ay;zkdY awmif;avQmufyg/
eufeJjyif;xefaom ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;wpfckukd jzwfoef;ae&
onfhrdwfaqG (okdY) cspf&aomolwpfa,mufa,muf oifhwGif
&Sdygovm;/ þyk*¾dKvfukd þtcsdefem&Dü ocifbk&m;u
ESpfodrfhay;rnftaMumif;awmif;avQmufyg/
bk&m;ocifu oihfukdoGm;a&mufí ESpfodrfhtm;ay;apvkdaom
olwpfa,mufa,muf&Sdygovm;/ þtrIudpöü ocifbk&m;ukd
vrf;jyay;zdkY awmif;avQmufyg/
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ü uREkfyfwkdY\oufomjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
22
22
2
tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
2aum 1;12-24 ukdzwf½Iyg/
trIawmfvkyfief;ü umvtwefMumtrIawmfaqmifvmcJhMu
aomuREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocifuuREkfyfwkdYukd trIawmfvkyfief;wpfckrS
tjcm;wpfckokdY a&TUajymif;onfhenf;vrf;wpfck&SdaMumif;ukd odxm;Mu
onf/ ocifbk&m;onf uREkfyfwkdYukdwpfae&mü tNrJwrf;rxm;yg/ wpfcg
wpf&HwGif trIawmfvkyfief;wpfckukdom vkyfaqmifvkdaomuREkfyfwkdY\
pdwfqE´rsm;ukd z,f&Sm;vkdufoa,mif&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif usef;rm
a&;csdKUwJhvmjcif; (okdY) tjcm;aomywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;aMumifh
trIawmfvkyfief;ukd uREkfyfwkdYqufvufí rvkyfaqmifEkdifMuawmhyg/
bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYukd tjcm;toif;awmf (okdY) NrdKUqDokdYvnf;
ykdYaqmifwwfygonf/ tqkH;pGefajym&vQif uREkfyfwkdYonf uREkfyfwkdY\
Mur®myef;wkdifukd wkdif;wmqkH;jzwfay;onfh ywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;ukd
rxdef;csKyfEkdifMuyg/ uREkfyfwkdYvkyfaqmifEkdiforQaomt&mrSm bk&m;ocif
ay;aom aeY&ufwkdif;ukd vufcH&,ljcif;omjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf
bk&m;ocifu xm;&SdaomtpDtpOfukd bk&m;ocifuomodonf/ tcef;
BuD; 1 \ þ'kwd,tykdif;wGif txifu&wrefawmfBuD; &SifaygvkyifvQif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
22
22
2
tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
2aum 1;12-24 ukdzwf½Iyg/
trIawmfvkyfief;ü umvtwefMumtrIawmfaqmifvmcJhMu
aomuREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocifuuREkfyfwkdYukd trIawmfvkyfief;wpfckrS
tjcm;wpfckokdY a&TUajymif;onfhenf;vrf;wpfck&SdaMumif;ukd odxm;Mu
onf/ ocifbk&m;onf uREkfyfwkdYukdwpfae&mü tNrJwrf;rxm;yg/ wpfcg
wpf&HwGif trIawmfvkyfief;wpfckukdom vkyfaqmifvkdaomuREkfyfwkdY\
pdwfqE´rsm;ukd z,f&Sm;vkdufoa,mif&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif usef;rm
a&;csdKUwJhvmjcif; (okdY) tjcm;aomywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;aMumifh
trIawmfvkyfief;ukd uREkfyfwkdYqufvufí rvkyfaqmifEkdifMuawmhyg/
bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYukd tjcm;toif;awmf (okdY) NrdKUqDokdYvnf;
ykdYaqmifwwfygonf/ tqkH;pGefajym&vQif uREkfyfwkdYonf uREkfyfwkdY\
Mur®myef;wkdifukd wkdif;wmqkH;jzwfay;onfh ywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;ukd
rxdef;csKyfEkdifMuyg/ uREkfyfwkdYvkyfaqmifEkdiforQaomt&mrSm bk&m;ocif
ay;aom aeY&ufwkdif;ukd vufcH&,ljcif;omjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf
bk&m;ocifu xm;&SdaomtpDtpOfukd bk&m;ocifuomodonf/ tcef;
BuD; 1 \ þ'kwd,tykdif;wGif txifu&wrefawmfBuD; &SifaygvkyifvQif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
ocifbk&m;ukd emcHjcif;ü &SifoefavQmufvSrf;zkdY rdrd\tpDtpOfrsm;ukd
ajymif;vJcJh&onf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonf
bk&m;ocif\tapcHjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm avmuDtokdif;t0kdif;ü
vnf;aumif;? aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ESihf qufqH&müvnf;aumif;
oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;? ½kd;om;jcif; (vspfvsL½Iaompdwf)wkdYjzihf usihfBuHjyKrl
cJhaMumif; today;&if; þ'kwd,tykdif;ukd pwifcJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf
þt&mrsm;ukd þpmapmifütb,faMumihf azmfjyzkdYvkdtyfcJhoenf;/
txl;xif&Sm;odomaeaomtcsufrSm &Sifaygvktay:üvnf;aumif;?
&Sifaygvk\ omoemvkyfief;tay:üvnf;aumif; oHo,pdwfrsm;&Sd
aecJhaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ rSefuefrIr&Sdaom pGyfpGJcsufrsm;ukd qefYusifí
&Sifaygvku rdrd\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ukd umuG,fxkacsaejcif;jzpfonf/
þ'kwd,ykdif;\aemufqkH;ykdif;wGif aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdY &SifaygvkoGm;a&muf
vnfywfzkdY&Sdaomfvnf; xkdtpDtpOfrsm;ukd ajymif;vJcJhonfhtjzpfukd
uREkfyfwdkYjrifawGU&ygvdrfhrnf/ þtwGufaMumifh tcsKdUu&Sifaygvkukd
a0zefcJhMujcif;jzpfEkdifonf/
tcef;i,f 12 wGif &Sifaygvku rdrdonfavmuDÓPfynmjzihf
rdrd\tpDtpOfrsm;ukd ra&;qGJ? bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmftm;jzihfom
a&;qGJaMumif;ukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; today;&efaphaqmfwkduf
wGef;jcif;cH&onf/ þajymqkdcsufu ar;cGef;wpfckukdcsufcsif;ay:xGuf
vmaponf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; olonf 4if;wkdY
xHokdYvma&mufvnfywf&ef tpDtpOf&SdcJhaomfvnf; ywf0ef;usiftajc
taersm;aMumifh vkH;vkH;rvma&mufEkdifjcif;jzpfaMumif;[k ajymcJhvQif
þtpDtpOfrsm;ukd ajymjycJhcsdefü olonfocifbk&m;\vrf;jyOD;aqmifrI
twkdif;vkyfaqmifcJhygovm; (okdY) vlYÓPfynm\OD;aqmifrIjzihf
vkyfaqmifcJhygovm;/
trIawmfvkyfief;wpfckpDokdY ocifbk&m;onf oifhukdvrf;jyae
aMumif;ukd oihfcHpm;&NyD; xkdtrIawmfukd vkyfaqmifum rMumciftrI
awmfNydKuGJysufpD;oGm;onfhtjzpfrsKd;ukd oifawGUBuHKzl;ygovm;/ bk&m;
ocifu uREkfyfukd &SpfESpfMumþenf;vrf;jzifh OD;aqmifcJhonfhtjzpfukd
awGUBuHK&onfhtcGihfaumif; uREkfyfü&SdcJhzl;onf/ ocifbk&m;u tcGihf
ta&;wHcg;wpfcsyfNyD;wpfcsyf zGifhay;cJhonfukd uREkfyfawGUjrifcJh&NyD;
xkdwHcg;rsm;wpfcsyfNyD;wpfcsyf uREkfyf\a&SUüyif ydwfoGm;Muonfhtjzpf
ukdvnf; uREkfyfawGUBuHKcJh&onf/ uREkfyf\rdwfaqGwpfa,mufu uREkfyf
tm; þuJhokdYaom ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;ukd uREkfyfjzwfoef;zkdY vkdtyf
vkdYvm;[k ar;cJhonf/ xkdt&mukd uREkfyfpOf;pm;csifhcsdefcJhNyD;aemufwGif
xkdppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;onf xkdtcsdefumvü bk&m;ocifuuREkfyftouf
wmtwGufxm;&Sdaom tvkdawmfyifjzpfaMumif; uREkfyfod&SdcHpm;cJh&onf/
uREkfyfoif,lcJh&aom oifcef;pmrsm;rSm aMumufcref;vdvdyif/ uREkfyfukd
aemufjyefqGJxm;aom tckdiftrm&Sdaeonfht&mrsm;ukd uREkfyfxHrS
cRwfcscHcJh&onf/ bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfukdjyefvnfpl;pkdufapcJhNyD; ,ck
uREkfyfvkyfaqmifaeaom trIawmfvkyfief;qDokdY vrf;jyykdYaqmifay;cJh
onf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYukd oifcef;pmrsm;
oifMum;ay;zdkY ½IH;edrfhjcif;ukdBuHKawGU&ef cGihfjyKxm;onf/ trIawmfvkyfief;
wpfckü oihf&JU&nf&G,fcsufyef;wkdifrsm;ukd oifra&muf&SdEkdifcJhaomaMumifh
22 23tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
ocifbk&m;ukd emcHjcif;ü &SifoefavQmufvSrf;zkdY rdrd\tpDtpOfrsm;ukd
ajymif;vJcJh&onf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonf
bk&m;ocif\tapcHjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm avmuDtokdif;t0kdif;ü
vnf;aumif;? aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ESihf qufqH&müvnf;aumif;
oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;? ½kd;om;jcif; (vspfvsL½Iaompdwf)wkdYjzihf usihfBuHjyKrl
cJhaMumif; today;&if; þ'kwd,tykdif;ukd pwifcJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf
þt&mrsm;ukd þpmapmifütb,faMumihf azmfjyzkdYvkdtyfcJhoenf;/
txl;xif&Sm;odomaeaomtcsufrSm &Sifaygvktay:üvnf;aumif;?
&Sifaygvk\ omoemvkyfief;tay:üvnf;aumif; oHo,pdwfrsm;&Sd
aecJhaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ rSefuefrIr&Sdaom pGyfpGJcsufrsm;ukd qefYusifí
&Sifaygvku rdrd\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ukd umuG,fxkacsaejcif;jzpfonf/
þ'kwd,ykdif;\aemufqkH;ykdif;wGif aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdY &SifaygvkoGm;a&muf
vnfywfzkdY&Sdaomfvnf; xkdtpDtpOfrsm;ukd ajymif;vJcJhonfhtjzpfukd
uREkfyfwdkYjrifawGU&ygvdrfhrnf/ þtwGufaMumifh tcsKdUu&Sifaygvkukd
a0zefcJhMujcif;jzpfEkdifonf/
tcef;i,f 12 wGif &Sifaygvku rdrdonfavmuDÓPfynmjzihf
rdrd\tpDtpOfrsm;ukd ra&;qGJ? bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmftm;jzihfom
a&;qGJaMumif;ukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; today;&efaphaqmfwkduf
wGef;jcif;cH&onf/ þajymqkdcsufu ar;cGef;wpfckukdcsufcsif;ay:xGuf
vmaponf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; olonf 4if;wkdY
xHokdYvma&mufvnfywf&ef tpDtpOf&SdcJhaomfvnf; ywf0ef;usiftajc
taersm;aMumifh vkH;vkH;rvma&mufEkdifjcif;jzpfaMumif;[k ajymcJhvQif
þtpDtpOfrsm;ukd ajymjycJhcsdefü olonfocifbk&m;\vrf;jyOD;aqmifrI
twkdif;vkyfaqmifcJhygovm; (okdY) vlYÓPfynm\OD;aqmifrIjzihf
vkyfaqmifcJhygovm;/
trIawmfvkyfief;wpfckpDokdY ocifbk&m;onf oifhukdvrf;jyae
aMumif;ukd oihfcHpm;&NyD; xkdtrIawmfukd vkyfaqmifum rMumciftrI
awmfNydKuGJysufpD;oGm;onfhtjzpfrsKd;ukd oifawGUBuHKzl;ygovm;/ bk&m;
ocifu uREkfyfukd &SpfESpfMumþenf;vrf;jzifh OD;aqmifcJhonfhtjzpfukd
awGUBuHK&onfhtcGihfaumif; uREkfyfü&SdcJhzl;onf/ ocifbk&m;u tcGihf
ta&;wHcg;wpfcsyfNyD;wpfcsyf zGifhay;cJhonfukd uREkfyfawGUjrifcJh&NyD;
xkdwHcg;rsm;wpfcsyfNyD;wpfcsyf uREkfyf\a&SUüyif ydwfoGm;Muonfhtjzpf
ukdvnf; uREkfyfawGUBuHKcJh&onf/ uREkfyf\rdwfaqGwpfa,mufu uREkfyf
tm; þuJhokdYaom ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;ukd uREkfyfjzwfoef;zkdY vkdtyf
vkdYvm;[k ar;cJhonf/ xkdt&mukd uREkfyfpOf;pm;csifhcsdefcJhNyD;aemufwGif
xkdppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;onf xkdtcsdefumvü bk&m;ocifuuREkfyftouf
wmtwGufxm;&Sdaom tvkdawmfyifjzpfaMumif; uREkfyfod&SdcHpm;cJh&onf/
uREkfyfoif,lcJh&aom oifcef;pmrsm;rSm aMumufcref;vdvdyif/ uREkfyfukd
aemufjyefqGJxm;aom tckdiftrm&Sdaeonfht&mrsm;ukd uREkfyfxHrS
cRwfcscHcJh&onf/ bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfukdjyefvnfpl;pkdufapcJhNyD; ,ck
uREkfyfvkyfaqmifaeaom trIawmfvkyfief;qDokdY vrf;jyykdYaqmifay;cJh
onf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYukd oifcef;pmrsm;
oifMum;ay;zdkY ½IH;edrfhjcif;ukdBuHKawGU&ef cGihfjyKxm;onf/ trIawmfvkyfief;
wpfckü oihf&JU&nf&G,fcsufyef;wkdifrsm;ukd oifra&muf&SdEkdifcJhaomaMumifh
22 23tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif24
xkdtrIawmfukd vkyfaqmifzdkYbk&m;ocifu oihfukdrqihfac:yg[k rqkdvkd
yg/ uREkfyfwkdYtaejzihf opöm&Sdae&rnfjzpfNyD;? &vm'fukdbk&m;ocifu
xdef;csKyfxm;ygonf/ wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf ausmufcJjzihf ypfaygufcH
&jcif;? NrdKUjyifokdYqGJxkwfcH&zdkYoufouftwGuf NrdKUwpfNrdKU (okdY) NrdKUBuD;
wpfNrdKUpDokdY vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;ukd cH&onfhtcsdefrsm;vnf;&SdcJhygonf
(wrefawmf 7;58? 14;19)/ ocifa,½Iu rdrd\wynfhawmfrsm;tm;
4if;wkdYonf NrdKUwpfNrdKUxJokdY 0ifa&mufaomtcg? xkdNrdKUu4if;wkdY\w&m;
a'oemukd jiif;y,fcJhygu 4if;wkdYajcz0g;rS zkefukdcgcsí tjcm;wpfNrdKUokdY
oGm;&ef&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ajymjycJhonf(róJ 10;14ukdMunfhyg)/ tmjA[H
onfrdrd\wpfOD;wnf;aomom;ukd ,laqmifíocifbk&m;xHü ,Zfyl
aZmf&ef rdefYqkdjcif;cHcJh&onf (urÇmOD; 22ukdMunfhyg)/ tmjA[Honf
om;jzpfolukd ,Zfyv’ifxufü csnfaESmifaomtcg bk&m;ocifu
om;jzpfolukd "g;jzihfrxdrckdufzkdYajymcJhNyD;? xkdtpm;okd;wpfaumifukd ay;cJh
onf/ þtajctaersm;tm;vkH;ukd uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdYem;vnfMu&rnf
enf;/ þae&mü uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfodjrifzdkY vkdtyfaomt&mrSm bk&m;
ocif\ enf;vrf;rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdY\enf;vrf;rsm;ESihf tvGefuGmjcm;
ygonf[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif uREkfyfwkdYoif,lzkdY
vkdtyfaom oifcef;pmrsm;ukd oifMum;ay;zdkY bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY
ukd t<uif;rJh ½IH;edrfhrI[k xifrSwf&aomt&mqDokdY vrf;jyOD;aqmifoGm;yg
onf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY\opöm&SdrIukd
prf;oyf&ef uREkfyfwkdYukd qihfac:í vkyfaqmifapcJhaom trIawmfvkyfief;
rsm;ukd pGefYvTwf&ef uREkfyfwkdYukd qihfac:ygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif uREkfyfwkdY
tm;ay;xm;aom aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;ukd txHawmfokdYjyefvnfay;tyf
apygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif tpDtpOfrsm;ukda&;qGJ&ef uREkfyfwkdYukd cGihfjyK
ay;NyD;aemuf xkdtpDtpOfrsm;ukd txHawmfokdYpGefYvTwfylaZmf&ef awmif;
qkdwwfygonf/ oifonfocifbk&m;ESihftwl tcsdefwkdif;avQmufvSrf;ae
cJhvQif þae&müuREkfyfajymjyaeaomt&mukd em;vnfoabmayguf
ygvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\EkdifiHawmf twGuf pGefYvTwfylaZmfjcif;
rsm;pGmukdjyKvkyfzkdY oifhukdqifhac:ygvdrfhrnf/ xkdt&monf qkawmif;jcif;
übk&m;ocifESihf oifvkH;yef;í jyKvkyfcJhaom tpDtpOfrsm; jzpfaumif;
jzpfayrnf/ þtpDtpOfrsm;ukd avmuDÓPf ynmrsm;jzihf oifra&;qGJ
cJhaMumif;ukd oifodygonf/ xkdtpDtpOfrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiH
awmftwGufvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocif\ bkef;awmftwGufvnf;aumif;
pDpOfa&;qGJcJhygaomfvnf; xkdtpDtpOf rsm;ukd pGefYvTwfzkdYbk&m;ocifu
oihfukd,ckawmif;qkdaumif;awmifqdkaeayvdrfhrnf/
arma&Sonf ESpfaygif;av;q,fMum uEÅ&awmMurf;ukdjzwfí
£oa&vvlrsKd;rsm;tm; uwdawmfxm;&mjynfqDokdY OD;aqmifcJhonf/
arma&Sonf £oa&vvlrsKd;rsm;ukd uwdawmfxm;&mjynfxJokdY
a&mufonftxd OD;aqmifoGm;&ef &nf&G,fcJhaomfvnf; wpfaeYwGif
bk&m;ocifarma&SxHüay:awmfrlNyD;olonf þtrIukdjyKvkyfrnfh
olr[kwfaMumif; ajymcJhonf/ olonfrdrdukd,fpm; a,m½Iukdvkyfaqmif
apzkdYjzpfonf (w&m;a[m&m 3;26-28)/ ocifbk&m;tay:ü
xm;&Sdaom'g0d'f\ cspfjcif;arwåm "r®a[mif;acwfumvwGif NydKifpH&Sm;
jzpfcJhonf/ 'g0d'f\ jyif;jyaompdwfqE´rSm bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmf
twGufAdrmefawmfukd wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumihf olonf bk&m;
ocif\ bkef;awmftwGuf Adrmefawmfukdwnfaqmuf&ef a&TaiG&wem
25tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif24
xkdtrIawmfukd vkyfaqmifzdkYbk&m;ocifu oihfukdrqihfac:yg[k rqkdvkd
yg/ uREkfyfwkdYtaejzihf opöm&Sdae&rnfjzpfNyD;? &vm'fukdbk&m;ocifu
xdef;csKyfxm;ygonf/ wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf ausmufcJjzihf ypfaygufcH
&jcif;? NrdKUjyifokdYqGJxkwfcH&zdkYoufouftwGuf NrdKUwpfNrdKU (okdY) NrdKUBuD;
wpfNrdKUpDokdY vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;ukd cH&onfhtcsdefrsm;vnf;&SdcJhygonf
(wrefawmf 7;58? 14;19)/ ocifa,½Iu rdrd\wynfhawmfrsm;tm;
4if;wkdYonf NrdKUwpfNrdKUxJokdY 0ifa&mufaomtcg? xkdNrdKUu4if;wkdY\w&m;
a'oemukd jiif;y,fcJhygu 4if;wkdYajcz0g;rS zkefukdcgcsí tjcm;wpfNrdKUokdY
oGm;&ef&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ajymjycJhonf(róJ 10;14ukdMunfhyg)/ tmjA[H
onfrdrd\wpfOD;wnf;aomom;ukd ,laqmifíocifbk&m;xHü ,Zfyl
aZmf&ef rdefYqkdjcif;cHcJh&onf (urÇmOD; 22ukdMunfhyg)/ tmjA[Honf
om;jzpfolukd ,Zfyv’ifxufü csnfaESmifaomtcg bk&m;ocifu
om;jzpfolukd "g;jzihfrxdrckdufzkdYajymcJhNyD;? xkdtpm;okd;wpfaumifukd ay;cJh
onf/ þtajctaersm;tm;vkH;ukd uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdYem;vnfMu&rnf
enf;/ þae&mü uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfodjrifzdkY vkdtyfaomt&mrSm bk&m;
ocif\ enf;vrf;rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdY\enf;vrf;rsm;ESihf tvGefuGmjcm;
ygonf[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif uREkfyfwkdYoif,lzkdY
vkdtyfaom oifcef;pmrsm;ukd oifMum;ay;zdkY bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY
ukd t<uif;rJh ½IH;edrfhrI[k xifrSwf&aomt&mqDokdY vrf;jyOD;aqmifoGm;yg
onf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY\opöm&SdrIukd
prf;oyf&ef uREkfyfwkdYukd qihfac:í vkyfaqmifapcJhaom trIawmfvkyfief;
rsm;ukd pGefYvTwf&ef uREkfyfwkdYukd qihfac:ygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif uREkfyfwkdY
tm;ay;xm;aom aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;ukd txHawmfokdYjyefvnfay;tyf
apygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif tpDtpOfrsm;ukda&;qGJ&ef uREkfyfwkdYukd cGihfjyK
ay;NyD;aemuf xkdtpDtpOfrsm;ukd txHawmfokdYpGefYvTwfylaZmf&ef awmif;
qkdwwfygonf/ oifonfocifbk&m;ESihftwl tcsdefwkdif;avQmufvSrf;ae
cJhvQif þae&müuREkfyfajymjyaeaomt&mukd em;vnfoabmayguf
ygvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\EkdifiHawmf twGuf pGefYvTwfylaZmfjcif;
rsm;pGmukdjyKvkyfzkdY oifhukdqifhac:ygvdrfhrnf/ xkdt&monf qkawmif;jcif;
übk&m;ocifESihf oifvkH;yef;í jyKvkyfcJhaom tpDtpOfrsm; jzpfaumif;
jzpfayrnf/ þtpDtpOfrsm;ukd avmuDÓPf ynmrsm;jzihf oifra&;qGJ
cJhaMumif;ukd oifodygonf/ xkdtpDtpOfrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiH
awmftwGufvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocif\ bkef;awmftwGufvnf;aumif;
pDpOfa&;qGJcJhygaomfvnf; xkdtpDtpOf rsm;ukd pGefYvTwfzkdYbk&m;ocifu
oihfukd,ckawmif;qkdaumif;awmifqdkaeayvdrfhrnf/
arma&Sonf ESpfaygif;av;q,fMum uEÅ&awmMurf;ukdjzwfí
£oa&vvlrsKd;rsm;tm; uwdawmfxm;&mjynfqDokdY OD;aqmifcJhonf/
arma&Sonf £oa&vvlrsKd;rsm;ukd uwdawmfxm;&mjynfxJokdY
a&mufonftxd OD;aqmifoGm;&ef &nf&G,fcJhaomfvnf; wpfaeYwGif
bk&m;ocifarma&SxHüay:awmfrlNyD;olonf þtrIukdjyKvkyfrnfh
olr[kwfaMumif; ajymcJhonf/ olonfrdrdukd,fpm; a,m½Iukdvkyfaqmif
apzkdYjzpfonf (w&m;a[m&m 3;26-28)/ ocifbk&m;tay:ü
xm;&Sdaom'g0d'f\ cspfjcif;arwåm "r®a[mif;acwfumvwGif NydKifpH&Sm;
jzpfcJhonf/ 'g0d'f\ jyif;jyaompdwfqE´rSm bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmf
twGufAdrmefawmfukd wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumihf olonf bk&m;
ocif\ bkef;awmftwGuf Adrmefawmfukdwnfaqmuf&ef a&TaiG&wem
25tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif26 27
rsm;ukdpkaqmif;í rdrd\pnf;pdrfOpömukdvnf; oD;oefYcGJxm;cJhonf/
wpfaeYwGifbk&m;ocifu olonfAdrmefawmfukd wnfaqmufrnfh
olr[kwf? olYtpm; om;jzpfola&Smvrkefukd wnfaqmufapzkdY ajymcJhonf
(5&m 22;7-10 ukdMunfhyg)/ 'g0d'fonf AdrmefawmftzdkYtvkdYiSg
rdrd\a&TaiG&wemrsm;ukd oD;oefYcGJvSLjcif;jzihf avmuDÓPfynmü
BuHpnfvkyfaqmifcJhygovm;/ 'g0d'fonf bk&m;ociftwGuf Adrmefawmf
ukdwnfaqmufay;zkdY &SmBuH&mü wukd,faumif;qefcJhygovm;/ arma&S
\pdwfESvkH;ESihf'g0d'f\pdwfESvkH;onf bk&m;ocif\a&SUawmfwGif
ajzmifhrwfrSefuefcJhMuaMumif; uREkfyf,kHMunfonf/ olwkdYonf bk&m;
ocif\bkef;awmftwGuf rdrdwkdY\qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd csrSwf&mwGif
bk&m;ocif\tvkdawmfukd av;av;eufeuf&SmBuHívkyfaqmifcJhMu
ygonf/
aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdYvma&mufvnfywfvkdcJhaom &Sifaygvk\pdwfqE´
onfvnf; bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmftwGufjzpfí? bk&m;ocif\tvkd
awmfukd&SmBuHjcif;jzihf jzpfvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ þyk*¾dKvftoD;oD;u
em;vnfzkdYvkdtyfcJhaomt&mrSm xkdtpDtpOfrsm;ukd &,lykdifcGihfESifhajymif;
vJykdifcGihfwdkYonfbk&m;ocifü &Sdonf[lomtcsufjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYESvkH;
om;ujrwfEdk;wG,fwmaeaomt&mukd pGefYvTwfEkdif&efrSm b,faomtcg
wGifrQrvG,fulyg/ bk&m;ocifu oihfukday;tyfxm;aomtrIawmf
vkyfief;ukdpGefYvTwfzkdY bk&m;ocifukd,fwkdifu oihfukdajymqkdvmvQif
oifpGefYvTwfEkdifygrnfvm;/ oihf&JUtpDtpOfrsm;ukda&m oifpGefYvTwf
Ekdifygrnfvm;/ aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdYoGm;a&muf vnfywf&ef[laomtpDtpOf
ukdpGefYvTwfzkdY bk&m;ocifu&SifaygvkukdajymcJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf
vlYÓPfynmjzihf tpDtpOfukd ra&;qGJcJhyg/ bk&m;ocifukdom &SmBuHcJh
ygonf/ okdYaomf xkdtpDtpOfrsm;ukd ,Zfyv’ifxufü pGefYvTwfay;vSLzkdY
bk&m;ocifuajymvmaomtcgwGifvnf; &Sifaygvkvkdvkdvm;vm;
&SdcJhygonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf 4if;wkdYxHokdY rdrda&;
ykdYvkdufaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;ukd em;vnfcJhMurnfhtaMumif; pdwfcs
vQuf&Sdonf (i,f 13)/ okdYaomf&Sifaygvk\ trIawmfvkyfief;ukd avQmhyg;
xdckdufapvkdaomolrsm;&SdaecJhygonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;u aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdY
vma&mufvnfywfrnf[kajymcJhaomfvnf; vma&mufvnfywfjcif; r&Sd
cJhonfh&Sifaygvk\ ykHOyrmukdtokH;jyKí þa'owpf0kdufwGif &Sifaygvk\
*kPfodu©mukdzsufqD;zkdYBudK;pm;aeMuygonf/ okdYaomf&Sifaygvku bk&m;
ocifonf olYukdjyefvnfvrf;ñTefcJhaomaMumifh xkdokdYvma&mufvnfywf
jcif;ukd rjyKEkdifaMumif;ukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u em;vnfcJhMurnf[k
pdwfcsvQuf&SdaecJhonf/ olwkdYonf&SifaygvkESihf vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;\
*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;taMumif;jzpfcJhouJhokdY &SifaygvkESihfvkyfazmfukdif
zufrsm;onf olwkdY\*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;taMumif; qufvufíjzpfMu
rnfhtaMumif; &SifaygvkpdwfcsaecJhonf (i,f 14)/
þae&müawGU&onfh *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf tjypfr[kwfyg/
&SifaygvkESihf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf wpfOD;ukdwpfOD;ESpfouf
tm;&aecJhMuonf/ zcifjzpfolu rdrd\om;(okdY) orD;tay:ü*kPf,l
0ifh<um;ouJhokdYvnf;aumif;? cifyGef;jzpfolonfrdrd\ZeD;onftay:ü
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfouJhodkYvnf;aumif;? &Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oK
tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif26 27
rsm;ukdpkaqmif;í rdrd\pnf;pdrfOpömukdvnf; oD;oefYcGJxm;cJhonf/
wpfaeYwGifbk&m;ocifu olonfAdrmefawmfukd wnfaqmufrnfh
olr[kwf? olYtpm; om;jzpfola&Smvrkefukd wnfaqmufapzkdY ajymcJhonf
(5&m 22;7-10 ukdMunfhyg)/ 'g0d'fonf AdrmefawmftzdkYtvkdYiSg
rdrd\a&TaiG&wemrsm;ukd oD;oefYcGJvSLjcif;jzihf avmuDÓPfynmü
BuHpnfvkyfaqmifcJhygovm;/ 'g0d'fonf bk&m;ociftwGuf Adrmefawmf
ukdwnfaqmufay;zkdY &SmBuH&mü wukd,faumif;qefcJhygovm;/ arma&S
\pdwfESvkH;ESihf'g0d'f\pdwfESvkH;onf bk&m;ocif\a&SUawmfwGif
ajzmifhrwfrSefuefcJhMuaMumif; uREkfyf,kHMunfonf/ olwkdYonf bk&m;
ocif\bkef;awmftwGuf rdrdwkdY\qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd csrSwf&mwGif
bk&m;ocif\tvkdawmfukd av;av;eufeuf&SmBuHívkyfaqmifcJhMu
ygonf/
aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdYvma&mufvnfywfvkdcJhaom &Sifaygvk\pdwfqE´
onfvnf; bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmftwGufjzpfí? bk&m;ocif\tvkd
awmfukd&SmBuHjcif;jzihf jzpfvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ þyk*¾dKvftoD;oD;u
em;vnfzkdYvkdtyfcJhaomt&mrSm xkdtpDtpOfrsm;ukd &,lykdifcGihfESifhajymif;
vJykdifcGihfwdkYonfbk&m;ocifü &Sdonf[lomtcsufjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYESvkH;
om;ujrwfEdk;wG,fwmaeaomt&mukd pGefYvTwfEkdif&efrSm b,faomtcg
wGifrQrvG,fulyg/ bk&m;ocifu oihfukday;tyfxm;aomtrIawmf
vkyfief;ukdpGefYvTwfzkdY bk&m;ocifukd,fwkdifu oihfukdajymqkdvmvQif
oifpGefYvTwfEkdifygrnfvm;/ oihf&JUtpDtpOfrsm;ukda&m oifpGefYvTwf
Ekdifygrnfvm;/ aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdYoGm;a&muf vnfywf&ef[laomtpDtpOf
ukdpGefYvTwfzkdY bk&m;ocifu&SifaygvkukdajymcJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf
vlYÓPfynmjzihf tpDtpOfukd ra&;qGJcJhyg/ bk&m;ocifukdom &SmBuHcJh
ygonf/ okdYaomf xkdtpDtpOfrsm;ukd ,Zfyv’ifxufü pGefYvTwfay;vSLzkdY
bk&m;ocifuajymvmaomtcgwGifvnf; &Sifaygvkvkdvkdvm;vm;
&SdcJhygonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf 4if;wkdYxHokdY rdrda&;
ykdYvkdufaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;ukd em;vnfcJhMurnfhtaMumif; pdwfcs
vQuf&Sdonf (i,f 13)/ okdYaomf&Sifaygvk\ trIawmfvkyfief;ukd avQmhyg;
xdckdufapvkdaomolrsm;&SdaecJhygonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;u aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdY
vma&mufvnfywfrnf[kajymcJhaomfvnf; vma&mufvnfywfjcif; r&Sd
cJhonfh&Sifaygvk\ ykHOyrmukdtokH;jyKí þa'owpf0kdufwGif &Sifaygvk\
*kPfodu©mukdzsufqD;zkdYBudK;pm;aeMuygonf/ okdYaomf&Sifaygvku bk&m;
ocifonf olYukdjyefvnfvrf;ñTefcJhaomaMumifh xkdokdYvma&mufvnfywf
jcif;ukd rjyKEkdifaMumif;ukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u em;vnfcJhMurnf[k
pdwfcsvQuf&SdaecJhonf/ olwkdYonf&SifaygvkESihf vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;\
*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;taMumif;jzpfcJhouJhokdY &SifaygvkESihfvkyfazmfukdif
zufrsm;onf olwkdY\*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;taMumif; qufvufíjzpfMu
rnfhtaMumif; &SifaygvkpdwfcsaecJhonf (i,f 14)/
þae&müawGU&onfh *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf tjypfr[kwfyg/
&SifaygvkESihf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf wpfOD;ukdwpfOD;ESpfouf
tm;&aecJhMuonf/ zcifjzpfolu rdrd\om;(okdY) orD;tay:ü*kPf,l
0ifh<um;ouJhokdYvnf;aumif;? cifyGef;jzpfolonfrdrd\ZeD;onftay:ü
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfouJhodkYvnf;aumif;? &Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oK
tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif28 29
toif;om;rsm;tay:ü *kPf,l0ifh<um;í 0rf;ajrmufaecJhygonf/ olwkdY
xHokdYcsufcsif;oGm;a&muf vnfywfjcif;ukd rjyKvkyfEkdifaomfvnf; olwkdY
onfrdrdtwGuf *kPf,l0ifh<um;aeMurnf[k &Sifaygvk,kHMunfcJhonf/
tcef;i,f 15 u aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm; aumif;BuD;ESpfjyefcH
pm;apzdkYtvkdYiSg &Sifaygvkonf 4if;wkdYxHokdYESpfBudrfwkdifwkdifoGm;a&muf
vnfywfzkdY pDpOfcJhaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYukdajymjyonf/ &Sifaygvk\tpDtpOf
rSmrmaua'gedjynfokdY oGm;a&mufvnfywf&mvrf;wGif aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;ukd 0ifa&mufvnfywfí? xkdrmaua'gedjynfrStjyef ,k'jynfokdY
oGm;rnfhc&D;pOfwGifvnf; wpfzef0ifa&mufvnfywfzdkYjzpfonf(i,f 16)/
wrefawmf 19 ESihf 20wGif &Sifaygvk\rmaua'gedc&D;pOftaMumif;ukd
vnf;aumif;? &Sifaygvk\ w&m;a[majymrIrsm;aMumifh xkda'owpf0kduf
üay:aygufcJhaom jyóemrsm;taMumif;ukdvnf;aumif; uREkfyfwkdYzwf½I
&onf/ xkda'oüqufvufíaexkdifvQif &SifaygvkaoqkH;oGm;cJhEkdif
onf/ xkdYaMumihftouf&SifzkdYtwGuf tpDtpOfrsm;ukdajymif;vJcJh&onf/
tjcm;vrf;aMumif;ukd a&G;cs,fzkdYbk&m;ocifu &Sifaygvkukdvrf;ñTefcJh
onf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; þc&D;pOfukdrdrdpDpOf
a&;qGJ&mwGif ayghayghwefwefrvkyfcJhaMumif; today;cJhonf (i,f17)/
olonf þtpDtpOfrsm;ukd avmuDenf;vrf; (bk&m;ocifukdwkdifyifjcif;
r&Sdjcif;)jzihf rvkyfaqmifcJhyg/ ajymonfhtwkdif;rvkyfonfholrsm;ukd
uREkfyfwkdYBuHKzl;Muygonf/ rdrdwdkYrvkyfEkdifrSef;odvQufESihf rkdufrkdufrJrJ tpD
tpOfqGJMuaomolrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYtm;
rukd;Ekdifyg/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u þenf;vrf;jzihf rdrdukd½IjrifzdkY
&Sifaygvkrvkdcsifyg/ olonfwpfcsdefwnf;ESihf ]][kwfw,f}} ]]r[kwfbl;}}
[kajymwwfaomolr[kwfcJhyg/ xkdtpm;olonf rdrdajymqkdcsuftay:ü
opöm&Sd wnfMunfzdkY tpGrf;ukefBudK;pm;aomoljzpfonf/ trSefqkd&vQif
þpmapmifukd &Sifaygvka&;om;cJhjcif;uyif þudpörsm;tm; olrnfrQ
tav;teufxm;cJhonfukd ñTefjyaeygonf/
&Sifaygvku rdrd\c&D;pOfrsm;ukd ajymif;vJcJhaomaMumihf
vltcsKdUu &Sifaygvk\trIawmfvkyfief;ukdvnf;aumif;? &Sifaygvk\
w&m;a'oemrsm;ukdvnf;aumif; r,kHouFmjzpfí vufcHzG,fr&Sdaom
t&mtjzpf ajymqkdzefwD;zkdY BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ tcef;i,f 18 wGif
&Sifaygvku 4if;wkdYxHodkY,laqmifvmcJhaom w&m;awmfonf &Sif;vif;í
[kwfrSefrI&SdaMumif; azmfjycJhonf/ owif;aumif;w&m;awmfonf
½IyfaxG;aomw&m;r[kwfouJhokdY bk&m;ocifonfvnf; em;vnf&ef
cufcJaom bk&m;r[kwfyg/ tcef;i,f 19wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYxHa[majymcJhonfh ocifa,½Ionf
wpfckwnf;aom ]][kwfrSef\}} w&m;a'oemuJhokdYyif tvGef&Sif;vif;
jywfom;cJhaMumif; today;cJhonf/ bk&m;ocifay;cJhaom uwdawmfrsm;
onf ]][kwfrSef\}} uwdawmfrsm;omjzpfMuonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm 4if;wkYd
onfrSefuefí opömw&m;ESihfjynfhaomuwdawmfrsm;jzpfMuonf/
4if;wkdYonf vlwkdYtNrJwrf; rSDckdtm;xm;Ekdifaom vSnfhjzm;rIESihfuif;onfh
uwdawmfrsm;jzpfMuonf/
þae&müawGU&onfh owif;aumif;w&m;awmfrSefuefrIESihf
rSDckdtm;xm;EkdifrIwkdYtay:ü &Sifaygvk\okH;oyfcsufrsm;ESihf aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; ukd,fwkdifvma&mufrawGUEkdifjcif;wkdY\ Mum;&Sd
tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif28 29
toif;om;rsm;tay:ü *kPf,l0ifh<um;í 0rf;ajrmufaecJhygonf/ olwkdY
xHokdYcsufcsif;oGm;a&muf vnfywfjcif;ukd rjyKvkyfEkdifaomfvnf; olwkdY
onfrdrdtwGuf *kPf,l0ifh<um;aeMurnf[k &Sifaygvk,kHMunfcJhonf/
tcef;i,f 15 u aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm; aumif;BuD;ESpfjyefcH
pm;apzdkYtvkdYiSg &Sifaygvkonf 4if;wkdYxHokdYESpfBudrfwkdifwkdifoGm;a&muf
vnfywfzkdY pDpOfcJhaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYukdajymjyonf/ &Sifaygvk\tpDtpOf
rSmrmaua'gedjynfokdY oGm;a&mufvnfywf&mvrf;wGif aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;ukd 0ifa&mufvnfywfí? xkdrmaua'gedjynfrStjyef ,k'jynfokdY
oGm;rnfhc&D;pOfwGifvnf; wpfzef0ifa&mufvnfywfzdkYjzpfonf(i,f 16)/
wrefawmf 19 ESihf 20wGif &Sifaygvk\rmaua'gedc&D;pOftaMumif;ukd
vnf;aumif;? &Sifaygvk\ w&m;a[majymrIrsm;aMumifh xkda'owpf0kduf
üay:aygufcJhaom jyóemrsm;taMumif;ukdvnf;aumif; uREkfyfwkdYzwf½I
&onf/ xkda'oüqufvufíaexkdifvQif &SifaygvkaoqkH;oGm;cJhEkdif
onf/ xkdYaMumihftouf&SifzkdYtwGuf tpDtpOfrsm;ukdajymif;vJcJh&onf/
tjcm;vrf;aMumif;ukd a&G;cs,fzkdYbk&m;ocifu &Sifaygvkukdvrf;ñTefcJh
onf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; þc&D;pOfukdrdrdpDpOf
a&;qGJ&mwGif ayghayghwefwefrvkyfcJhaMumif; today;cJhonf (i,f17)/
olonf þtpDtpOfrsm;ukd avmuDenf;vrf; (bk&m;ocifukdwkdifyifjcif;
r&Sdjcif;)jzihf rvkyfaqmifcJhyg/ ajymonfhtwkdif;rvkyfonfholrsm;ukd
uREkfyfwkdYBuHKzl;Muygonf/ rdrdwdkYrvkyfEkdifrSef;odvQufESihf rkdufrkdufrJrJ tpD
tpOfqGJMuaomolrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYtm;
rukd;Ekdifyg/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u þenf;vrf;jzihf rdrdukd½IjrifzdkY
&Sifaygvkrvkdcsifyg/ olonfwpfcsdefwnf;ESihf ]][kwfw,f}} ]]r[kwfbl;}}
[kajymwwfaomolr[kwfcJhyg/ xkdtpm;olonf rdrdajymqkdcsuftay:ü
opöm&Sd wnfMunfzdkY tpGrf;ukefBudK;pm;aomoljzpfonf/ trSefqkd&vQif
þpmapmifukd &Sifaygvka&;om;cJhjcif;uyif þudpörsm;tm; olrnfrQ
tav;teufxm;cJhonfukd ñTefjyaeygonf/
&Sifaygvku rdrd\c&D;pOfrsm;ukd ajymif;vJcJhaomaMumihf
vltcsKdUu &Sifaygvk\trIawmfvkyfief;ukdvnf;aumif;? &Sifaygvk\
w&m;a'oemrsm;ukdvnf;aumif; r,kHouFmjzpfí vufcHzG,fr&Sdaom
t&mtjzpf ajymqkdzefwD;zkdY BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ tcef;i,f 18 wGif
&Sifaygvku 4if;wkdYxHodkY,laqmifvmcJhaom w&m;awmfonf &Sif;vif;í
[kwfrSefrI&SdaMumif; azmfjycJhonf/ owif;aumif;w&m;awmfonf
½IyfaxG;aomw&m;r[kwfouJhokdY bk&m;ocifonfvnf; em;vnf&ef
cufcJaom bk&m;r[kwfyg/ tcef;i,f 19wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYxHa[majymcJhonfh ocifa,½Ionf
wpfckwnf;aom ]][kwfrSef\}} w&m;a'oemuJhokdYyif tvGef&Sif;vif;
jywfom;cJhaMumif; today;cJhonf/ bk&m;ocifay;cJhaom uwdawmfrsm;
onf ]][kwfrSef\}} uwdawmfrsm;omjzpfMuonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm 4if;wkYd
onfrSefuefí opömw&m;ESihfjynfhaomuwdawmfrsm;jzpfMuonf/
4if;wkdYonf vlwkdYtNrJwrf; rSDckdtm;xm;Ekdifaom vSnfhjzm;rIESihfuif;onfh
uwdawmfrsm;jzpfMuonf/
þae&müawGU&onfh owif;aumif;w&m;awmfrSefuefrIESihf
rSDckdtm;xm;EkdifrIwkdYtay:ü &Sifaygvk\okH;oyfcsufrsm;ESihf aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; ukd,fwkdifvma&mufrawGUEkdifjcif;wkdY\ Mum;&Sd
tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif30 31
qufpyfrIukd owdjyKyg/ &Sifaygvku rdrd\toufwmukd owif;aumif;
or®mw&m;\a&mifjyef[yfrIwpfckjzpfapcsifcJhonf/ þtwGufaMumifh
olonf rdrd\pum;ukdapmifhpnf;vkdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ rdrduwday;cJhonfh
twkdif; aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xH rvma&mufEkdifcJhaomtcg xkdt&m
onf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHü rdrda[majymcJhonfh or®mw&m;
tay:üxm;&Sdaom aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ pdwfoabmxm;rsm;ukd
xdckdufoGm;rnfhtaMumif; &SifaygvktvGefpkd;&drfcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\
toufwmonf uREkfyfwkdYa[majymaom w&m;a'oemukd xif[yfae&
ygrnf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf tm;ukd;zkdYrxkduf? opömr&SdvQif þt&monfuREkfyf
wkdYa[majymaomw&m;awmfESihf pyfvsOf;ívlwkdYukdrnfokdYajymjyaernf
enf;/
tcef;i,f 21 ESihf 22 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;tm; bk&m;ocifonf olwkdYukdocifc&pfawmfü wnfaprnfh
taMumif;today;cJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOf
awmfukd BudKwifp&Hay;rIwpfcktaejzihf 4if;wkdY\txJüoGwfoGif;
xm;jcif;jzihf xm0&toufukdtmrcHxm;ygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf opöm
w&m;ESihfjynfhpkHí uwday;xm;onfhtwkdif; jyKrlaomolvnf;jzpfonf/
bk&m;ocif\ uwdawmftm;vkH;onf jynfhpkHvmMuygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvk
ESihf aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdYvma&mufvnfywfvkdaomqE´tMum;wGif tqD;t
wm;taESmuft,Sufrsm; &SdcJhaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifESihfuwdawmfrsm;
jynfhpkHjcif;wkdYMum;wGif rnfonfht&mrS r&yfwnfEkdifyg/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdaum&dE
oKNrdKUokdY
rvma&muf&jcif;rSm olwkdYukdoem;aomaMumifhjzpfonf[k today;&if;
þtcef;BuD;ukd ed*kH;csKyfcJhonf/ olwkdYukdoem;jcif;qkdonfrSm rnfonfh
t&mukdqkdvkdaMumif; &SifaygvkujynfhjynfhpkHpkH&Sif;jyrxm;yg/ þtcsdef
tcgü&Sifaygvk aum&dE
oKNrdKUü&SdaecJhvQif r,kHMunfolrsm;Mum;ü vIyfvIyf
&G&Gjyóemrsm;jzpfaumif;jzpfvmEkdifonf/ &Sifaygvk\toufukd &ef&Sm
í&SifaygvkoGm;av&mtokdif;t0kdif;rsm;Mum;ü jyóemukd&Smaomolrsm;
&Sdonf/ þonfrSm &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ajymjyae
onfht&m\tpdwftykdif;wpfck jzpfEkdifygovm;/ rmaua'gedjynfü rdrd
BuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&aom n§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;rsKd;ukd þtcsdeftcgütvm;wl
n§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;tm; aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmfxHü jzpfyGm;ap&efrSm
tajrmftjrifr&Sdaom vkyf&yfjzpfonf[k &SifaygvkrSwf,ljcif;aMumifh
jzpfEkdifygovm;/
tcef;i,f 24 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
rdrd&nf&G,fcsufonf 4if;wkdY\,kHMunfjcif;ukd ]]tpkd;&}} zkdYr[kwfaMumif;
today;cJhonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,muftay:ü tpkd;&jcif;qkdonfrSm
xdef;csKyfjcif;jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrd\trIawmfvkyfief;ü t&mtm;
vkH;ukdxdef;csKyfxm;zkdY r&nf&G,fcJhyg/ &Sifaygvk\pdwfqE´rSm tjcm;olrsm;
0rf;ajrmufjcif;ü &ifhusufBuD;xGm;vmMuonfukd jrifawGU&zkdYjzpfonf/
þtcsufukdaz:jyzkdY&SifaygvkwkdufwGef;aphaqmfcH&jcif;rSm rdrd\trIawmf
vkyfief;tm; qefYusifMuaomolrsm; aum&dE
oKNrdKUü&SdaMumif;ukd jyo&ef
aemufxyf&nfñTef;csufwpfck jzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifonf/ &Sifaygvkonf
t&mtm;vkH;ukd xdef;csKyfrif;rlaeonf[k ajymaomolrsm;&SdcJhygovm;/
&Sifaygvkuaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tay:ü qufuyftyfESH
tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif30 31
qufpyfrIukd owdjyKyg/ &Sifaygvku rdrd\toufwmukd owif;aumif;
or®mw&m;\a&mifjyef[yfrIwpfckjzpfapcsifcJhonf/ þtwGufaMumifh
olonf rdrd\pum;ukdapmifhpnf;vkdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ rdrduwday;cJhonfh
twkdif; aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xH rvma&mufEkdifcJhaomtcg xkdt&m
onf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHü rdrda[majymcJhonfh or®mw&m;
tay:üxm;&Sdaom aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ pdwfoabmxm;rsm;ukd
xdckdufoGm;rnfhtaMumif; &SifaygvktvGefpkd;&drfcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\
toufwmonf uREkfyfwkdYa[majymaom w&m;a'oemukd xif[yfae&
ygrnf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf tm;ukd;zkdYrxkduf? opömr&SdvQif þt&monfuREkfyf
wkdYa[majymaomw&m;awmfESihf pyfvsOf;ívlwkdYukdrnfokdYajymjyaernf
enf;/
tcef;i,f 21 ESihf 22 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;tm; bk&m;ocifonf olwkdYukdocifc&pfawmfü wnfaprnfh
taMumif;today;cJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOf
awmfukd BudKwifp&Hay;rIwpfcktaejzihf 4if;wkdY\txJüoGwfoGif;
xm;jcif;jzihf xm0&toufukdtmrcHxm;ygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf opöm
w&m;ESihfjynfhpkHí uwday;xm;onfhtwkdif; jyKrlaomolvnf;jzpfonf/
bk&m;ocif\ uwdawmftm;vkH;onf jynfhpkHvmMuygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvk
ESihf aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdYvma&mufvnfywfvkdaomqE´tMum;wGif tqD;t
wm;taESmuft,Sufrsm; &SdcJhaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifESihfuwdawmfrsm;
jynfhpkHjcif;wkdYMum;wGif rnfonfht&mrS r&yfwnfEkdifyg/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdaum&dE
oKNrdKUokdY
rvma&muf&jcif;rSm olwkdYukdoem;aomaMumifhjzpfonf[k today;&if;
þtcef;BuD;ukd ed*kH;csKyfcJhonf/ olwkdYukdoem;jcif;qkdonfrSm rnfonfh
t&mukdqkdvkdaMumif; &SifaygvkujynfhjynfhpkHpkH&Sif;jyrxm;yg/ þtcsdef
tcgü&Sifaygvk aum&dE
oKNrdKUü&SdaecJhvQif r,kHMunfolrsm;Mum;ü vIyfvIyf
&G&Gjyóemrsm;jzpfaumif;jzpfvmEkdifonf/ &Sifaygvk\toufukd &ef&Sm
í&SifaygvkoGm;av&mtokdif;t0kdif;rsm;Mum;ü jyóemukd&Smaomolrsm;
&Sdonf/ þonfrSm &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ajymjyae
onfht&m\tpdwftykdif;wpfck jzpfEkdifygovm;/ rmaua'gedjynfü rdrd
BuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&aom n§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;rsKd;ukd þtcsdeftcgütvm;wl
n§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;tm; aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmfxHü jzpfyGm;ap&efrSm
tajrmftjrifr&Sdaom vkyf&yfjzpfonf[k &SifaygvkrSwf,ljcif;aMumifh
jzpfEkdifygovm;/
tcef;i,f 24 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
rdrd&nf&G,fcsufonf 4if;wkdY\,kHMunfjcif;ukd ]]tpkd;&}} zkdYr[kwfaMumif;
today;cJhonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,muftay:ü tpkd;&jcif;qkdonfrSm
xdef;csKyfjcif;jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrd\trIawmfvkyfief;ü t&mtm;
vkH;ukdxdef;csKyfxm;zkdY r&nf&G,fcJhyg/ &Sifaygvk\pdwfqE´rSm tjcm;olrsm;
0rf;ajrmufjcif;ü &ifhusufBuD;xGm;vmMuonfukd jrifawGU&zkdYjzpfonf/
þtcsufukdaz:jyzkdY&SifaygvkwkdufwGef;aphaqmfcH&jcif;rSm rdrd\trIawmf
vkyfief;tm; qefYusifMuaomolrsm; aum&dE
oKNrdKUü&SdaMumif;ukd jyo&ef
aemufxyf&nfñTef;csufwpfck jzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifonf/ &Sifaygvkonf
t&mtm;vkH;ukd xdef;csKyfrif;rlaeonf[k ajymaomolrsm;&SdcJhygovm;/
&Sifaygvkuaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tay:ü qufuyftyfESH
tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif32
xm;rIukd 4if;wkdYpdwfcsaeap&eftwGuf þpmapmifukda&;om;cJhjcif;jzpf
onf/ olpDpOfxm;onfhtwkdif; olwkdYxHokdYrvma&mufEkdifcJhaomfvnf;
oll\pdwfqE´rSm 0rf;ajrmufjcif;? ,kHMunfjcif;wkdYü 4if;wkdYBuD;xGm;vmMu
onfukd jrifawGU&&efjzpfonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf olwkdYonftqkH;wkdif&yfwnf
oGm;EkdifMurnfjzpfonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
oifh&JUtpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJcJh&onfh tjzpfrsKd;ukdoifawGUBuHK
zl;ygovm;/ bk&m;ocifu rdrd\bkef;awmftwGufoihf&JUtpD
tpOfrsm;ukd pGefYvTwfay;tyfzkdY oifhukdawmif;qkdcJhzl;ygovm;/
Oyrmwpfckay;yg/
ocifbk&m;\bkef;awmftwGuf oihf&JUtpDtpOfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd
pGefYvTwfzkdY vkdvkdvm;vm;&Sdygrnfvm;/
oifay;xm;aom uwdrsm;ukd rapmifhxdef;cJhjcif;tay:ü oif
wm0ef,lcJhzl;ygovm;/ xkduwdrsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;íbk&m;ocifu
,ckoihfukdrnfokdY ajymjyaeygoenf;/
vlYÓPfynmjzihf pDpOfa&;qGJaomtpDtpOfrsm;ESihf bk&m;ocif
ukd ppfrSefpGm&SmBuHí pDpOfa&;qGJaomtpDtpOfrsm;\ uGJjym;
jcm;em;csufum; tb,fenf;/
vlwkdYonf oihftm;jzihfbk&m;ocifukd jrifawGUMuvQif olwkdYrnf
onfht&mukd jrifawGUaeMuygoenf;/ oifonfbk&m;ocif\
tusihfvu©Pmrsm;twGuf omíBuD;rm;aomoufaowpfyg;
rnfokdYjzpfEkdifrnfenf;/ owfowfrSwfrSwfwdwdususajymyg/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
bk&m;ocifonf rdrduwday;xm;onfhtwdkif; jyKawmfrlí
uREkfyfwkdYukd ay;xm;aomuwdawmfrsm; txajrmufjynfhpkHvm
jcif;ukd rnfonfht&murQ rwm;qD;EkdifaomaMumifh aus;Zl;wif
csD;rGrf;yg/
t&mcyfodrf;ukd ocifbk&m;xHü qufuyfay;tyfEkdifzdkY aus;Zl;
awmfukday;oem;awmfrl&ef awmif;avQmufyg/
bk&m;ocif\ Mueftifvu©Pmrsm;ukd þavmuDom;rsm;xHü
jyoEkdifaom omíaumif;jrwfonfh oufaowpfyg;jzpfvmzdkY
oihfukdpGrf;aqmifay;&ef awmif;avQmufyg/ oihftoufwmü
&ifhusufzkdYvkdaeao;onfh tusihfpm&dwåukd wdwdususjyoay;zkdY
ocifbk&m;ukd awmif;avQmufyg/
33tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif32
xm;rIukd 4if;wkdYpdwfcsaeap&eftwGuf þpmapmifukda&;om;cJhjcif;jzpf
onf/ olpDpOfxm;onfhtwkdif; olwkdYxHokdYrvma&mufEkdifcJhaomfvnf;
oll\pdwfqE´rSm 0rf;ajrmufjcif;? ,kHMunfjcif;wkdYü 4if;wkdYBuD;xGm;vmMu
onfukd jrifawGU&&efjzpfonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf olwkdYonftqkH;wkdif&yfwnf
oGm;EkdifMurnfjzpfonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
oifh&JUtpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJcJh&onfh tjzpfrsKd;ukdoifawGUBuHK
zl;ygovm;/ bk&m;ocifu rdrd\bkef;awmftwGufoihf&JUtpD
tpOfrsm;ukd pGefYvTwfay;tyfzkdY oifhukdawmif;qkdcJhzl;ygovm;/
Oyrmwpfckay;yg/
ocifbk&m;\bkef;awmftwGuf oihf&JUtpDtpOfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd
pGefYvTwfzkdY vkdvkdvm;vm;&Sdygrnfvm;/
oifay;xm;aom uwdrsm;ukd rapmifhxdef;cJhjcif;tay:ü oif
wm0ef,lcJhzl;ygovm;/ xkduwdrsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;íbk&m;ocifu
,ckoihfukdrnfokdY ajymjyaeygoenf;/
vlYÓPfynmjzihf pDpOfa&;qGJaomtpDtpOfrsm;ESihf bk&m;ocif
ukd ppfrSefpGm&SmBuHí pDpOfa&;qGJaomtpDtpOfrsm;\ uGJjym;
jcm;em;csufum; tb,fenf;/
vlwkdYonf oihftm;jzihfbk&m;ocifukd jrifawGUMuvQif olwkdYrnf
onfht&mukd jrifawGUaeMuygoenf;/ oifonfbk&m;ocif\
tusihfvu©Pmrsm;twGuf omíBuD;rm;aomoufaowpfyg;
rnfokdYjzpfEkdifrnfenf;/ owfowfrSwfrSwfwdwdususajymyg/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
bk&m;ocifonf rdrduwday;xm;onfhtwdkif; jyKawmfrlí
uREkfyfwkdYukd ay;xm;aomuwdawmfrsm; txajrmufjynfhpkHvm
jcif;ukd rnfonfht&murQ rwm;qD;EkdifaomaMumifh aus;Zl;wif
csD;rGrf;yg/
t&mcyfodrf;ukd ocifbk&m;xHü qufuyfay;tyfEkdifzdkY aus;Zl;
awmfukday;oem;awmfrl&ef awmif;avQmufyg/
bk&m;ocif\ Mueftifvu©Pmrsm;ukd þavmuDom;rsm;xHü
jyoEkdifaom omíaumif;jrwfonfh oufaowpfyg;jzpfvmzdkY
oihfukdpGrf;aqmifay;&ef awmif;avQmufyg/ oihftoufwmü
&ifhusufzkdYvkdaeao;onfh tusihfpm&dwåukd wdwdususjyoay;zkdY
ocifbk&m;ukd awmif;avQmufyg/
33tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
33
33
3
xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmifxdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmifxdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
2aum 2;1-11 ukdzwf½Iyg/
aemufqkH;qifjcifESvkH;oGif;jcif;wGif &Sifaygvku rdrdpDpOfxm;
onfhtwkdif; vma&mufrvnfywfEkdifjcif;taMumif;ukd aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd
toif;awmftm;&Sif;jyzkdY rnfokdYwkdufwGef;aphaqmfcH&onfhtaMumif;ukd
uREkfyfwkdYawGU&SdcJhMuonf/ olonfn§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;aMumifh rmaua'ged
jynfwpf0kdufukd pGefYcGgoGm;zkdYwGef;tm;ay;cHcJh&onf/ þtcsufonf
&Sifaygvk\ tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJ&jcif;\ taMumif;t&if;wpfckjzpf
cJhonf/ tjcm;taMumif;t&if;rsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdvma&mufrvnfywfrDwGif 4if;wdkY\ tjypft
wGufaemifw&MuzdkY tcsdeftwkdif;twmwpfckukd ay;vkdcJhykHay:onf/
&Sifaygvku 4if;wkdYxHokdYtvGefxdckdufemusifzG,f pmwpfapmifukd a&;om;
cJhaMumif; þtcef;BuD;tm;jzihf uREkfyfwkdYoif,l&onf/ xkdpmapmifonf
aum&dE
oKMo0g'pmyxrapmifjzpfEkdifonf/ xkdokdYomjzpfcJhvQif þae&mü
&SifaygvkajymMum;aeonfht&mukd uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfEkdifygonf/ aum&dE
oK
Mo0g'pmyxrapmifwGif &Sifaygvku toif;awmftm; csif;csif;tay:ü
cspfjcif;arwåmuif;rJhMujcif;twGuf tvGefyGihfvif;pGmqkH;rcJhonf/
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
33
33
3
xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmifxdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmifxdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
2aum 2;1-11 ukdzwf½Iyg/
aemufqkH;qifjcifESvkH;oGif;jcif;wGif &Sifaygvku rdrdpDpOfxm;
onfhtwkdif; vma&mufrvnfywfEkdifjcif;taMumif;ukd aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd
toif;awmftm;&Sif;jyzkdY rnfokdYwkdufwGef;aphaqmfcH&onfhtaMumif;ukd
uREkfyfwkdYawGU&SdcJhMuonf/ olonfn§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;aMumifh rmaua'ged
jynfwpf0kdufukd pGefYcGgoGm;zkdYwGef;tm;ay;cHcJh&onf/ þtcsufonf
&Sifaygvk\ tpDtpOfrsm;ajymif;vJ&jcif;\ taMumif;t&if;wpfckjzpf
cJhonf/ tjcm;taMumif;t&if;rsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdvma&mufrvnfywfrDwGif 4if;wdkY\ tjypft
wGufaemifw&MuzdkY tcsdeftwkdif;twmwpfckukd ay;vkdcJhykHay:onf/
&Sifaygvku 4if;wkdYxHokdYtvGefxdckdufemusifzG,f pmwpfapmifukd a&;om;
cJhaMumif; þtcef;BuD;tm;jzihf uREkfyfwkdYoif,l&onf/ xkdpmapmifonf
aum&dE
oKMo0g'pmyxrapmifjzpfEkdifonf/ xkdokdYomjzpfcJhvQif þae&mü
&SifaygvkajymMum;aeonfht&mukd uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfEkdifygonf/ aum&dE
oK
Mo0g'pmyxrapmifwGif &Sifaygvku toif;awmftm; csif;csif;tay:ü
cspfjcif;arwåmuif;rJhMujcif;twGuf tvGefyGihfvif;pGmqkH;rcJhonf/
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif36 37
4if;wkdYBudKufESpfoufaom acgif;aqmifrsm;ukdom emcHvkdufavQmufjcif;
jzihf toif;awmfüpdwf0rf;uGJjcif;ukd &yfwefYMuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/ zcif
jzpfol\ ZeD;onfESihf umrqufqHjcif;ukd usL;vGefaomolwpfa,muf
tm; toif;awmfü cGihfvTwfvufcHxm;MuonfhtwGuf olwkdYukd&Sifaygvk
jypfwif½IwfcscJhonf/ 0dnmOfpGrf;&nfqkaus;Zl;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKykHü
pdwf0rf;uGJaeMujcif;twGuf olwkdYukdtjypfwifcJhonf/ aum&dE
oKMo0g'
pmyxrapmifonf tvGefjyif;xefaom pmwpfapmifjzpfonf/ þtcef;
BuD;ü &Sifaygvk&nfñTef;xm;aompmapmifonf xkdpmapmif (odkY) tjcm;
pmapmifjzpfEkdifonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdvma&mufvnf
ywfjcif;onf 4if;wkdYtwGuf xdckdufemusifzG,fvnfywfjcif;jzpfrnfukd
rvkdvm;aomaMumifh vma&mufrvnfywfjcif;jzpfaMumif; ajymjycJhonf
(i,f 1)/ þtcsufukdMunfhjcif;jzihf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHodkY &Sifayg
vkaemufqkH;tBudrf vma&mufvnfywfpOfü toif;awmfwGif ajz&Sif;zkdY
vkdtyfonfhjyóemrsm;pGm &SdaecJhvdrfhrnf[k uREkfyfwkdY,kHMunf&onf/
jyóemukdrajz&Sif;bJ 'Dtwkdif;xm;cJhonfhtusihfrsKd; &SifaygvkwGif r&Sdyg/
trSm;ukdaxmufjyjyifqifay;zkdY vkdtyfaomt&mrsm;ukd yGihfyGifhvif;vif;
ajymqkd&ef ol0efrav;yg/ þokdYjyKvkyfay;jcif;onf toif;awmf\
aumif;&maumif;usKd;twGuf jzpfaomfvnf; xkdokdYjyKvkyfjcif;onf xkd
tckduftwefYwGif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;twGuf tvGefxdckdufemusif
zG,fjzpfcJhygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrdaMumihfjzpf&aom xdckdufemusif
rIukd pmemcJhonf/ olonf aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd ,kHMunfolrsm;ukd aqmufwnf
&mr&tajctaersKd;ü r&SdapcsifcJhyg/ trSm;tm;vkH;ukd axmufjyjyifqif
ay;vkdaom rdrd\tusihfukdvnf; em;vnfoabmaygufaecJhonf/
xkdYaMumihf aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdY roGm;&efqkH;jzwfcJhonf/ xkdNrdKUokdYoGm;a&mufNyD;
trSm;rsm;ukd axmufjyjyifqifay;jcif;jzihf 4if;wkdYü&SdNyD;om;xdcdkuf
emusifrIü aemufxyfxdckdufemusifrIukd xyfay;zdkY&SifaygvkrvkdcsifcJhyg/
jyóemukdolwkdYzmomukdifwG,fajz&Sif;MuzdkY tcsdefwpfckukday;zdkY&Sifaygvk
qkH;jzwfcJhonf/
c&pf,mefacgif;aqmifrsm;taejzihf pum;wpfcGef;rSrajymbJ
aejcif;uykdí aumif;aomtcsdefrsm;&Sdwwfonf/ &Sifaygvk\tusihfrsKd;
uREkfyfüvnf;&Sdavh&Sdonf/ jyóemukdjrif&vQif uREkfyfajz&Sif;vkdufcsif
onf/ uREkfyfoif,lzkdYvkdtyfaomt&mrSm tjcm;olrsm;\tm;enf;csuf
rsm;ukd onf;cHwwf&efjzpfonf/ ocifbk&m;üwnfaeaom nDtpfukd
armifESrrsm;ukd toufwmajymif;vJay;zkdY rmrmausmausmBudK;pm;jyKrl
cJhjcif;jzihf olwkdYukdpdwfysuf0rf;enf;apcJhonfhtcsdefrsm; uREkfyfü&SdcJhonf/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif jyóemrsm;ukd bk&m;ocif\vufawmfü qufuyf
tyfESHí þtajctaersm;ü vIyf&Sm;zkdYbk&m;ocifukd ,kHMunfukd;pm;zkdY
omvkdtyfonf/ ajrmufjrm;pGmaomtcsdefwGif uREkfyfwkdYonfoefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmfvkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfukd vkyfaeMuygonf/ &Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmf&SdtrSm;[k olodxm;onfht&mukd vspfvsLr½IcJhEkdif
yg/ okdYaomfoefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfuolvkyfEkdifcJhrnfht&mxuf ykdí
vkyfaqmifEkdifaMumif;ukd &SifaygvkodaecJhonf/ xkdYtjyifxkdNrdKUokdY rdrd
a&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzifhtoif;om;rsm;ukd aqmufwnf&mr&jzpfaprnfh
xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif36 37
4if;wkdYBudKufESpfoufaom acgif;aqmifrsm;ukdom emcHvkdufavQmufjcif;
jzihf toif;awmfüpdwf0rf;uGJjcif;ukd &yfwefYMuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/ zcif
jzpfol\ ZeD;onfESihf umrqufqHjcif;ukd usL;vGefaomolwpfa,muf
tm; toif;awmfü cGihfvTwfvufcHxm;MuonfhtwGuf olwkdYukd&Sifaygvk
jypfwif½IwfcscJhonf/ 0dnmOfpGrf;&nfqkaus;Zl;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKykHü
pdwf0rf;uGJaeMujcif;twGuf olwkdYukdtjypfwifcJhonf/ aum&dE
oKMo0g'
pmyxrapmifonf tvGefjyif;xefaom pmwpfapmifjzpfonf/ þtcef;
BuD;ü &Sifaygvk&nfñTef;xm;aompmapmifonf xkdpmapmif (odkY) tjcm;
pmapmifjzpfEkdifonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdvma&mufvnf
ywfjcif;onf 4if;wkdYtwGuf xdckdufemusifzG,fvnfywfjcif;jzpfrnfukd
rvkdvm;aomaMumifh vma&mufrvnfywfjcif;jzpfaMumif; ajymjycJhonf
(i,f 1)/ þtcsufukdMunfhjcif;jzihf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHodkY &Sifayg
vkaemufqkH;tBudrf vma&mufvnfywfpOfü toif;awmfwGif ajz&Sif;zkdY
vkdtyfonfhjyóemrsm;pGm &SdaecJhvdrfhrnf[k uREkfyfwkdY,kHMunf&onf/
jyóemukdrajz&Sif;bJ 'Dtwkdif;xm;cJhonfhtusihfrsKd; &SifaygvkwGif r&Sdyg/
trSm;ukdaxmufjyjyifqifay;zkdY vkdtyfaomt&mrsm;ukd yGihfyGifhvif;vif;
ajymqkd&ef ol0efrav;yg/ þokdYjyKvkyfay;jcif;onf toif;awmf\
aumif;&maumif;usKd;twGuf jzpfaomfvnf; xkdokdYjyKvkyfjcif;onf xkd
tckduftwefYwGif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;twGuf tvGefxdckdufemusif
zG,fjzpfcJhygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrdaMumihfjzpf&aom xdckdufemusif
rIukd pmemcJhonf/ olonf aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd ,kHMunfolrsm;ukd aqmufwnf
&mr&tajctaersKd;ü r&SdapcsifcJhyg/ trSm;tm;vkH;ukd axmufjyjyifqif
ay;vkdaom rdrd\tusihfukdvnf; em;vnfoabmaygufaecJhonf/
xkdYaMumihf aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdY roGm;&efqkH;jzwfcJhonf/ xkdNrdKUokdYoGm;a&mufNyD;
trSm;rsm;ukd axmufjyjyifqifay;jcif;jzihf 4if;wkdYü&SdNyD;om;xdcdkuf
emusifrIü aemufxyfxdckdufemusifrIukd xyfay;zdkY&SifaygvkrvkdcsifcJhyg/
jyóemukdolwkdYzmomukdifwG,fajz&Sif;MuzdkY tcsdefwpfckukday;zdkY&Sifaygvk
qkH;jzwfcJhonf/
c&pf,mefacgif;aqmifrsm;taejzihf pum;wpfcGef;rSrajymbJ
aejcif;uykdí aumif;aomtcsdefrsm;&Sdwwfonf/ &Sifaygvk\tusihfrsKd;
uREkfyfüvnf;&Sdavh&Sdonf/ jyóemukdjrif&vQif uREkfyfajz&Sif;vkdufcsif
onf/ uREkfyfoif,lzkdYvkdtyfaomt&mrSm tjcm;olrsm;\tm;enf;csuf
rsm;ukd onf;cHwwf&efjzpfonf/ ocifbk&m;üwnfaeaom nDtpfukd
armifESrrsm;ukd toufwmajymif;vJay;zkdY rmrmausmausmBudK;pm;jyKrl
cJhjcif;jzihf olwkdYukdpdwfysuf0rf;enf;apcJhonfhtcsdefrsm; uREkfyfü&SdcJhonf/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif jyóemrsm;ukd bk&m;ocif\vufawmfü qufuyf
tyfESHí þtajctaersm;ü vIyf&Sm;zkdYbk&m;ocifukd ,kHMunfukd;pm;zkdY
omvkdtyfonf/ ajrmufjrm;pGmaomtcsdefwGif uREkfyfwkdYonfoefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmfvkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfukd vkyfaeMuygonf/ &Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmf&SdtrSm;[k olodxm;onfht&mukd vspfvsLr½IcJhEkdif
yg/ okdYaomfoefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfuolvkyfEkdifcJhrnfht&mxuf ykdí
vkyfaqmifEkdifaMumif;ukd &SifaygvkodaecJhonf/ xkdYtjyifxkdNrdKUokdY rdrd
a&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzifhtoif;om;rsm;ukd aqmufwnf&mr&jzpfaprnfh
xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif38 39
taMumif;ukd &SifaygvkodaecJhonf/ xkdYaMumihfolwkdYukd ae&mESihftcsdef
tcsKdUukday;zkdYa&G;cs,fcJhonf/ xkdtcsdefonf olwkdYxHokdYoGm;a&muf
vnfywfzkdYtcsdefaumif;r[kwfcJhyg/ olwkdYonf ykdíEl;nHhaysmhajymif;aom
enf;vrf;jzihf az;rulnDay;rnfholwpfa,mufukd vkdtyfaecJhMuonf/
xkdyk*¾dKvfonf rdrdr[kwfaMumif; &Sifaygvkem;vnfcJhaomaMumihf
roGm;zkdYa&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
þ,kHMunfolrsm;tm; 4if;wkdYcHpm;oihfonfh 0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;
xufykdírcHpm;apzkdY &SifaygvküaemufxyftaMumif;t&if;&Sdaeonf/
&Sifaygvkpdwfysuftm;avsmhcJhaomtcsdefrsm;ü þ,kHMunfolrsm;\
cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;ukd vkdtyfcJhonf (i,f 2)/ þ,kHMunfolrsm;
onfyuwdjynhfpkHaomolrsm;r[kwfMuonfrSm rSefygonf/ ocifbk&m;
ESihf4if;wkdYtwlavQmufvSrf;&Sifoefjcif;wGif trsm;BuD;vkdtyfvQuf&SdMu
onf/ okdYaomfwpfcsdefwnf;wGif &Sifaygvküvnf; xkd,kHMunfolrsm;ukd
vdktyfvQuf&SdaMumif;? xdkolwkdYonf rdrdvkyfaqmifaeaomtrIawmfü
wpfpkHwpfckukd xnfh0ifEkdifaMumif; ponfwkdYukdtodtrSwfjyKEkdifaom
pdwfESvkH; ESdrfhcsjcif;&SdaecJhonf/ 4if;wkdYomrygvQif rdrd\omoem
vkyfief;ESihf rdrd\0dnmOfa&;&mavQmufvSrf;jcif;rSm 'ku©a&mufoGm;rnfukd
odaecJhonf/ þtcsufu uREkfyfwkdYonf0dnmOfa&;&mü r&ifhusufMu
ao;aomfvnf; c&pfawmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmftwGuf wpfpkHwpfckukd xnfh
0ifyHhykd;EkdifMuaMumif;ukd jyoaeygonf/ xkdYtjyiftm;tenf;qkH;,kHMunf
olukdyif uREkfyfwdkYvkdtyfvQuf&SdaMumif;ukd todtrSwfjyKEkdifavmufonfh
pdwfESvkH;ESdrfhcsjcif;&SdzkdY vkdtyfykHukdvnf; uREkfyfwkdYtm; oGefoifay;ygonf/
cE¨mawmf&Sd vlwkdif;wGif tcef;u@wpfckpD&SdMuonf/ oifonfxl;cRef
ajymifajrmufaom oif;tkyf (okdY) q&mwpfyg;jzpfaMumif; jzpfaeEkdifyg
aomfvnf; oifwkdY\toif;awmf&Sd tm;tenf;qkH;,kHMunfolxHrS
oif,lEkdifygao;onf/ þtcsufukd todtrSwfjyK&ef &SifaygvkwGif
ESdrfhcsjcif;&SdcJhonf/
uREkfyfwkdYwpfukd,fwnf; &SifoefaexkdifítrIawmfukd aqmif&Guf
&efykHoGif;zefwD;rxm;yg/ &Sifaygvku olYtwGufqkawmif;zkdY? olYukdcGeftm;
ay;zkdYtjcm;olrsm;ukd vkdtyfaMumif;em;vnfcJhonf/ &SifaygvkwGifvnf;
pdwfysuftm;avsmh&onfhtcsdefrsm; trIawmfwGif&SdcJhygonf/ þuJhokdY
aomtcsdefrsm;wGif bk&m;ocifonf olYukdxlray;zkdYESihf ,kHMunfjcif;ESihf
0dnmOfpGrf;&nfqkaus;Zl;wkdYtwGuf olYukdcGeftm;ay;zkdY rdwfaqG,kHMunfol
rsm;ukd tokH;jyKygvdrfhrnf/ þuJhokdYaompdwfysuftm;avsmhjcif;rsKd;ukd
oifBuHKawGUae&vQif oifhukdukd,fcsif;pmem;vnfay;Ekdifonfh tjcm;
,kHMunfolwpfa,mufa,muf oif&SmzdkYvkdonf/ olwkdYukdoihftm;cGeftm;
ay;apí oihfukdaumif;BuD; awmif;ay;ap&rnf/ uREkfyfwkdYwukd,fawmf
trIawmfraqmifEkdifyg/ tcsif;csif;wpfa,mufukdwpfa,mufvkdtyfMu
onf/
tcef;i,f 3 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHa&;ykdY
cJhaompmwpfapmiftaMumif;ukd txl;ajymjyxm;onf/ &Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYxHokdYrdrdvma&mufvnfywfaom
tcgürdrdpdwfrqif;&J&avatmif þpmukda&;cJhonf[kajymjyxm;onf/
olwkdYonf toif;awmftwGif;ü&Sdaeaom tjypf'kp½kdufrsm;ukd ukdifwG,f
xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif38 39
taMumif;ukd &SifaygvkodaecJhonf/ xkdYaMumihfolwkdYukd ae&mESihftcsdef
tcsKdUukday;zkdYa&G;cs,fcJhonf/ xkdtcsdefonf olwkdYxHokdYoGm;a&muf
vnfywfzkdYtcsdefaumif;r[kwfcJhyg/ olwkdYonf ykdíEl;nHhaysmhajymif;aom
enf;vrf;jzihf az;rulnDay;rnfholwpfa,mufukd vkdtyfaecJhMuonf/
xkdyk*¾dKvfonf rdrdr[kwfaMumif; &Sifaygvkem;vnfcJhaomaMumihf
roGm;zkdYa&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
þ,kHMunfolrsm;tm; 4if;wkdYcHpm;oihfonfh 0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;
xufykdírcHpm;apzkdY &SifaygvküaemufxyftaMumif;t&if;&Sdaeonf/
&Sifaygvkpdwfysuftm;avsmhcJhaomtcsdefrsm;ü þ,kHMunfolrsm;\
cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;ukd vkdtyfcJhonf (i,f 2)/ þ,kHMunfolrsm;
onfyuwdjynhfpkHaomolrsm;r[kwfMuonfrSm rSefygonf/ ocifbk&m;
ESihf4if;wkdYtwlavQmufvSrf;&Sifoefjcif;wGif trsm;BuD;vkdtyfvQuf&SdMu
onf/ okdYaomfwpfcsdefwnf;wGif &Sifaygvküvnf; xkd,kHMunfolrsm;ukd
vdktyfvQuf&SdaMumif;? xdkolwkdYonf rdrdvkyfaqmifaeaomtrIawmfü
wpfpkHwpfckukd xnfh0ifEkdifaMumif; ponfwkdYukdtodtrSwfjyKEkdifaom
pdwfESvkH; ESdrfhcsjcif;&SdaecJhonf/ 4if;wkdYomrygvQif rdrd\omoem
vkyfief;ESihf rdrd\0dnmOfa&;&mavQmufvSrf;jcif;rSm 'ku©a&mufoGm;rnfukd
odaecJhonf/ þtcsufu uREkfyfwkdYonf0dnmOfa&;&mü r&ifhusufMu
ao;aomfvnf; c&pfawmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmftwGuf wpfpkHwpfckukd xnfh
0ifyHhykd;EkdifMuaMumif;ukd jyoaeygonf/ xkdYtjyiftm;tenf;qkH;,kHMunf
olukdyif uREkfyfwdkYvkdtyfvQuf&SdaMumif;ukd todtrSwfjyKEkdifavmufonfh
pdwfESvkH;ESdrfhcsjcif;&SdzkdY vkdtyfykHukdvnf; uREkfyfwkdYtm; oGefoifay;ygonf/
cE¨mawmf&Sd vlwkdif;wGif tcef;u@wpfckpD&SdMuonf/ oifonfxl;cRef
ajymifajrmufaom oif;tkyf (okdY) q&mwpfyg;jzpfaMumif; jzpfaeEkdifyg
aomfvnf; oifwkdY\toif;awmf&Sd tm;tenf;qkH;,kHMunfolxHrS
oif,lEkdifygao;onf/ þtcsufukd todtrSwfjyK&ef &SifaygvkwGif
ESdrfhcsjcif;&SdcJhonf/
uREkfyfwkdYwpfukd,fwnf; &SifoefaexkdifítrIawmfukd aqmif&Guf
&efykHoGif;zefwD;rxm;yg/ &Sifaygvku olYtwGufqkawmif;zkdY? olYukdcGeftm;
ay;zkdYtjcm;olrsm;ukd vkdtyfaMumif;em;vnfcJhonf/ &SifaygvkwGifvnf;
pdwfysuftm;avsmh&onfhtcsdefrsm; trIawmfwGif&SdcJhygonf/ þuJhokdY
aomtcsdefrsm;wGif bk&m;ocifonf olYukdxlray;zkdYESihf ,kHMunfjcif;ESihf
0dnmOfpGrf;&nfqkaus;Zl;wkdYtwGuf olYukdcGeftm;ay;zkdY rdwfaqG,kHMunfol
rsm;ukd tokH;jyKygvdrfhrnf/ þuJhokdYaompdwfysuftm;avsmhjcif;rsKd;ukd
oifBuHKawGUae&vQif oifhukdukd,fcsif;pmem;vnfay;Ekdifonfh tjcm;
,kHMunfolwpfa,mufa,muf oif&SmzdkYvkdonf/ olwkdYukdoihftm;cGeftm;
ay;apí oihfukdaumif;BuD; awmif;ay;ap&rnf/ uREkfyfwkdYwukd,fawmf
trIawmfraqmifEkdifyg/ tcsif;csif;wpfa,mufukdwpfa,mufvkdtyfMu
onf/
tcef;i,f 3 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHa&;ykdY
cJhaompmwpfapmiftaMumif;ukd txl;ajymjyxm;onf/ &Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYxHokdYrdrdvma&mufvnfywfaom
tcgürdrdpdwfrqif;&J&avatmif þpmukda&;cJhonf[kajymjyxm;onf/
olwkdYonf toif;awmftwGif;ü&Sdaeaom tjypf'kp½kdufrsm;ukd ukdifwG,f
xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif40
ajz&Sif;MurnfhtaMumif; &Sifaygvkua&;om;ay;ykdYcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdokdY
tjypf'kp½kdufajz&Sif;NyD;csdef &Sifaygvkvma&mufvnfywfaomtcgü
oljrifawGU&aomt&mrsm;jzihf cGeftm;opf&vkdcJhonf/ ueOD;üa&;om;
ay;ykdYcJhaompmonf tvGefjyif;xefwif;rmcJhygonf/ &Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonfxkdpmukdtvGefcufcufcJcJa&;om;
cJh&aMumif; tcef;i,f 4 wGif ajymjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\pdwfESvkH;onf
aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;twGufvnf;aumif;? xkdtoif;awmfü jzpfysuf
aeaomt&mrsm;twGufvnf;aumif; tBuD;tus,fzdpD;í rcsdwif
uJa0'emukd cHpm;cJh&onf/ xkdpmukd rsuf&nfpufrsm;ESihftwl a&;om;cJh
aMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ okdYaomf olwkdYtay:üxm;&Sdaom cspfjcif;arwåm
aMumifh xkdpmukda&;om;zkdYvdktyfaMumif; &Sifaygvk cHpm;cJhonf/ olwkdY
vuf&SdavQmufvSrf;aeaomvrf;ukd &Sifaygvku qufvufravQmufap
csifcJhyg/ olwkdY\trSm;ukd axmufjyí rjyifqifay;bJ raeEkdifavmuf
atmif&Sifaygvku olwkdYukdcspfcJhonf/ xkdpmonf a&;om;zkdYtvGef
cufcJcJhaomfvnf; xkdokdYa&;om;ay;ykdYcJhjcif;onf olwkdY\aumif;&m
aumif;usKd; twGufjzpfcJhonf/
tcef;i,f 5 wGif &Sifaygvku olYukdvnf;aumif;? toif;awmf
wpfckvkH;ukdvnf;aumif; ylaqG;aomua&mufapcJhaom yk*¾dKvfwpf
a,muftaMumif;ukd ajymjycJhonf/ xkdyk*¾dKvfrnfolrnf0gjzpfonfukd
uREkfyfwkdYtm; ajymjyrxm;yg/ okdYaomf 1aum 5;1-3wGif aum&dE
oKtoif;
awmfrS vlwpfa,muftaMumif; &Sifaygvkajymqkdxm;csufukd uREkfyfwkdY
zwf½I&onf/
]]rw&m;aomarxkefomrnr[kwf tb\r,m;ukdodrf;,l
jcif;wnf;[laom omoemyvlwkdYwGifyif rMum;&aomarxkef
ürSD0Jaomolonf oifwkdYwGif&SdaMumif;ukd tESHUtjym;ausmfapm
Mu\/ xkdokdYjyKaomolukd oifwkdYtxJrS ESifxkwfrnftaMumif;?
pdwfrom nnf;wGm;jcif;ukdrjyK? rmeaxmifvTm;vsufaeMu\/
xkdYaMumifh igonfukd,fcE¨mtm;jzihf oifwkdYESihfuGmvsuf&Sdaomf
vnf;? 0dnmOftm;jzihf ruGm? ukd,fwkdifoifwkdYESihftwl &SdouJhokdY
xkdokdYusihfaomolukd ,ckyifigpD&ifNyD/}}
&Sifaygvku toif;awmftm; xkdyk*¾dKvfESihf xkdyk*¾dKvf\tjypf
twGuf4if;wkdYtaejzihf ylaqG;aomua&mufoihfMuaMumif; ajymcJhonf
ukdtxl;owdjyKyg/ þyk*¾dKvfonf þtcef;i,f 5 ü &Sifaygvkajymjyae
onfh yk*¾dKvfjzpfEkdifygovm;/ olonfþyk*¾dKvf\tjyKtrltay:üom
0rf;enf;ylaqG;&onfr[kwf? toif;awmfwpfckvkH;twGufvnf; 0rf;enf;
ylaqG;aecJh&aMumif; olwkdYukdajymjycJhonf/
&Sifaygvku þyk*¾dKvftay:ü ay;xm;aomtjypf'Pfonf
vkHavmufrI&SdaMumif; toif;awmfukdtoday;cJhonf/ aum&dE
oKMo0g'pm
yxrapmifwGif &Sifaygvku umr*kPfvGefusL;jcif;tjypfukd usL;vGefcJh
aomolukd jypfwifqkH;rMuzdkY toif;awmfukd pdefac:cJhonf/ olwkdYonf
&Sifaygvkukd emcHcJhMuonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ olwkdYonfxkdyk*¾dKvftay:ü
tenf;i,fjyif;xefoGm;[ef&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh xkdyk*¾dKvfonf tvGef0rf;
enf;aMuuGJjcif;aMumifh rnfokdYwkefYjyef&rSef;rodatmif rjzpfzkdY ,ckyif
41xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif40
ajz&Sif;MurnfhtaMumif; &Sifaygvkua&;om;ay;ykdYcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdokdY
tjypf'kp½kdufajz&Sif;NyD;csdef &Sifaygvkvma&mufvnfywfaomtcgü
oljrifawGU&aomt&mrsm;jzihf cGeftm;opf&vkdcJhonf/ ueOD;üa&;om;
ay;ykdYcJhaompmonf tvGefjyif;xefwif;rmcJhygonf/ &Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonfxkdpmukdtvGefcufcufcJcJa&;om;
cJh&aMumif; tcef;i,f 4 wGif ajymjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\pdwfESvkH;onf
aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;twGufvnf;aumif;? xkdtoif;awmfü jzpfysuf
aeaomt&mrsm;twGufvnf;aumif; tBuD;tus,fzdpD;í rcsdwif
uJa0'emukd cHpm;cJh&onf/ xkdpmukd rsuf&nfpufrsm;ESihftwl a&;om;cJh
aMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ okdYaomf olwkdYtay:üxm;&Sdaom cspfjcif;arwåm
aMumifh xkdpmukda&;om;zkdYvdktyfaMumif; &Sifaygvk cHpm;cJhonf/ olwkdY
vuf&SdavQmufvSrf;aeaomvrf;ukd &Sifaygvku qufvufravQmufap
csifcJhyg/ olwkdY\trSm;ukd axmufjyí rjyifqifay;bJ raeEkdifavmuf
atmif&Sifaygvku olwkdYukdcspfcJhonf/ xkdpmonf a&;om;zkdYtvGef
cufcJcJhaomfvnf; xkdokdYa&;om;ay;ykdYcJhjcif;onf olwkdY\aumif;&m
aumif;usKd; twGufjzpfcJhonf/
tcef;i,f 5 wGif &Sifaygvku olYukdvnf;aumif;? toif;awmf
wpfckvkH;ukdvnf;aumif; ylaqG;aomua&mufapcJhaom yk*¾dKvfwpf
a,muftaMumif;ukd ajymjycJhonf/ xkdyk*¾dKvfrnfolrnf0gjzpfonfukd
uREkfyfwkdYtm; ajymjyrxm;yg/ okdYaomf 1aum 5;1-3wGif aum&dE
oKtoif;
awmfrS vlwpfa,muftaMumif; &Sifaygvkajymqkdxm;csufukd uREkfyfwkdY
zwf½I&onf/
]]rw&m;aomarxkefomrnr[kwf tb\r,m;ukdodrf;,l
jcif;wnf;[laom omoemyvlwkdYwGifyif rMum;&aomarxkef
ürSD0Jaomolonf oifwkdYwGif&SdaMumif;ukd tESHUtjym;ausmfapm
Mu\/ xkdokdYjyKaomolukd oifwkdYtxJrS ESifxkwfrnftaMumif;?
pdwfrom nnf;wGm;jcif;ukdrjyK? rmeaxmifvTm;vsufaeMu\/
xkdYaMumifh igonfukd,fcE¨mtm;jzihf oifwkdYESihfuGmvsuf&Sdaomf
vnf;? 0dnmOftm;jzihf ruGm? ukd,fwkdifoifwkdYESihftwl &SdouJhokdY
xkdokdYusihfaomolukd ,ckyifigpD&ifNyD/}}
&Sifaygvku toif;awmftm; xkdyk*¾dKvfESihf xkdyk*¾dKvf\tjypf
twGuf4if;wkdYtaejzihf ylaqG;aomua&mufoihfMuaMumif; ajymcJhonf
ukdtxl;owdjyKyg/ þyk*¾dKvfonf þtcef;i,f 5 ü &Sifaygvkajymjyae
onfh yk*¾dKvfjzpfEkdifygovm;/ olonfþyk*¾dKvf\tjyKtrltay:üom
0rf;enf;ylaqG;&onfr[kwf? toif;awmfwpfckvkH;twGufvnf; 0rf;enf;
ylaqG;aecJh&aMumif; olwkdYukdajymjycJhonf/
&Sifaygvku þyk*¾dKvftay:ü ay;xm;aomtjypf'Pfonf
vkHavmufrI&SdaMumif; toif;awmfukdtoday;cJhonf/ aum&dE
oKMo0g'pm
yxrapmifwGif &Sifaygvku umr*kPfvGefusL;jcif;tjypfukd usL;vGefcJh
aomolukd jypfwifqkH;rMuzdkY toif;awmfukd pdefac:cJhonf/ olwkdYonf
&Sifaygvkukd emcHcJhMuonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ olwkdYonfxkdyk*¾dKvftay:ü
tenf;i,fjyif;xefoGm;[ef&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh xkdyk*¾dKvfonf tvGef0rf;
enf;aMuuGJjcif;aMumifh rnfokdYwkefYjyef&rSef;rodatmif rjzpfzkdY ,ckyif
41xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif42 43
xkdyk*¾dKvfukdcGihfvGwfí ESpfodrfhcGeftm;ay;MuzdkY toif;awmfukd today;cJh
onf (i,f 7)/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd,kHMunfolwkdYtm; xkdyk*¾dKvfukd
jyefvnf&yfwnfay;Muí? toif;awmfwpfyg;tjzpfESihf xkdyk*¾dKvfukd
jyefvnftm;ay;MuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/
þae&mü&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; qufqH
aeykHESihf &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; xkdnDtpfukdtm;
qufqHapvkdonfhykHwkdY\ qufpyfaerIukd rSwfom;&efrSm tvGefpdwf0if
pm;zG,faumif;onf/ &Sifaygvku olonfaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
twGufrvkdvm;tyfaom 0efxkyf0efykd;BuD;wpfckrjzpfrnhftaMumif;
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHokdY rvma&muf&ef a&G;cs,fcJhonf/ olwkdY\
toufwmrsm;ukd ajymif;vJ&efESihf olwkdY\tjypfrsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;
&eftwGuf cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;wkdYESihftwl olwkdYukdaqmufwnf&m
r& rjzpfapcsifcJhyg/ olwkdYonf vkdtyfonfxufykdí qkH;ryJhjyifcH&aom
aMumifh toufwmü pdwf"gwfusoGm;EkdifMuonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; toif;awmfü 4if;wkdYukd0rf;enf;aMuuGJapcJhonfh
olukdqufqH&mwGifvnf; þ[efcsufnDrIukd &Sdxm;apcsifcJhonf/
þae&mü &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYukdajymjyaeonfht&mukd
&Sif;vif;az:jyvkdonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\toif;awmfrsm;ü oefY&Sif;pifMu,f
jcif;ukd xdef;odrf;xm;&ef uREkfyfwkdYvkyfEkdifaomt&mtm;vkH;ukd vkyfaqmif
Mu&efrSm ta&;BuD;onf/ okdYaomf xkdokdYjyKvkyfaomtcgwGif uREkfyfwkdY
owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrSm uREkfyfwkdYtwif;tusyfvkyfvGef;vQif uREkfyfwkdY
ulnDay;aeolrsm;\ pdwf"gwfukdysufjym;oGm;apEkdifygonf/ pnf;urf;
jzihfMuyfrwf&mwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf cspfjcif;arwåmukdtNrJowd&ae&rnf/
rw&m;vGefuJaom wif;rmjcif;? txifao;jcif;wkdYjzihf qufqHcH&aom
aMumihf vltajrmuftjrm;onf toif;awmfrsm;ukd pGefYcGgoGm;cJhMuyg
onf/ toif;awmf\ pdwfqE´rSm þ,kHMunfolrsm;u rdrdwkdY\tjypf
'kp½kdufrsm;tm; ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;Muonfukd jrifawGU&zkdYjzpfayrnf/
rSm;,Gif;aeonfht&monf oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ukd vkdcsifaomtrIwGif
r[kwf? xkdoefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ukd azmfaqmifaomenf;vrf;wGifjzpf
onf/ uRkEkfyfwkdYonfom;orD;rsm;ukd qkH;ryJhjyifzkdYvkdtyfygonf/ odkYaomf
uREkfyfwkdY\ om;orD;rsm;u ocifc&pfawmfukd ,kHMunfvufcHí? ocif
c&pfawmftwGuf &SifoefMuonfukd jrifawGU&&ef uREkfyfwkdYtvGefpdwftm;
xufoefMuaomaMumifh olwkdYukdaqmufwnf&mr&ESihf 0rf;enf;aMuuGJ
apEkdifMuygonf/ tjypfay;jcif;ESihf cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;wkdYMum;wGif
[efcsufnDrQwrIukd&&Sd&efrSm tNrJrvG,fulyg/
om;orD;wpfa,muf (okdY) toif;0ifwpfa,mufukd qkH;ryJhjyif
cJhNyD;vQif rdrdwm0efNyD;qkH;oGm;NyD[k xifrSwfaeaomolrsm;&Sdonf/ qkH;r
yJhjyifjcif;onf tqkH;owfr[kwfyg/ qkH;ryJhjyifjcif;\ &nfrSef;csufrSm
toD;oD;aom toif;0ifwpfa,muftjzpfESihf&ifhusufvmí c&pf awmf
\ukd,fcE¨mawmfü jyefvnfaygif;pyf&efjzpfonf/ þonfrSm aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; &Sifaygvkajymjyaeaomt&mjzpfonf/ olwkdYukd
0rf;enf;aMuuGJapcJhaom toif;om;wpfa,mufukd olwkdYqkH;ryJhjyif
cJhNyD;aomfvnf;? olwkdY\wm0efrSm rNyD;qkH;ao;yg/ olwkdYonfxkdyk*¾dKvf
ukdjyefvnfvufcHí ocifc&pfawmfü &ifhusufvm&ef cGeftm;ay;
wkdufwGef;&rnfjzpfonf/
xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif42 43
xkdyk*¾dKvfukdcGihfvGwfí ESpfodrfhcGeftm;ay;MuzdkY toif;awmfukd today;cJh
onf (i,f 7)/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd,kHMunfolwkdYtm; xkdyk*¾dKvfukd
jyefvnf&yfwnfay;Muí? toif;awmfwpfyg;tjzpfESihf xkdyk*¾dKvfukd
jyefvnftm;ay;MuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/
þae&mü&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; qufqH
aeykHESihf &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; xkdnDtpfukdtm;
qufqHapvkdonfhykHwkdY\ qufpyfaerIukd rSwfom;&efrSm tvGefpdwf0if
pm;zG,faumif;onf/ &Sifaygvku olonfaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
twGufrvkdvm;tyfaom 0efxkyf0efykd;BuD;wpfckrjzpfrnhftaMumif;
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHokdY rvma&muf&ef a&G;cs,fcJhonf/ olwkdY\
toufwmrsm;ukd ajymif;vJ&efESihf olwkdY\tjypfrsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;
&eftwGuf cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;wkdYESihftwl olwkdYukdaqmufwnf&m
r& rjzpfapcsifcJhyg/ olwkdYonf vkdtyfonfxufykdí qkH;ryJhjyifcH&aom
aMumifh toufwmü pdwf"gwfusoGm;EkdifMuonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; toif;awmfü 4if;wkdYukd0rf;enf;aMuuGJapcJhonfh
olukdqufqH&mwGifvnf; þ[efcsufnDrIukd &Sdxm;apcsifcJhonf/
þae&mü &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYukdajymjyaeonfht&mukd
&Sif;vif;az:jyvkdonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\toif;awmfrsm;ü oefY&Sif;pifMu,f
jcif;ukd xdef;odrf;xm;&ef uREkfyfwkdYvkyfEkdifaomt&mtm;vkH;ukd vkyfaqmif
Mu&efrSm ta&;BuD;onf/ okdYaomf xkdokdYjyKvkyfaomtcgwGif uREkfyfwkdY
owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrSm uREkfyfwkdYtwif;tusyfvkyfvGef;vQif uREkfyfwkdY
ulnDay;aeolrsm;\ pdwf"gwfukdysufjym;oGm;apEkdifygonf/ pnf;urf;
jzihfMuyfrwf&mwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf cspfjcif;arwåmukdtNrJowd&ae&rnf/
rw&m;vGefuJaom wif;rmjcif;? txifao;jcif;wkdYjzihf qufqHcH&aom
aMumihf vltajrmuftjrm;onf toif;awmfrsm;ukd pGefYcGgoGm;cJhMuyg
onf/ toif;awmf\ pdwfqE´rSm þ,kHMunfolrsm;u rdrdwkdY\tjypf
'kp½kdufrsm;tm; ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;Muonfukd jrifawGU&zkdYjzpfayrnf/
rSm;,Gif;aeonfht&monf oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ukd vkdcsifaomtrIwGif
r[kwf? xkdoefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ukd azmfaqmifaomenf;vrf;wGifjzpf
onf/ uRkEkfyfwkdYonfom;orD;rsm;ukd qkH;ryJhjyifzkdYvkdtyfygonf/ odkYaomf
uREkfyfwkdY\ om;orD;rsm;u ocifc&pfawmfukd ,kHMunfvufcHí? ocif
c&pfawmftwGuf &SifoefMuonfukd jrifawGU&&ef uREkfyfwkdYtvGefpdwftm;
xufoefMuaomaMumifh olwkdYukdaqmufwnf&mr&ESihf 0rf;enf;aMuuGJ
apEkdifMuygonf/ tjypfay;jcif;ESihf cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;wkdYMum;wGif
[efcsufnDrQwrIukd&&Sd&efrSm tNrJrvG,fulyg/
om;orD;wpfa,muf (okdY) toif;0ifwpfa,mufukd qkH;ryJhjyif
cJhNyD;vQif rdrdwm0efNyD;qkH;oGm;NyD[k xifrSwfaeaomolrsm;&Sdonf/ qkH;r
yJhjyifjcif;onf tqkH;owfr[kwfyg/ qkH;ryJhjyifjcif;\ &nfrSef;csufrSm
toD;oD;aom toif;0ifwpfa,muftjzpfESihf&ifhusufvmí c&pf awmf
\ukd,fcE¨mawmfü jyefvnfaygif;pyf&efjzpfonf/ þonfrSm aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; &Sifaygvkajymjyaeaomt&mjzpfonf/ olwkdYukd
0rf;enf;aMuuGJapcJhaom toif;om;wpfa,mufukd olwkdYqkH;ryJhjyif
cJhNyD;aomfvnf;? olwkdY\wm0efrSm rNyD;qkH;ao;yg/ olwkdYonfxkdyk*¾dKvf
ukdjyefvnfvufcHí ocifc&pfawmfü &ifhusufvm&ef cGeftm;ay;
wkdufwGef;&rnfjzpfonf/
xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif44 45
þyk*¾dKvfonf &Sifaygvkukd tvGeftrif;0rf;enf;aMuuGJapcJh
aomfvnf; toif;awmfuom þyk*¾dKvfukd cGifhvGwfay;vQif &Sifaygvk
taeESihfvnf; 4if;usL;vGefcJhaom trSm;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd cGifhvTwfay;cJh
ygvdrfhrnf (i,f 10)/ &Sifaygvku toif;awmftm; pmwefonf4if;wkdY
ukdtEkdifrykdif;aprnfhtaMumif; þjyóemukdajz&Sif;í xkdyk*¾dKvftm;
cGifhvTwfay;zkdY vkdtyfaMumif; today;cJhonf (i,f 11)/ pmwefonf
toif;awmfu xkdyk*¾dKvfukdcGihfrvTwfapzdkY qD;wm;xm;&efrSm vG,fulyg
vdrfhrnf/ cGihfvTwfay;vkdpdwfr&Sdjcif;u aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd bk&m;
ocif\aumif;BuD;r*FvmrS qD;wm;xm;ygvdrfhrnf/ þyk*¾dKvfu rdrd\
vkyf&yfrsm;jzihf toif;awmfukd 0rf;enf;aMuuGJapcJhaomfvnf; toif;
awmftaejzihf xkdyk*¾dKvftm; cGihfrvGwfay;jcif;jzihf olwkdYonfocifbk&m;
ukd0rf;enf;aMuuGJapEkdifygonf/
ocifa,½Iuvnf; þtajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'oukd c&pf0if
usrf;rsm;ü oGefoifay;cJhygonf/ róJ 18;6 üocifa,½I\ajymqkd
xm;csufukd em;axmifMunfhyg/
]]ighukd,kHMunfaom þoli,fwpkHwa,ufukd tMuifolonf
rSm;,Gif;ap\/ xkdolonf vnfyif;üBudwfqkHausmufukdqGJí
eufeJ aomyifv,fü ESpfjr§Kyfjcif;ukd cH&vQiftaeomí aumif;
\/}}
pmwefonf tvGefÓPfrsm;aom&efoljzpfonf/ olonf ocif
bk&m;ukd trSefwu,fcspfjrwfEkd;í or®mw&m;ukdawmifhwaomol
rsm;tm; þae&mü&SifaygvkajymjycJhonfh [efcsufnDrQwrIukd rjrif
EkdifatmifvkyfaqmifEkdifygonf/ 0dnmOfa&;&ifhusufjcif;qkdonfrSm
wpfb0vkH; vkyfaqmif&onfht&mjzpfonf/ þb0wGif uREkfyfwkdYonf
yuwdjynfhpkHcJhMurnfr[kwfyg/ okdYaomf uREkfyfwkdY\jzpfwnfaerItwkdif;
bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYukd tokH;jyKEkdifaomaMumifh emrawmfukd csD;rGrf;
yg/ 0dnmOfa&;&ifhusufjcif;qDokdY uREkfyfwkdYavQmufoGm;&mvrf;ü uREkfyf
wkdYukd cspfjcif;arwåmESihfwuG aphaqmfwkdufwGef;ay;aomolrsm;twGuf
vnf; ocifbk&m;ukd csD;rGrf;yg/
vGefcJhaomESpfumvtcsKdUu vli,fwpfOD;ukd uREkfyfOD;aqmifae
onfh or®musrf;pmavhvmjcif;tzGJUqDokdY aqmif,lvm&aom tcGihfxl;
wpfckukd uREkfyf&&SdcJhonf/ þvli,fonf tvGefcufcJusyfwnf;aom
rdom;pktokdif;t0kdif;wpfckrSjzpfonf/ olonfrl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;? t&uf
aopmaomufpm;jcif;rsm;ESihf umr*kPfvGefusL;jcif;axmifacsmufü
ausmhrdaecJholjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf olYtoufwmü tHhtm;oihfzG,f
tvkyfvkyfcJhNyD;? olYukdrl;,pfaq;0g;? t&ufaopmaomufpm;jcif;wkdY
tay:ü atmifEkdifcGihfukday;awmfrlcJhonf/ wpfaeYwGif xkdoluuREkfyf
tm; ]]0def;a& ....uRefawmfqkHawGU&wJhc&pf,mefawGu uRefawmf
aq;vdyfaomufaewmukdyJ tNrJajymaeMuw,f? bk&m;ocifu
uRefawmfukday;xm;NyD;jzpfwJh atmifEkdifjcif;ukdawmh olwkdYrodMubl;/
olwkdYjrifaewJht&mu uRefawmftckxd aq;vdyfaomufaewmukdyJ
jzpfw,f}} [k ajymjycJhykHukd uREkfyfowd&rdonf/ ol\ajymqkdcsufukd
aemufykdif;&ufrsm;wGif uREkfyfjyefvnf pOf;pm;okH;oyfaomtcg uREkfyfwkdY
onfcsufcsif;vufiif;yuwdjynfhpkHjcif;ukd tNrJvkdvkdarQmfvihfMuonfh
xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif44 45
þyk*¾dKvfonf &Sifaygvkukd tvGeftrif;0rf;enf;aMuuGJapcJh
aomfvnf; toif;awmfuom þyk*¾dKvfukd cGifhvGwfay;vQif &Sifaygvk
taeESihfvnf; 4if;usL;vGefcJhaom trSm;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd cGifhvTwfay;cJh
ygvdrfhrnf (i,f 10)/ &Sifaygvku toif;awmftm; pmwefonf4if;wkdY
ukdtEkdifrykdif;aprnfhtaMumif; þjyóemukdajz&Sif;í xkdyk*¾dKvftm;
cGifhvTwfay;zkdY vkdtyfaMumif; today;cJhonf (i,f 11)/ pmwefonf
toif;awmfu xkdyk*¾dKvfukdcGihfrvTwfapzdkY qD;wm;xm;&efrSm vG,fulyg
vdrfhrnf/ cGihfvTwfay;vkdpdwfr&Sdjcif;u aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd bk&m;
ocif\aumif;BuD;r*FvmrS qD;wm;xm;ygvdrfhrnf/ þyk*¾dKvfu rdrd\
vkyf&yfrsm;jzihf toif;awmfukd 0rf;enf;aMuuGJapcJhaomfvnf; toif;
awmftaejzihf xkdyk*¾dKvftm; cGihfrvGwfay;jcif;jzihf olwkdYonfocifbk&m;
ukd0rf;enf;aMuuGJapEkdifygonf/
ocifa,½Iuvnf; þtajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'oukd c&pf0if
usrf;rsm;ü oGefoifay;cJhygonf/ róJ 18;6 üocifa,½I\ajymqkd
xm;csufukd em;axmifMunfhyg/
]]ighukd,kHMunfaom þoli,fwpkHwa,ufukd tMuifolonf
rSm;,Gif;ap\/ xkdolonf vnfyif;üBudwfqkHausmufukdqGJí
eufeJ aomyifv,fü ESpfjr§Kyfjcif;ukd cH&vQiftaeomí aumif;
\/}}
pmwefonf tvGefÓPfrsm;aom&efoljzpfonf/ olonf ocif
bk&m;ukd trSefwu,fcspfjrwfEkd;í or®mw&m;ukdawmifhwaomol
rsm;tm; þae&mü&SifaygvkajymjycJhonfh [efcsufnDrQwrIukd rjrif
EkdifatmifvkyfaqmifEkdifygonf/ 0dnmOfa&;&ifhusufjcif;qkdonfrSm
wpfb0vkH; vkyfaqmif&onfht&mjzpfonf/ þb0wGif uREkfyfwkdYonf
yuwdjynfhpkHcJhMurnfr[kwfyg/ okdYaomf uREkfyfwkdY\jzpfwnfaerItwkdif;
bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYukd tokH;jyKEkdifaomaMumifh emrawmfukd csD;rGrf;
yg/ 0dnmOfa&;&ifhusufjcif;qDokdY uREkfyfwkdYavQmufoGm;&mvrf;ü uREkfyf
wkdYukd cspfjcif;arwåmESihfwuG aphaqmfwkdufwGef;ay;aomolrsm;twGuf
vnf; ocifbk&m;ukd csD;rGrf;yg/
vGefcJhaomESpfumvtcsKdUu vli,fwpfOD;ukd uREkfyfOD;aqmifae
onfh or®musrf;pmavhvmjcif;tzGJUqDokdY aqmif,lvm&aom tcGihfxl;
wpfckukd uREkfyf&&SdcJhonf/ þvli,fonf tvGefcufcJusyfwnf;aom
rdom;pktokdif;t0kdif;wpfckrSjzpfonf/ olonfrl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;? t&uf
aopmaomufpm;jcif;rsm;ESihf umr*kPfvGefusL;jcif;axmifacsmufü
ausmhrdaecJholjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf olYtoufwmü tHhtm;oihfzG,f
tvkyfvkyfcJhNyD;? olYukdrl;,pfaq;0g;? t&ufaopmaomufpm;jcif;wkdY
tay:ü atmifEkdifcGihfukday;awmfrlcJhonf/ wpfaeYwGif xkdoluuREkfyf
tm; ]]0def;a& ....uRefawmfqkHawGU&wJhc&pf,mefawGu uRefawmf
aq;vdyfaomufaewmukdyJ tNrJajymaeMuw,f? bk&m;ocifu
uRefawmfukday;xm;NyD;jzpfwJh atmifEkdifjcif;ukdawmh olwkdYrodMubl;/
olwkdYjrifaewJht&mu uRefawmftckxd aq;vdyfaomufaewmukdyJ
jzpfw,f}} [k ajymjycJhykHukd uREkfyfowd&rdonf/ ol\ajymqkdcsufukd
aemufykdif;&ufrsm;wGif uREkfyfjyefvnf pOf;pm;okH;oyfaomtcg uREkfyfwkdY
onfcsufcsif;vufiif;yuwdjynfhpkHjcif;ukd tNrJvkdvkdarQmfvihfMuonfh
xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif46 47
tjzpfukd uREkfyfod&SdcJh&onf/ trSefwu,fjzpfapvkdaompdwfESihf ajymjy
aomc&pf,mefrsm;onf þvli,fukdtoufwmü trSefwu,fpdwf"gwf
usqif;apcJhMuygonf/ olwkdYuxkdvli,ftm; 4if;\tusihfqkd;rsm; tm;
vkH;ukd z,f&Sm;ypfapvkdMuaomfvnf; xkdjzpfpOfwGif bk&m;ocifu jyKvkyf
ay;cJhNyD;jzpfaom BuD;rm;onfht&mrsm;ukd olwkdYvspfvsL½IcJhMuonf/
&ifhusufjcif;qkdonfrSm uREkfyfwkdYtm;vkH;twGuf b0wpfavQmuf
vkH;vkyfaqmifoGm;&rnfht&mjzpfonf/ ,kHMunfolrsm;onf rjynfhpkHMu
ouJhokdY þb0wGifvnf; jynfhpkHEkdifMurnfr[kwfyg/ 0dnmOfa&;&ifhusuf
jcif;ukd jrifawGUzkdYuREkfyfwkdYawmifhwMu&mwGif ocifc&pfawmfüwnfaom
uREkfyfwkdY\ nDtpfukdarmifESrrsm;ukd pdwf"gwfrusapoihfyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\
ukd,fykdiftm;enf;csufrsm;ukd ESdrfhcspGmjzihf owdjyKrdaernfqkdvQif cufcJ
½kef;uefae&aom uREkfyfwkdY\rdwfaqGrsm;tay:üvnf; ykdí*½kPmxm;
Ekdifrnfjzpfonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
oihf&JUtoufwmukd ajymif;vJzdkYtvGefpdwftm;xufoefaeaom
olwpfa,mufaMumihf ,kHMunfjcif;ü oifpdwf"gwfuscJh&zl;yg
ovm;/ qkH;ryJhjyifjcif;ESihf cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;wkdYMum;&Sd
[efcsufnDrQwrIukd uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdY&SmawGUEdkifygoenf;/
c&pfawmf\ ukd,fcE¨mawmfü&Sdaom toif;0ifwkdif;\ ta&;yg
ykHESihfpyfvsOf;í þusrf;csufwGif uREkfyfwkdYrnfonfht&mukd
oif,l&ygoenf;/
oihftoufwmü vkdtyfcsufrsm;&SdvmaomtcsdefwGif oihfukd
tm;ay;tm;ajr§mufjyK&if; aumif;BuD;ay;&ef oifteD;tem;wGif
rnfol&Sdoenf;/
þb0wGif yuwdjynfhpkHjcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdY&&Sdygrnfvm;/ uREkfyf
wkdY\tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd vspfvsL½Ií tjcm;olrsm;\rjynfhpkH
rIrsm;ukdom awGUjrif&ef tb,frQvG,fulygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
tjcm;olrsm;ukd aqmufwnfr&? pdwf"gwfusapjcif;rsKd;r&SdbJ?
olwkdYukd &ifhusufjcif;qDokdY cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;Ekdifaom tajrmf
tjrifukd oihftm;ay;oem;zdkY ocifbk&m;xHü awmif;avQmuf
yg/
oihfukdaumif;BuD;ay;í tm;ay;tm;ajr§mufjyKay;rnfh ,kHMunf
olrsm;ESihf oihfukd0ef;&Hxm;ay;zdkY ocifbk&m;xHüawmif;avQmuf
yg/ oifhukd ukd,fcE¨mawmftm; aumif;BuD;ay;í tm;ay;tm;
ajr§mufjyKaomolwpfOD; jzpfvmapzdkY ocifbk&m;xHüawmif;
avQmufyg/
toif;awmfaMumifh pdwfxdcdkuftemw&jzpfaeaomol
wpfa,mufukdoifodygovm;/ xkdyk*¾dKvfrsm;ukd az;rulnDí
aumif;BuD;ay;Ekdif&ef tcGihftvrf;rsm;ukd zGihfay;zdkY ocifbk&m;
xHü awmif;avQmufyg/ xkdolwkdYukd ukd,fcE¨mawmfESihf rdwfo[m
,zGJUjcif;okdY jyefvmxm;&Sday;&ef bk&m;ocifukd awmif;avQmuf
yg/
xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif46 47
tjzpfukd uREkfyfod&SdcJh&onf/ trSefwu,fjzpfapvkdaompdwfESihf ajymjy
aomc&pf,mefrsm;onf þvli,fukdtoufwmü trSefwu,fpdwf"gwf
usqif;apcJhMuygonf/ olwkdYuxkdvli,ftm; 4if;\tusihfqkd;rsm; tm;
vkH;ukd z,f&Sm;ypfapvkdMuaomfvnf; xkdjzpfpOfwGif bk&m;ocifu jyKvkyf
ay;cJhNyD;jzpfaom BuD;rm;onfht&mrsm;ukd olwkdYvspfvsL½IcJhMuonf/
&ifhusufjcif;qkdonfrSm uREkfyfwkdYtm;vkH;twGuf b0wpfavQmuf
vkH;vkyfaqmifoGm;&rnfht&mjzpfonf/ ,kHMunfolrsm;onf rjynfhpkHMu
ouJhokdY þb0wGifvnf; jynfhpkHEkdifMurnfr[kwfyg/ 0dnmOfa&;&ifhusuf
jcif;ukd jrifawGUzkdYuREkfyfwkdYawmifhwMu&mwGif ocifc&pfawmfüwnfaom
uREkfyfwkdY\ nDtpfukdarmifESrrsm;ukd pdwf"gwfrusapoihfyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\
ukd,fykdiftm;enf;csufrsm;ukd ESdrfhcspGmjzihf owdjyKrdaernfqkdvQif cufcJ
½kef;uefae&aom uREkfyfwkdY\rdwfaqGrsm;tay:üvnf; ykdí*½kPmxm;
Ekdifrnfjzpfonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
oihf&JUtoufwmukd ajymif;vJzdkYtvGefpdwftm;xufoefaeaom
olwpfa,mufaMumihf ,kHMunfjcif;ü oifpdwf"gwfuscJh&zl;yg
ovm;/ qkH;ryJhjyifjcif;ESihf cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;wkdYMum;&Sd
[efcsufnDrQwrIukd uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdY&SmawGUEdkifygoenf;/
c&pfawmf\ ukd,fcE¨mawmfü&Sdaom toif;0ifwkdif;\ ta&;yg
ykHESihfpyfvsOf;í þusrf;csufwGif uREkfyfwkdYrnfonfht&mukd
oif,l&ygoenf;/
oihftoufwmü vkdtyfcsufrsm;&SdvmaomtcsdefwGif oihfukd
tm;ay;tm;ajr§mufjyK&if; aumif;BuD;ay;&ef oifteD;tem;wGif
rnfol&Sdoenf;/
þb0wGif yuwdjynfhpkHjcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdY&&Sdygrnfvm;/ uREkfyf
wkdY\tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd vspfvsL½Ií tjcm;olrsm;\rjynfhpkH
rIrsm;ukdom awGUjrif&ef tb,frQvG,fulygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
tjcm;olrsm;ukd aqmufwnfr&? pdwf"gwfusapjcif;rsKd;r&SdbJ?
olwkdYukd &ifhusufjcif;qDokdY cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;Ekdifaom tajrmf
tjrifukd oihftm;ay;oem;zdkY ocifbk&m;xHü awmif;avQmuf
yg/
oihfukdaumif;BuD;ay;í tm;ay;tm;ajr§mufjyKay;rnfh ,kHMunf
olrsm;ESihf oihfukd0ef;&Hxm;ay;zdkY ocifbk&m;xHüawmif;avQmuf
yg/ oifhukd ukd,fcE¨mawmftm; aumif;BuD;ay;í tm;ay;tm;
ajr§mufjyKaomolwpfOD; jzpfvmapzdkY ocifbk&m;xHüawmif;
avQmufyg/
toif;awmfaMumifh pdwfxdcdkuftemw&jzpfaeaomol
wpfa,mufukdoifodygovm;/ xkdyk*¾dKvfrsm;ukd az;rulnDí
aumif;BuD;ay;Ekdif&ef tcGihftvrf;rsm;ukd zGihfay;zdkY ocifbk&m;
xHü awmif;avQmufyg/ xkdolwkdYukd ukd,fcE¨mawmfESihf rdwfo[m
,zGJUjcif;okdY jyefvmxm;&Sday;&ef bk&m;ocifukd awmif;avQmuf
yg/
xdckdufemusifzG,fpmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
44
44
4
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;
2aum 2;12-17 ukdzwf½Iyg/
bk&m;ocif\ enf;vrf;rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdY\enf;vrf;rsm;ESihf
tvGefuGmjcm;ygonf/ bk&m;ocif\enf;vrf;rsm;ukd owdjyKod&Sd&efrSm
tNrJrvG,fulaomfvnf; bk&m;ocif\enf;vrf;rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdYukd
atmifEkdifjcif;ESihf atmifjrifrIqDodkY tNrJaqmif,loGm;ygonf/ þusrf;
csufwGif &Sifaygvku 4if;\trIawmfvkyfief;ukd od&Sdem;vnf&ef ta&;
BuD;aomtcsufokH;csufukd a0iSxm;onf/
vkdtyfcsufaMumifhr[kwf? qifhac:jcif;aMumifhjzpf
tcef;i,f 12wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
olonfowif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd a[majymzdkYwa&mNrdKUokdYoGm;cJh
aMumif;ajymjycJhonf/ xkdNrdKUokdYa&mufaomtcg {0Ha*vdjyKvkyfjcif;
twGuftcGihfta&;wHcg;rsm;yGifhaeonfukd awGU&SdcJhonf/ xkda'o&Sd
vlwkdYu &Sifaygvk\w&m;a'oemukd vkdvkdvm;vm;em;axmifvkdí
wkefYjyefzkdYvnf; tqifoifhjzpfaeMuonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ &Sifaygvk
twGufxkduJhokdYaom tcGihftcgonf tvGeftHhMo0rf;ajrmufzG,f r[kwf
ygvm;/ vlwkdYu &Sifaygvk\a[majymcsufrsm;ukd tNrJvkdvkdjypfwifa0zef
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
44
44
4
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;
2aum 2;12-17 ukdzwf½Iyg/
bk&m;ocif\ enf;vrf;rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdY\enf;vrf;rsm;ESihf
tvGefuGmjcm;ygonf/ bk&m;ocif\enf;vrf;rsm;ukd owdjyKod&Sd&efrSm
tNrJrvG,fulaomfvnf; bk&m;ocif\enf;vrf;rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdYukd
atmifEkdifjcif;ESihf atmifjrifrIqDodkY tNrJaqmif,loGm;ygonf/ þusrf;
csufwGif &Sifaygvku 4if;\trIawmfvkyfief;ukd od&Sdem;vnf&ef ta&;
BuD;aomtcsufokH;csufukd a0iSxm;onf/
vkdtyfcsufaMumifhr[kwf? qifhac:jcif;aMumifhjzpf
tcef;i,f 12wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
olonfowif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd a[majymzdkYwa&mNrdKUokdYoGm;cJh
aMumif;ajymjycJhonf/ xkdNrdKUokdYa&mufaomtcg {0Ha*vdjyKvkyfjcif;
twGuftcGihfta&;wHcg;rsm;yGifhaeonfukd awGU&SdcJhonf/ xkda'o&Sd
vlwkdYu &Sifaygvk\w&m;a'oemukd vkdvkdvm;vm;em;axmifvkdí
wkefYjyefzkdYvnf; tqifoifhjzpfaeMuonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ &Sifaygvk
twGufxkduJhokdYaom tcGihftcgonf tvGeftHhMo0rf;ajrmufzG,f r[kwf
ygvm;/ vlwkdYu &Sifaygvk\a[majymcsufrsm;ukd tNrJvkdvkdjypfwifa0zef
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif50 51
cJhMuygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif ol\a[majymcsufrsm;aMumihf NrdKUjyifokdY
qGJxkwfcH&jcif;? ausmufcJjzihfypfaygufjcif;? xkd;Budwf½kdufESufcH&jcif;rsm;
ukd BuHKcJh&ygonf/ okdYaomf wa&mNrdKUwGifrl owif;aumif;w&m;awmf
twGuf tcGihfta&;wHcg;yGihfaeonfukd olawGUjrifcJh&onf/
okdYaomf tcef;i,f 13 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;tm; tcGihfta&;wHcg;onf tjynfht0yGihfaeaomfvnf; xkdNrdKUü
wdwkr&SdaomaMumihf xkdNrdKUüaexkdifzdkY pdwfroufromjzpf&aMumif;ukd
ajymjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf þnDtpfukdESihf wa&mNrdKUwGifqkHawGzdkY
BuHpnfcJhaomfvnf; ,ckolYukdrawGU&bJjzpfaecJhonf/ þtcsif;t&mu
&Sifaygvkukd ab;usyfeHusyfjzpfapcJhonf/ wpfzufwGif tcGihfta&; wHcg;
rSmolYtwGufyGihfaeaomfvnf; tjcm;wpfzufwGifrl wdwkr&SdbJxkdt&yfü
aexkdif&rnfhta&;twGuf pdwfroufromjzpfcJh&onf/ ol\pdwfESvkH;u
olYukdwdwkESihfqkHawGUzkdYomajymaecJhonf/ xkdYaMumihf&Sifaygvkonf
ocifbk&m;\vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;ukdemcHí rdrd\nDtpfukdukd &SmBuHzkdY
wa&mNrdKUwpf0kdufESihf xkda'o&SdtrIawmftcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukd pGefYvTwf
xm;cJhzkdYqkH;jzwfcJhonf/
arma&;wD;,pf (Mouritius) uRef;okdY omoemjyKwpfOD;tjzpf
ESihf uREkfyfoGm;a&mufzkdY pDpOfcJhcsdefwGif vlwpfa,mufuREkfyfxHa&mufvm
NyD; ]]0def;... 'Duae'gEkdifiHrSm vkdtyfcsufawG 'Davmufrsm;aewJhtcsdef?
rif;u urÇm&JU[kdbufwpfjcrf;rSm&SdwJhae&mukd trIawmfaqmifzkdYbm
aMumifhoGm;rSmvJ}} [kar;cJhonfukd uREkfyfowd&aeonf/ vkdtyfcsuf
wpfck&SdaeaomaMumihf wpfae&m&mukd uREkfyfoGm;aejcif;r[kwfaMumif;
ukd ocifbk&m;u uREkfyfukdazmfjyonfhtcsdeftxd xkdar;cGef;ESihfuREkfyf
tcsdefumvwpfcktxd eyef;vkH;cJh&onf/ uREkfyfukd xkdt&yfa'oqDokdY
oGm;zkdY qifhac:cJhaomaMumihf uREkfyfoGm;a&muf&jcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\
teD;wpf0kdufwGif vdktyfcsufrsm;pGm&Sdaeygonf/ okdYaomf uREkfyfwkdYwpfOD;
csif;twGuf oD;oefYwpfae&mukd bk&m;ocifowfrSwf ay;xm;ygonf/
uREkfyfarma&;wD;,yfuRef;okdY oGm;a&mufcJh&jcif;rSm xkda'o&Sdvkdtyf
csufaMumifhr[kwf? xkda'oübk&m;ocifu uREkfyftwGufxm;&Sd ay;xm;
aomtrIawmfvkyfief;qDokdY bk&m;ocifuuREkfyfukdoGm;apvkdaom
aMumifhoGm;a&mufcJh&jcif;jzpfonf/
wrefawmf0wåKwGif &Srm&djynfwpf0kdufü trIawmfaqmifae
aomzdvdyÜKukd uREkfyfwkdYawGU&onf (wrefawmf 8)/ bk&m;ocifonf
tvGefxda&mufrI&SdaomtrIukd jyKvkyfaecJhNyD;? Ekd;xrIBuD;wpfckay:ayguf
cJhonf/ wpfaeYwGif ocifbk&m;u zdvdyÜKtm; tJoa,mydtrwfwpfOD;
ukdoGm;a&mufawGUqkHzdkY uEÅ&awmt&yfqDokdY xGufoGm;zkdYajymcJhonf/
bk&m;ocifwGif zdvdyÜKtwGuf oD;jcm;&nf&G,fcsufwpfck&SdaecJhonf/
bk&m;ocifonf oludkEkd;xrIjzpfay:aeaom &Srm&djynfü&Sdraeapcsif
cJhyg/ olYukduEÅ&awmMurf;ü &SdaeapcsifcJhonf/
þonfrSm 2aum 2;12-17 üjzpfysufaeaomt&mjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku wa&mNrdKUwGif owif;aumif;w&m;awmftwGuf tcGihfta&;
wHcg;yGihfaeonfukd awGUjrifcJhaomfvnf; bk&m;ocif\Nidrfoufjcif;ukd
pdwfESvkH;ürcHpm;cJh&yg/ bk&m;ocifu olYukdxkda'orS qGJxkwfaeygonf/
owif;aumif;w&m;awmftm; vufcHaxG;ayGUMuaomae&mü xkdowif;
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif50 51
cJhMuygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif ol\a[majymcsufrsm;aMumihf NrdKUjyifokdY
qGJxkwfcH&jcif;? ausmufcJjzihfypfaygufjcif;? xkd;Budwf½kdufESufcH&jcif;rsm;
ukd BuHKcJh&ygonf/ okdYaomf wa&mNrdKUwGifrl owif;aumif;w&m;awmf
twGuf tcGihfta&;wHcg;yGihfaeonfukd olawGUjrifcJh&onf/
okdYaomf tcef;i,f 13 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;tm; tcGihfta&;wHcg;onf tjynfht0yGihfaeaomfvnf; xkdNrdKUü
wdwkr&SdaomaMumihf xkdNrdKUüaexkdifzdkY pdwfroufromjzpf&aMumif;ukd
ajymjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf þnDtpfukdESihf wa&mNrdKUwGifqkHawGzdkY
BuHpnfcJhaomfvnf; ,ckolYukdrawGU&bJjzpfaecJhonf/ þtcsif;t&mu
&Sifaygvkukd ab;usyfeHusyfjzpfapcJhonf/ wpfzufwGif tcGihfta&; wHcg;
rSmolYtwGufyGihfaeaomfvnf; tjcm;wpfzufwGifrl wdwkr&SdbJxkdt&yfü
aexkdif&rnfhta&;twGuf pdwfroufromjzpfcJh&onf/ ol\pdwfESvkH;u
olYukdwdwkESihfqkHawGUzkdYomajymaecJhonf/ xkdYaMumihf&Sifaygvkonf
ocifbk&m;\vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;ukdemcHí rdrd\nDtpfukdukd &SmBuHzkdY
wa&mNrdKUwpf0kdufESihf xkda'o&SdtrIawmftcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukd pGefYvTwf
xm;cJhzkdYqkH;jzwfcJhonf/
arma&;wD;,pf (Mouritius) uRef;okdY omoemjyKwpfOD;tjzpf
ESihf uREkfyfoGm;a&mufzkdY pDpOfcJhcsdefwGif vlwpfa,mufuREkfyfxHa&mufvm
NyD; ]]0def;... 'Duae'gEkdifiHrSm vkdtyfcsufawG 'Davmufrsm;aewJhtcsdef?
rif;u urÇm&JU[kdbufwpfjcrf;rSm&SdwJhae&mukd trIawmfaqmifzkdYbm
aMumifhoGm;rSmvJ}} [kar;cJhonfukd uREkfyfowd&aeonf/ vkdtyfcsuf
wpfck&SdaeaomaMumihf wpfae&m&mukd uREkfyfoGm;aejcif;r[kwfaMumif;
ukd ocifbk&m;u uREkfyfukdazmfjyonfhtcsdeftxd xkdar;cGef;ESihfuREkfyf
tcsdefumvwpfcktxd eyef;vkH;cJh&onf/ uREkfyfukd xkdt&yfa'oqDokdY
oGm;zkdY qifhac:cJhaomaMumihf uREkfyfoGm;a&muf&jcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\
teD;wpf0kdufwGif vdktyfcsufrsm;pGm&Sdaeygonf/ okdYaomf uREkfyfwkdYwpfOD;
csif;twGuf oD;oefYwpfae&mukd bk&m;ocifowfrSwf ay;xm;ygonf/
uREkfyfarma&;wD;,yfuRef;okdY oGm;a&mufcJh&jcif;rSm xkda'o&Sdvkdtyf
csufaMumifhr[kwf? xkda'oübk&m;ocifu uREkfyftwGufxm;&Sd ay;xm;
aomtrIawmfvkyfief;qDokdY bk&m;ocifuuREkfyfukdoGm;apvkdaom
aMumifhoGm;a&mufcJh&jcif;jzpfonf/
wrefawmf0wåKwGif &Srm&djynfwpf0kdufü trIawmfaqmifae
aomzdvdyÜKukd uREkfyfwkdYawGU&onf (wrefawmf 8)/ bk&m;ocifonf
tvGefxda&mufrI&SdaomtrIukd jyKvkyfaecJhNyD;? Ekd;xrIBuD;wpfckay:ayguf
cJhonf/ wpfaeYwGif ocifbk&m;u zdvdyÜKtm; tJoa,mydtrwfwpfOD;
ukdoGm;a&mufawGUqkHzdkY uEÅ&awmt&yfqDokdY xGufoGm;zkdYajymcJhonf/
bk&m;ocifwGif zdvdyÜKtwGuf oD;jcm;&nf&G,fcsufwpfck&SdaecJhonf/
bk&m;ocifonf oludkEkd;xrIjzpfay:aeaom &Srm&djynfü&Sdraeapcsif
cJhyg/ olYukduEÅ&awmMurf;ü &SdaeapcsifcJhonf/
þonfrSm 2aum 2;12-17 üjzpfysufaeaomt&mjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku wa&mNrdKUwGif owif;aumif;w&m;awmftwGuf tcGihfta&;
wHcg;yGihfaeonfukd awGUjrifcJhaomfvnf; bk&m;ocif\Nidrfoufjcif;ukd
pdwfESvkH;ürcHpm;cJh&yg/ bk&m;ocifu olYukdxkda'orS qGJxkwfaeygonf/
owif;aumif;w&m;awmftm; vufcHaxG;ayGUMuaomae&mü xkdowif;
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif52 53
aumif;w&m;awmftm; a[majym&onfukd &Sifaygvkauseyftm;&
oavmuf bk&m;ocif\qifhac:jcif;ukd emcHjcif;onfykdíta&;BuD;
aMumif;ukdvnf; &SifaygvkoabmaygufcJhonf/ olonfwdwkukd &SmBuHzdkY
wa&mNrdKUukd 4if;\tcGihfta&;tm;vkH;ESihftwl pGefYcGgoGm;cJhonf/
,aeYwGifvkdtyfcsufrsm; BuD;BuD;rm;rm;&Sdaeaom ae&ma'o
rsm;ü trIawmfaqmifaeaomolrsm;&SdaeMuaomfvnf;? xkdolwkdYonf
bk&m;ocifu &Sdaeapcsifaomae&ma'owGif &SdraeMuyg/ olwkdY\
pl;pkdufepfjr§Kyfxm;rIESihf tywfwukwfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;twGuf
txifBuD;tm;uszG,f jzpfMuaomfvnf;? olwkdYonftajymif;tvJwpfckukd
vkyfMu&vdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifu vrf;jyOD;aqmifaom ae&ma'orsm;okdY
olwkdYoGm;zkdYvkdtyfonf/ tcsKdUaomolrsm;u rdrdwkdY\omoemvkyfief;ukd
ajymif;vJzkdYvkdtyfonf/ omoeme,frsm;qDokdY oGm;zkdYvkdtyfonfh
oif;tkyfrsm;&Sdaumif;&Sdrnf/ rdrdwdkYXmaetdrfokdYjyefvmzkdYvkdtyfonfh
omoemjyKrsm;&Sdaumif;&Sdrnf/ oif;tkyfq&mrsm;jzpfvmzdkY bk&m;ocif
uqifhac:aeaom oif;axmufrsm;&Sdaumif;&Sdrnf/ tjcm;tvkyf (okdY)
tjcm;NrdKUübk&m;ocifu oihftwGufae&mwpfae&mxm;aumif; xm;
ay;aernf/ oifa&muf&Sdaeaomae&mwGif vkdtyfcsufrsm;rSmtvGef
rsm;jym;aernfjzpfaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifuoihfukdtjcm;wpfae&m
twGufqifhac:aeygvdrfhrnf/ þtcsdefonf &SifaygvkuJhokdY bk&m;ocif
\qifhac:oHukdem;axmifí xkdtoHawmfukdemcH&rnfhtcsdef jzpfaumif;
jzpfaeayrnf/ &Sifaygvkonf wa&mNrdKUukdxm;cJhNyD; bk&m;ocif\
qifhac:oHukdcHpm;&onfh rmaua'gedjynfokdYoGm;cJhonf/
trIawmfvkyfief;ESihfpyfvsOf;í &Sifaygvkapmifhxdef;aom yxr
tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'orSm þokdYjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrd\trI
awmfvkyfief;ukd vkdtyfcsufrsm;? tcGihfta&;rsm;ay:üom tajccHxm;
jcif;ukd jiif;y,fcJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\trIawmfvkyfief;onf ocifbk&m;\
vrf;jyOD;aqmifrIwGif tajccHxm;onf/ &Sifaygvkonf olYukd bk&m;
ocifu qifhac:ívkyfapvkdaomt&mukd vkyfaqmifzkdY trIawmf tcGihf
tvrf;rsm;ukd vkdvkdvm;vm;ausmckdif;vkdpdwf&SdcJhonf/
ocifc&pfawmf\tarT;tBudKif
&SifaygvkuemcHjcif;jzihf ajcvSrf;vSrf;vQif bk&m;ocifu olYukd
atmifjrifjcif;xJokdY vrf;jyoGm;rnfhtaMumif;ukd odaecJhonf (i,f 14)/
bk&m;ocif\enf;vrf;rsm;onf &Sifaygvk\enf;vrf;rsm;ESihf tvGef
uGmjcm;ygonf/ odkYaomfrdrdonf bk&m;ocif\qifhac:jcif;ukd emcHjcif;
jzihf&SifoefvQif aumif;BuD;cHpm;&rnfhtaMumif;ukd odaecJhonf/ bk&m;
ocifonf &Sifaygvkukd atmifyGJcHcsDwufyGJqDokdY OD;aqmifvrf;jyí
&SifaygvkoGm;av&m&mü &Sifaygvktm;jzihf ocifc&pfawmf\ tarT;
tBudKifukd BuJjzefYysHUESHUapcJhygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvku rdrd\omoemvkyfief;
ukdrdrdoGm;av&mt&yfü ocifc&pfawmf\tarT;tBudKifukd BuJjzefYysHUESHU
apaomtrIawmfvkyfief;wpfcktjzpf rSwf,lcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYonf vkyforQ
aomt&m? ajymorQaomt&mrsm;jzihf ocifbk&m;ukd avmuDom;rsm;
xHü ukd,fpm;jyKcJhMuaMumif; today;cJhonf/ olwkdYonf þavmuü
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif52 53
aumif;w&m;awmftm; a[majym&onfukd &Sifaygvkauseyftm;&
oavmuf bk&m;ocif\qifhac:jcif;ukd emcHjcif;onfykdíta&;BuD;
aMumif;ukdvnf; &SifaygvkoabmaygufcJhonf/ olonfwdwkukd &SmBuHzdkY
wa&mNrdKUukd 4if;\tcGihfta&;tm;vkH;ESihftwl pGefYcGgoGm;cJhonf/
,aeYwGifvkdtyfcsufrsm; BuD;BuD;rm;rm;&Sdaeaom ae&ma'o
rsm;ü trIawmfaqmifaeaomolrsm;&SdaeMuaomfvnf;? xkdolwkdYonf
bk&m;ocifu &Sdaeapcsifaomae&ma'owGif &SdraeMuyg/ olwkdY\
pl;pkdufepfjr§Kyfxm;rIESihf tywfwukwfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;twGuf
txifBuD;tm;uszG,f jzpfMuaomfvnf;? olwkdYonftajymif;tvJwpfckukd
vkyfMu&vdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifu vrf;jyOD;aqmifaom ae&ma'orsm;okdY
olwkdYoGm;zkdYvkdtyfonf/ tcsKdUaomolrsm;u rdrdwkdY\omoemvkyfief;ukd
ajymif;vJzkdYvkdtyfonf/ omoeme,frsm;qDokdY oGm;zkdYvkdtyfonfh
oif;tkyfrsm;&Sdaumif;&Sdrnf/ rdrdwdkYXmaetdrfokdYjyefvmzkdYvkdtyfonfh
omoemjyKrsm;&Sdaumif;&Sdrnf/ oif;tkyfq&mrsm;jzpfvmzdkY bk&m;ocif
uqifhac:aeaom oif;axmufrsm;&Sdaumif;&Sdrnf/ tjcm;tvkyf (okdY)
tjcm;NrdKUübk&m;ocifu oihftwGufae&mwpfae&mxm;aumif; xm;
ay;aernf/ oifa&muf&Sdaeaomae&mwGif vkdtyfcsufrsm;rSmtvGef
rsm;jym;aernfjzpfaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifuoihfukdtjcm;wpfae&m
twGufqifhac:aeygvdrfhrnf/ þtcsdefonf &SifaygvkuJhokdY bk&m;ocif
\qifhac:oHukdem;axmifí xkdtoHawmfukdemcH&rnfhtcsdef jzpfaumif;
jzpfaeayrnf/ &Sifaygvkonf wa&mNrdKUukdxm;cJhNyD; bk&m;ocif\
qifhac:oHukdcHpm;&onfh rmaua'gedjynfokdYoGm;cJhonf/
trIawmfvkyfief;ESihfpyfvsOf;í &Sifaygvkapmifhxdef;aom yxr
tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'orSm þokdYjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrd\trI
awmfvkyfief;ukd vkdtyfcsufrsm;? tcGihfta&;rsm;ay:üom tajccHxm;
jcif;ukd jiif;y,fcJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\trIawmfvkyfief;onf ocifbk&m;\
vrf;jyOD;aqmifrIwGif tajccHxm;onf/ &Sifaygvkonf olYukd bk&m;
ocifu qifhac:ívkyfapvkdaomt&mukd vkyfaqmifzkdY trIawmf tcGihf
tvrf;rsm;ukd vkdvkdvm;vm;ausmckdif;vkdpdwf&SdcJhonf/
ocifc&pfawmf\tarT;tBudKif
&SifaygvkuemcHjcif;jzihf ajcvSrf;vSrf;vQif bk&m;ocifu olYukd
atmifjrifjcif;xJokdY vrf;jyoGm;rnfhtaMumif;ukd odaecJhonf (i,f 14)/
bk&m;ocif\enf;vrf;rsm;onf &Sifaygvk\enf;vrf;rsm;ESihf tvGef
uGmjcm;ygonf/ odkYaomfrdrdonf bk&m;ocif\qifhac:jcif;ukd emcHjcif;
jzihf&SifoefvQif aumif;BuD;cHpm;&rnfhtaMumif;ukd odaecJhonf/ bk&m;
ocifonf &Sifaygvkukd atmifyGJcHcsDwufyGJqDokdY OD;aqmifvrf;jyí
&SifaygvkoGm;av&m&mü &Sifaygvktm;jzihf ocifc&pfawmf\ tarT;
tBudKifukd BuJjzefYysHUESHUapcJhygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvku rdrd\omoemvkyfief;
ukdrdrdoGm;av&mt&yfü ocifc&pfawmf\tarT;tBudKifukd BuJjzefYysHUESHU
apaomtrIawmfvkyfief;wpfcktjzpf rSwf,lcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYonf vkyforQ
aomt&m? ajymorQaomt&mrsm;jzihf ocifbk&m;ukd avmuDom;rsm;
xHü ukd,fpm;jyKcJhMuaMumif; today;cJhonf/ olwkdYonf þavmuü
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif54 55
ocifc&pfawmf\ tarT;tBudKifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ okdYaomfolwkdYonf
ysufpD;qkH;½IH;aeaomolrsm;twGufrl aojcif;\tarT;tBudKifrsm;jzpfae
Muonf/ olwkYd\txJü ocifc&pfawmf\rsufarSmufjyKjcif;u xkdysufpD;
qkH;½IH;aeaomolrsm;tm; 4if;wdkY\'PfcwfpD&ifjcif;ukd today;aecJh
onf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ oefY&Sif;pifMu,faom toufwmrsm;
u r,kHMunfolwkdYtm; bk&m;ocifxm0&bk&m;\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ukd
ckcHjiif;qefcJhMujcif;ukd today;jcif;jzihf 4if;wkdYxHü tjypfaz:jyjcif;ukd
,laqmifvmygvdrfhrnf/ ,kHMunfolrsm;\toufwmü&Sdaom ocifc&pf
awmf\tarT;tBudKifonf r,kHMunfolrsm;tm; tjypfukdaz:jyí
'PfcwfpD&ifjcif;ukdjyKonf/ xkdYaMumihf4if;onf olwkdY twGufaojcif;\
teHYqkd;jzpfaeonf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf ocifc&pfawmfESihfoufqkdifaom
olrsm;twGufrl touf&Sifjcif;\ tarT;tBudKifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ olwkdY
txJü&Sdaeaomocifc&pfawmf\ rsufarSmufjyKjcif;onf tjypfvTwf
jcif;? bk&m;ocif\vufcHaxG;ayGUjcif;wkdY\ oauFwwpfckjzpfonf/
olwkdYtay:ü&Sdaom ocifc&pfawmf\ tarT;tBudKifonf arQmfvifhjcif;
ESihfu,fwifjcif;\ owday;csufwpfckjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvkwpfae&mrS
wpfae&mokdY a&TUajymif;trIawmfaqmifonfESihftrQ olonfrdrdESihftwl
ocifc&pfawmf\ tarT;tBudKifukd ,laqmifoGm;cJhonf/ þt&mukd
tusOf;avhvmokH;oyfMunfhMuygpkdY/
ocifc&pfawmf\ tarT;tBudKifjzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm &Sifaygvk
onfrdrd\trIawmfvkyfief;ESihf toufwm&SifoefykHonf ocifc&pf
awmftaMumif;? ocifc&pfawmftwGufomjzpfonfukd od&SdcJhonf/
Zmwdyu wdteHY? Oya'ynwfw&m;ukdt"duxm;aomteHY? bmoma&;
xkH;"HtpOftvmteHYrsm; xGufaeaomolrsm;&Sdonf/ tjcm;olrsm;u
vnf; "r®tawG;tac:t,ltqteHY? tqkH;r&Sdaomjiif;ckHjcif;teHYrsm;
xGufaeMuonf/ tcsKdUuvnf;toif;awmf *kdPf;*PtpGJteHYrsm;
xGufaeMuonf/ trIawmfjrwfxJokdY uREkfyfwkdY0ifa&mufMuonfESihf
trsKd;rsKd;aomteHYudk&Muonf/ &Sifaygvkurl ocifc&pfawmf\ tarT;
tBudKifom jzpfvkdcJhonf/ þt&mtm;vkH;onf ta&;BuD;onfjzpfap?
ta&;rBuD;onfjzpfap? ocifc&pfawmf\ae&mukd tpm;rxkd;oihfMuyg/
,aeYwGif vlwkdYu oifhtxHrS rnfonfhteHYukd &aeMuoenf;/ olwkdYonf
oifhtoufwmü ocifc&pfawmfESihfxkdocifukd,fpm;jyKaom t&m
tm;vkH;\&eHYukd &aeMuygovm;/ xkdokdYr[kwf ta&;rygaomt&m (okdY)
qkd;npfaomt&mrsm;onf oihftoufwm&Sd ocifc&pfawmf\
tarT;tBudKifukd pwifayghavsmhaeapMuygovm;/
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihfoHwrefrsm;
&Sifaygvku rdrd\trIawmfvkyfief;ü cH,lvkdufemonfhtjcm;
tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'o&Sdao;onf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;tm; qufvufítoday;xm;onfrSm olonfbk&m;ocif\EIwfu
ywfawmfukd arSmufvSefa&mif;csolr[kwf [laomtcsufjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku rdrd\omoemvkyfief;onf xkwfukefwpfckukd0,f
Mu&ef vlwkdYukdpnf;½kH;odrf;oGif;íem;cs&ef BudK;pm;aomvkyfief;wpfck
tjzpfr½IjrifcJhyg/ olonfta&mif;pma&;wpfa,mufr[kwfyg/ oHwref
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif54 55
ocifc&pfawmf\ tarT;tBudKifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ okdYaomfolwkdYonf
ysufpD;qkH;½IH;aeaomolrsm;twGufrl aojcif;\tarT;tBudKifrsm;jzpfae
Muonf/ olwkYd\txJü ocifc&pfawmf\rsufarSmufjyKjcif;u xkdysufpD;
qkH;½IH;aeaomolrsm;tm; 4if;wdkY\'PfcwfpD&ifjcif;ukd today;aecJh
onf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ oefY&Sif;pifMu,faom toufwmrsm;
u r,kHMunfolwkdYtm; bk&m;ocifxm0&bk&m;\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ukd
ckcHjiif;qefcJhMujcif;ukd today;jcif;jzihf 4if;wkdYxHü tjypfaz:jyjcif;ukd
,laqmifvmygvdrfhrnf/ ,kHMunfolrsm;\toufwmü&Sdaom ocifc&pf
awmf\tarT;tBudKifonf r,kHMunfolrsm;tm; tjypfukdaz:jyí
'PfcwfpD&ifjcif;ukdjyKonf/ xkdYaMumihf4if;onf olwkdY twGufaojcif;\
teHYqkd;jzpfaeonf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf ocifc&pfawmfESihfoufqkdifaom
olrsm;twGufrl touf&Sifjcif;\ tarT;tBudKifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ olwkdY
txJü&Sdaeaomocifc&pfawmf\ rsufarSmufjyKjcif;onf tjypfvTwf
jcif;? bk&m;ocif\vufcHaxG;ayGUjcif;wkdY\ oauFwwpfckjzpfonf/
olwkdYtay:ü&Sdaom ocifc&pfawmf\ tarT;tBudKifonf arQmfvifhjcif;
ESihfu,fwifjcif;\ owday;csufwpfckjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvkwpfae&mrS
wpfae&mokdY a&TUajymif;trIawmfaqmifonfESihftrQ olonfrdrdESihftwl
ocifc&pfawmf\ tarT;tBudKifukd ,laqmifoGm;cJhonf/ þt&mukd
tusOf;avhvmokH;oyfMunfhMuygpkdY/
ocifc&pfawmf\ tarT;tBudKifjzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm &Sifaygvk
onfrdrd\trIawmfvkyfief;ESihf toufwm&SifoefykHonf ocifc&pf
awmftaMumif;? ocifc&pfawmftwGufomjzpfonfukd od&SdcJhonf/
Zmwdyu wdteHY? Oya'ynwfw&m;ukdt"duxm;aomteHY? bmoma&;
xkH;"HtpOftvmteHYrsm; xGufaeaomolrsm;&Sdonf/ tjcm;olrsm;u
vnf; "r®tawG;tac:t,ltqteHY? tqkH;r&Sdaomjiif;ckHjcif;teHYrsm;
xGufaeMuonf/ tcsKdUuvnf;toif;awmf *kdPf;*PtpGJteHYrsm;
xGufaeMuonf/ trIawmfjrwfxJokdY uREkfyfwkdY0ifa&mufMuonfESihf
trsKd;rsKd;aomteHYudk&Muonf/ &Sifaygvkurl ocifc&pfawmf\ tarT;
tBudKifom jzpfvkdcJhonf/ þt&mtm;vkH;onf ta&;BuD;onfjzpfap?
ta&;rBuD;onfjzpfap? ocifc&pfawmf\ae&mukd tpm;rxkd;oihfMuyg/
,aeYwGif vlwkdYu oifhtxHrS rnfonfhteHYukd &aeMuoenf;/ olwkdYonf
oifhtoufwmü ocifc&pfawmfESihfxkdocifukd,fpm;jyKaom t&m
tm;vkH;\&eHYukd &aeMuygovm;/ xkdokdYr[kwf ta&;rygaomt&m (okdY)
qkd;npfaomt&mrsm;onf oihftoufwm&Sd ocifc&pfawmf\
tarT;tBudKifukd pwifayghavsmhaeapMuygovm;/
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihfoHwrefrsm;
&Sifaygvku rdrd\trIawmfvkyfief;ü cH,lvkdufemonfhtjcm;
tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'o&Sdao;onf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;tm; qufvufítoday;xm;onfrSm olonfbk&m;ocif\EIwfu
ywfawmfukd arSmufvSefa&mif;csolr[kwf [laomtcsufjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku rdrd\omoemvkyfief;onf xkwfukefwpfckukd0,f
Mu&ef vlwkdYukdpnf;½kH;odrf;oGif;íem;cs&ef BudK;pm;aomvkyfief;wpfck
tjzpfr½IjrifcJhyg/ olonfta&mif;pma&;wpfa,mufr[kwfyg/ oHwref
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif56 57
wpfOD;jzpfonf/ oHwrefwpfOD;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm olonfowif;
aumif;w&m;awmfukd ta&mif;t0,fjyKvkyfrnfh xkwfukefwpfckESihf
EIdif;,SOfjcif;jzihf wefzkd;usqif;roGm;apcJhyg/ &Sifaygvkonf ocifc&pf
awmfukd ukd,fpm;jyKxm;í xkdocif\emrawmfü avmuDom;rsm;xHwGif
tcGihftmPm&Sd&Sdjzihf a[majymcJhonf/ &Sifaygvka[majymaomw&m;
awmfukd jiif;ckHaqG;aEG;ír&Ekdifyg/ xkdw&m;awmfonf rnfonfht&mESifh
rQzvS,fí a&mif;0,fr&aomt&m? rnfonfhaps;ESihfrQ0,fír&aom
t&mjzpfonf/ xkdw&m;awmfonf bkef;wefckd;tmEkabmfESihfjynfhpkHaom
t&Sif? bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmfozG,f em;axmifíemcH&rnfhtcGihf
tmPm&Sdaom w&m;awmfjzpfonf/ þEIwfuywfawmfukd ta&;rpkduf
vspfvsL½Iaejcif;onf ysufqD;ysufokOf;jcif;omjzpfonf/
þtwGufaMumihfyif &Sifaygvkonf rdrdtwGuftcGihfta&;
wHcg;yGifhaeonfhwa&mNrdKUukd pGefYcGg&efvkdvkdvm;vm;&SdaecJhjcif;jzpfonf/
olonfukd,fhukdukd,f oHwrefwpfOD;tjzpf½IjrifcJhaomaMumifh xkdokdY
pGefYcGmoGm;&ef vkdvkdvm;vm;&SdaecJhjcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifuolYukd
qifhac:íoGm;a&mufapvkdaom vlrsm;xHübk&m;ocif\ tcGihftmPm
ESihftwla[majymcJhonf/ wa&mNrdKUwGiftcGihfta&;wHcg;tjynfht0yGihf
aecJhaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifonf olYukdrmaua'gedjynfqDokdY qifhac:cJh
onf/ ta&mif;pma&;wpfOD;tjzpfESihfqkdvQif wa&mNrdKUukdpGefYcGgcJhonfh
vkyf&yfonf &SifaygvktwGuf tvGefrkdufrJaomvkyf&yfjzpfayvdrfhrnf/
xkdNrdKUwGif &Sifaygvk\xkwfukefukd vkdvkdvm;vm;0,f,lvkdaomolrsm;
&SdaecJhonf/ okdYaomfoHwrefwpfOD;tjzpfESihf &Sifaygvku rdrdukd,fpm;
jyKxm;aom t&Sifocif\vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;ESihf qihfac:jcif;ukd emcH
vkdufavQmuf&ef vkdtyfcJhonfukd od&SdcJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf olYukd
wa&mNrdKUtwGuf qifhac:rxm;yg/
uREkfyfwkdY\trIawmfvkyfief;ukd em;vnfoabmaygufxm;jcif;
uuREkfyfwkdYtrIawmfaqmifykHukd oufa&mufrI&Sdonf/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrd
trIawmfvkyfief;ukd tcGihftvrf;rsm;ü tajccHrxm;yg/ bk&m;ocif\
qifhac:jcif;wGifom tajccHxm;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku rdrd\tcef;u@
onfoGm;av&m&mü ocifc&pfawmf\tarT;tBudKifukd BuJjzefYysHUESHYap
jcif;jzpfaMumif; ½IjrifcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wdkYonf ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;jzpfMuNyD;? owif;aumif;
w&m;awmfukd arSmufvSefa&mif;cszkdY qifhac:rxm;aMumif;? 4if;wkdY\
t&Sifocifuvrf;jyay;onfhae&mwkdif;ü owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd
tcGihftmPmESihftwl a[majym&efqifhac:xm;aMumif; today;cJhonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolwpfOD;ESihf oHwrefwpfOD;\ uGJjym;jcm;em;
csufrSmtb,fenf;/
bk&m;ocifonf rnfonfht&mukd jyKvkyfzdkYoihfukd owfowf
rSwfrSwfqifhac:xm;ygoenf;/ ocifbk&m;&Sdaeapvkdaom
ae&mü oif&Sdaeygovm;/
uREkfyfwkdYukd oGm;av&m&mü ocifc&pfawmf\ tarT;tBudKifukd
BuJjzefYysHUESHYapMuzkdY qifhac:xm;ygonf/ tjcm;rnfonfh&eHYrsm;
ukduREkfyfwkdY BuJjzefYysHYESHYaeapMuoenf;/
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif56 57
wpfOD;jzpfonf/ oHwrefwpfOD;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm olonfowif;
aumif;w&m;awmfukd ta&mif;t0,fjyKvkyfrnfh xkwfukefwpfckESihf
EIdif;,SOfjcif;jzihf wefzkd;usqif;roGm;apcJhyg/ &Sifaygvkonf ocifc&pf
awmfukd ukd,fpm;jyKxm;í xkdocif\emrawmfü avmuDom;rsm;xHwGif
tcGihftmPm&Sd&Sdjzihf a[majymcJhonf/ &Sifaygvka[majymaomw&m;
awmfukd jiif;ckHaqG;aEG;ír&Ekdifyg/ xkdw&m;awmfonf rnfonfht&mESifh
rQzvS,fí a&mif;0,fr&aomt&m? rnfonfhaps;ESihfrQ0,fír&aom
t&mjzpfonf/ xkdw&m;awmfonf bkef;wefckd;tmEkabmfESihfjynfhpkHaom
t&Sif? bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmfozG,f em;axmifíemcH&rnfhtcGihf
tmPm&Sdaom w&m;awmfjzpfonf/ þEIwfuywfawmfukd ta&;rpkduf
vspfvsL½Iaejcif;onf ysufqD;ysufokOf;jcif;omjzpfonf/
þtwGufaMumihfyif &Sifaygvkonf rdrdtwGuftcGihfta&;
wHcg;yGifhaeonfhwa&mNrdKUukd pGefYcGg&efvkdvkdvm;vm;&SdaecJhjcif;jzpfonf/
olonfukd,fhukdukd,f oHwrefwpfOD;tjzpf½IjrifcJhaomaMumifh xkdokdY
pGefYcGmoGm;&ef vkdvkdvm;vm;&SdaecJhjcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifuolYukd
qifhac:íoGm;a&mufapvkdaom vlrsm;xHübk&m;ocif\ tcGihftmPm
ESihftwla[majymcJhonf/ wa&mNrdKUwGiftcGihfta&;wHcg;tjynfht0yGihf
aecJhaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifonf olYukdrmaua'gedjynfqDokdY qifhac:cJh
onf/ ta&mif;pma&;wpfOD;tjzpfESihfqkdvQif wa&mNrdKUukdpGefYcGgcJhonfh
vkyf&yfonf &SifaygvktwGuf tvGefrkdufrJaomvkyf&yfjzpfayvdrfhrnf/
xkdNrdKUwGif &Sifaygvk\xkwfukefukd vkdvkdvm;vm;0,f,lvkdaomolrsm;
&SdaecJhonf/ okdYaomfoHwrefwpfOD;tjzpfESihf &Sifaygvku rdrdukd,fpm;
jyKxm;aom t&Sifocif\vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;ESihf qihfac:jcif;ukd emcH
vkdufavQmuf&ef vkdtyfcJhonfukd od&SdcJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf olYukd
wa&mNrdKUtwGuf qifhac:rxm;yg/
uREkfyfwkdY\trIawmfvkyfief;ukd em;vnfoabmaygufxm;jcif;
uuREkfyfwkdYtrIawmfaqmifykHukd oufa&mufrI&Sdonf/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrd
trIawmfvkyfief;ukd tcGihftvrf;rsm;ü tajccHrxm;yg/ bk&m;ocif\
qifhac:jcif;wGifom tajccHxm;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku rdrd\tcef;u@
onfoGm;av&m&mü ocifc&pfawmf\tarT;tBudKifukd BuJjzefYysHUESHYap
jcif;jzpfaMumif; ½IjrifcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wdkYonf ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;jzpfMuNyD;? owif;aumif;
w&m;awmfukd arSmufvSefa&mif;cszkdY qifhac:rxm;aMumif;? 4if;wkdY\
t&Sifocifuvrf;jyay;onfhae&mwkdif;ü owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd
tcGihftmPmESihftwl a[majym&efqifhac:xm;aMumif; today;cJhonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolwpfOD;ESihf oHwrefwpfOD;\ uGJjym;jcm;em;
csufrSmtb,fenf;/
bk&m;ocifonf rnfonfht&mukd jyKvkyfzdkYoihfukd owfowf
rSwfrSwfqifhac:xm;ygoenf;/ ocifbk&m;&Sdaeapvkdaom
ae&mü oif&Sdaeygovm;/
uREkfyfwkdYukd oGm;av&m&mü ocifc&pfawmf\ tarT;tBudKifukd
BuJjzefYysHUESHYapMuzkdY qifhac:xm;ygonf/ tjcm;rnfonfh&eHYrsm;
ukduREkfyfwkdY BuJjzefYysHYESHYaeapMuoenf;/
arSmufvSefa&mif;csolrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif58
uREkfyfwkdY\ toufwmtwGufxm;&Sdaom bk&m;ocif\oD;oefY
tvkdawmfukd emcHjcif;rS uREkfyfwkdYukd rnfonfht&muqD;wm;ae
ygoenf;/ BuD;us,fcrf;em;aomtrIawmfrsm;ü yg0ifaeMu
aomfvnf; bk&m;ocifu &Sdaeapvkdonfhae&mü &SdraeMuonfh
c&pf,mefrsm; &SdaeMuonfrSm jzpfEkdifygovm;/
ocifc&pfawmf\ ukd,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;tjzpfESihf oifonfrnf
uJhokdYaom tarT;tBudKifrsKd;ukd ukd,fwkdifBuJjzefYysHUESHUaeygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
oihf&JUtrIawmfvkyfief;twGuf xm;&Sdaomocifbk&m;\
oD;oefYtvkdfawmfESihf &nf&G,fcsufukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;xif&Sm;
jyoay;zdkY awmif;avQmufyg/
ocifc&pfawmf\ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfae&jcif; tcGihfta&;ukd
uREkfyfwdkYüay;tyfxm;aomaMumihf aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/ oifhudk
ukd,fpm;vS,faumif;wpfa,mufjzpfapzdkY ulnDrpay;&ef
awmif;avQmufyg/
55
55
5
wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrIwrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrIwrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
2aum 3;1-12 ukdzwf½Iyg/
aemufqkH;qifjcifESvkH;oGif;jcif;wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonfbk&m;ocifapvTwfxm;aom oHwref
wpfyg;jzpfí EIwfuywfawmfukd tcGifhtmPmESihftwl a[majymaMumif;
today;cJhonfukd uREkfyfwkdYawGUjrifcJhMuonf/ &SifaygvkwGif rdrd\om
oemvkyfief;ESihf qifhac:jcif;tay:wGif tvGeftxifBuD;av;pm;rI &SdcJh
onf/ aum&dE
oKMo0g'pm'kwd,apmif\ usrf;abmiftoGm;tvmt&
&Sifaygvk\omoemvkyfief;ukd vlwkdif;uvufrcHaMumif;rSm xif&Sm;
onf/ usrf;abmiftoGm;tvmu &Sifaygvkonf 0dnmOfawmftm;jzihf
r[kwf? avmuDÓPfynmtm;jzihf trIawmfaqmifaeonf[k rSwf,l
aomolrsm;&SdaeaMumif;ukd ñTefjyaeygonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd þjyóemukd od&SdcHpm;rdaecJhonf/
tcef;i,f 1wGif &Sifaygvku ]]igwkdYonf wpfzefukd,fhukdukd,fcsD;rGrf;
Muoavm}} [kar;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\tcGihftmPmukd ar;cGef;xkwfcJh
aomolrsm;aMumihf jzpfay:cJhaomysufpD;,kd,Gif;rIukd jyefvnfzmax;&ef
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;a&SUü ukd,fhukdukd,fcsD;rGrf;aeyg
onf[k vltcsKdUucHpm;aumif; cHpm;cJhMuayrnf/ þtcsufukd ajz&Sif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif58
uREkfyfwkdY\ toufwmtwGufxm;&Sdaom bk&m;ocif\oD;oefY
tvkdawmfukd emcHjcif;rS uREkfyfwkdYukd rnfonfht&muqD;wm;ae
ygoenf;/ BuD;us,fcrf;em;aomtrIawmfrsm;ü yg0ifaeMu
aomfvnf; bk&m;ocifu &Sdaeapvkdonfhae&mü &SdraeMuonfh
c&pf,mefrsm; &SdaeMuonfrSm jzpfEkdifygovm;/
ocifc&pfawmf\ ukd,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;tjzpfESihf oifonfrnf
uJhokdYaom tarT;tBudKifrsKd;ukd ukd,fwkdifBuJjzefYysHUESHUaeygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
oihf&JUtrIawmfvkyfief;twGuf xm;&Sdaomocifbk&m;\
oD;oefYtvkdfawmfESihf &nf&G,fcsufukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;xif&Sm;
jyoay;zdkY awmif;avQmufyg/
ocifc&pfawmf\ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfae&jcif; tcGihfta&;ukd
uREkfyfwdkYüay;tyfxm;aomaMumihf aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/ oifhudk
ukd,fpm;vS,faumif;wpfa,mufjzpfapzdkY ulnDrpay;&ef
awmif;avQmufyg/
55
55
5
wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrIwrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrIwrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
2aum 3;1-12 ukdzwf½Iyg/
aemufqkH;qifjcifESvkH;oGif;jcif;wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonfbk&m;ocifapvTwfxm;aom oHwref
wpfyg;jzpfí EIwfuywfawmfukd tcGifhtmPmESihftwl a[majymaMumif;
today;cJhonfukd uREkfyfwkdYawGUjrifcJhMuonf/ &SifaygvkwGif rdrd\om
oemvkyfief;ESihf qifhac:jcif;tay:wGif tvGeftxifBuD;av;pm;rI &SdcJh
onf/ aum&dE
oKMo0g'pm'kwd,apmif\ usrf;abmiftoGm;tvmt&
&Sifaygvk\omoemvkyfief;ukd vlwkdif;uvufrcHaMumif;rSm xif&Sm;
onf/ usrf;abmiftoGm;tvmu &Sifaygvkonf 0dnmOfawmftm;jzihf
r[kwf? avmuDÓPfynmtm;jzihf trIawmfaqmifaeonf[k rSwf,l
aomolrsm;&SdaeaMumif;ukd ñTefjyaeygonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd þjyóemukd od&SdcHpm;rdaecJhonf/
tcef;i,f 1wGif &Sifaygvku ]]igwkdYonf wpfzefukd,fhukdukd,fcsD;rGrf;
Muoavm}} [kar;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\tcGihftmPmukd ar;cGef;xkwfcJh
aomolrsm;aMumihf jzpfay:cJhaomysufpD;,kd,Gif;rIukd jyefvnfzmax;&ef
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;a&SUü ukd,fhukdukd,fcsD;rGrf;aeyg
onf[k vltcsKdUucHpm;aumif; cHpm;cJhMuayrnf/ þtcsufukd ajz&Sif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif60 61
zdkY &Sifaygvku tcef;i,f 1 wGif tjcm;ar;cGef;wpfckukd ar;cJhonf/
]]csD;rGrf;aompmukd oifwkdYxHokdY olwpfyg;ay;apjcif;iSg4if;? oifwkdYonf
olwpfyg;xHokdY ay;apjcif;iSg4if;? igwkdYonf tcsKdUaomoluJhokdYtvkd&SdMu
oavm/}}
&Sifaygvkonf rdrd\trIawmfvkyfief;tm; ½kdaoav;pm;rI
twkdif;twmwpfckukday;&ef wpfpkHwpfa,muf\ ulnDaxmufyHhtm;ay;
rIukdvkdtyfcJhygovm;/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdY
ukd,füu rdrd\csD;rGrf;pmjzpfaMumif;? vlwkdif;uzwfzdkY rdrd\ESvkH;om;ü
a&;om;xm;aMumif;ukd today;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKNrdKUwpf
0kdufütrIawmfaqmifcJhNyD;? aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u tajz&vm'fukd
jrifawGUcJhMu&onf/ &Sifaygvk\ trIawmfvkyfief;tm;jzihf ajrmufjrm;
pGmaomolrsm;u ocifbk&m;ukd vufcHcJhMuonf/ olwkdYukd,kHMunfjcif;ü
oGefoifay;cJhonf/ olwkdY\toufwmoufaowpfrsKd;wnf;uyif
&Sifaygvk\tcGifhtmPmtwGufvnf;aumif;? &Sifaygvktm;jzihf
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOf awmfvkyfaqmifaom trItwGufvnf;aumif;
tpGrf;xufaom oufaowpfyg;jzpfcJhonf/
þcsD;rGrf;pmonf rifjzihfa&;om;xm;aompmr[kwf? &Sifaygvk
\trIawmfvkyfief;tm;jzihf ocifc&pfawmfukd ,kHMunfcJhMuaom
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ pdwfESvkH;ESihftoufwmü rsufarSmufjyKae
aom oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftm;jzihf a&;xm;aompmjzpfonf/
vlwdkYuþ,kHMunfolrsm;ukd MunfhaomtcgolwkdYonf ocifc&pfawmfukd
awGU&SdcJhMuonf/ bk&m;ocifh0dnmOfawmf\ wefckd;awmfonf
,kHMunfolrsm;ukd toufwmü oufaojyaeaMumif;ukd olwkdYjrifawGU
Mu&onf/ þonfrSm &Sifaygvk\trIawmfvkyfief; w&m;0ifjzpfjcif;\
taxmuftxm;jzpfcJhonf/
þae&mü uREkfyfwkdYrSwfrdod&Sdae&rnfhtcsufrSm uREkfyfwkdY\
toufwmrsm;onf a&;pmuJhokdYjzpfMuonf/ 4if;wkdYukduREkfyfwkdY\teD;
tem;rSvlrsm;u zwf½IMuonf/ olwkdYuuREkfyfwkdY\toufwmü bk&m;
ocif\wefckd;awmfukdvnf;aumif;? oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ rsuf
arSmufjyKjcif;ukdvnf;aumif; jrifMu&onf/ olwkdYonf ocifc&pfawmf
ESihfocifc&pfawmf\ tusifhvu©Pmrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYüjrifawGUMuonf/
tcsKdUaom,kHMunfolrsm;u tjcm;,kHMunfolrsm;xufykdaumif;aom
pmrsm;jzpfaeMuonf/ taMumif;rSm olwkdYonfocifa,½I\tusihf
vu©Pmukdykdí xif[yfEkdifMuaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtm;vkH;
onfvlwkdYuzwf½IaeMuaompmrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ocifa,½Iukd olwkdY
ESpfoufav;pm;rIonf uREkfyfwkdYtoufwmü olwkdYzwf&onfht&may:
wGiftwkdif;twmwpfcktxd rlwnfaeygonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\toufwm
onfvlwkdYukd ocifa,½Itm; ñTefjyay;aompmrsm;jzpfMuzdkY tb,frQ
ta&;BuD;aeygoenf;/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\toufwmü bk&m;
ocifvkyfaqmifaeaomtrIonf rdrdüvnf;aumif;? rdrdtm;jzihfvnf;
aumif; bk&m;ociftvkyfvkyfaejcif;\ taxmuftxm;jzpfcJhrnfh
taMumif;pdwfcsvQuf&SdaecJhonf/ tcef;i,f 5wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; þpdwfcs,kHMunfrIonf rdrdukd,für[kwf? bk&m;
wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif60 61
zdkY &Sifaygvku tcef;i,f 1 wGif tjcm;ar;cGef;wpfckukd ar;cJhonf/
]]csD;rGrf;aompmukd oifwkdYxHokdY olwpfyg;ay;apjcif;iSg4if;? oifwkdYonf
olwpfyg;xHokdY ay;apjcif;iSg4if;? igwkdYonf tcsKdUaomoluJhokdYtvkd&SdMu
oavm/}}
&Sifaygvkonf rdrd\trIawmfvkyfief;tm; ½kdaoav;pm;rI
twkdif;twmwpfckukday;&ef wpfpkHwpfa,muf\ ulnDaxmufyHhtm;ay;
rIukdvkdtyfcJhygovm;/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdY
ukd,füu rdrd\csD;rGrf;pmjzpfaMumif;? vlwkdif;uzwfzdkY rdrd\ESvkH;om;ü
a&;om;xm;aMumif;ukd today;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKNrdKUwpf
0kdufütrIawmfaqmifcJhNyD;? aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u tajz&vm'fukd
jrifawGUcJhMu&onf/ &Sifaygvk\ trIawmfvkyfief;tm;jzihf ajrmufjrm;
pGmaomolrsm;u ocifbk&m;ukd vufcHcJhMuonf/ olwkdYukd,kHMunfjcif;ü
oGefoifay;cJhonf/ olwkdY\toufwmoufaowpfrsKd;wnf;uyif
&Sifaygvk\tcGifhtmPmtwGufvnf;aumif;? &Sifaygvktm;jzihf
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOf awmfvkyfaqmifaom trItwGufvnf;aumif;
tpGrf;xufaom oufaowpfyg;jzpfcJhonf/
þcsD;rGrf;pmonf rifjzihfa&;om;xm;aompmr[kwf? &Sifaygvk
\trIawmfvkyfief;tm;jzihf ocifc&pfawmfukd ,kHMunfcJhMuaom
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ pdwfESvkH;ESihftoufwmü rsufarSmufjyKae
aom oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftm;jzihf a&;xm;aompmjzpfonf/
vlwdkYuþ,kHMunfolrsm;ukd MunfhaomtcgolwkdYonf ocifc&pfawmfukd
awGU&SdcJhMuonf/ bk&m;ocifh0dnmOfawmf\ wefckd;awmfonf
,kHMunfolrsm;ukd toufwmü oufaojyaeaMumif;ukd olwkdYjrifawGU
Mu&onf/ þonfrSm &Sifaygvk\trIawmfvkyfief; w&m;0ifjzpfjcif;\
taxmuftxm;jzpfcJhonf/
þae&mü uREkfyfwkdYrSwfrdod&Sdae&rnfhtcsufrSm uREkfyfwkdY\
toufwmrsm;onf a&;pmuJhokdYjzpfMuonf/ 4if;wkdYukduREkfyfwkdY\teD;
tem;rSvlrsm;u zwf½IMuonf/ olwkdYuuREkfyfwkdY\toufwmü bk&m;
ocif\wefckd;awmfukdvnf;aumif;? oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ rsuf
arSmufjyKjcif;ukdvnf;aumif; jrifMu&onf/ olwkdYonf ocifc&pfawmf
ESihfocifc&pfawmf\ tusifhvu©Pmrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYüjrifawGUMuonf/
tcsKdUaom,kHMunfolrsm;u tjcm;,kHMunfolrsm;xufykdaumif;aom
pmrsm;jzpfaeMuonf/ taMumif;rSm olwkdYonfocifa,½I\tusihf
vu©Pmukdykdí xif[yfEkdifMuaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtm;vkH;
onfvlwkdYuzwf½IaeMuaompmrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ocifa,½Iukd olwkdY
ESpfoufav;pm;rIonf uREkfyfwkdYtoufwmü olwkdYzwf&onfht&may:
wGiftwkdif;twmwpfcktxd rlwnfaeygonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\toufwm
onfvlwkdYukd ocifa,½Itm; ñTefjyay;aompmrsm;jzpfMuzdkY tb,frQ
ta&;BuD;aeygoenf;/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\toufwmü bk&m;
ocifvkyfaqmifaeaomtrIonf rdrdüvnf;aumif;? rdrdtm;jzihfvnf;
aumif; bk&m;ociftvkyfvkyfaejcif;\ taxmuftxm;jzpfcJhrnfh
taMumif;pdwfcsvQuf&SdaecJhonf/ tcef;i,f 5wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; þpdwfcs,kHMunfrIonf rdrdukd,für[kwf? bk&m;
wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif62 63
ocifüjzpfaMumif;ukd today;cJhonf/ þtrIawmftvGefatmifjrifae
&jcif;rSm &Sifaygvk\ ukd,fwkdifBudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIaMumifh r[kwf? bk&m;
ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfaMumifhom jzpfcJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
onf bk&m;ocifüjzpfonf/ þtcsufukd uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfoabmayguf
Mu&eftvGefta&;BuD;onf/
vGefcJhaomESpftcsKdUu? uREkfyfonfocifc&pfawmfüwnfaom
nDrwpfa,mufESihfpum;pjrnfajymqkdcJhonf/ olru Sunday School
ukd oifMum;ay;aomtcg oifcef;pmrsm;jyifqifjcif;twGuf tcsdefrsm;
pGmtokH;jyKcJhaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ okdYaomf uREkfyfuolrtm;xkdokdY
jyifqifjcif;onf tvGefta&;BuD;ygaomfvnf; olr\pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
onf xkdjyifqifrItay:ü vkH;vkH;r&SdoihfaMumif; today;cJhonf/ uREkfyf
wkdY\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrIonf bk&m;ocifxm0&bk&m;ESihf xkdt&Sif\0dnmOf
awmftay:üom &Sdoihfonf/
vlwkdYukd aumif;uifEkdifiHawmfqDodkY tusKd;oifhtaMumif;oihf
azsmif;zsajymqkdpnf;½kH;zdkY uREkfyfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhonfhtcsdefrsm;&SdcJh
aMumif;ukd uREkfyf0efcH&&Sdonf/ uREkfyf\pum;vkH;tvStyrsm;jzihf zefwD;
xm;aomusKd;aMumif;qufpyf qifjcifjiif;ckHcsufrsm;ESihf uREkfyf\pnf;½kH;
aoG;aqmifEkdifpGrf;&nfrsm;ukd uREkfyf,kHMunftm;xm;cJhaomtcsdefrsm;
&SdcJhygonf/ &Sifaygvkurl olY&JUomoemvkyfief;wGif olY&JU,kHMunfukd;pm;
rIonf xkdt&mrsm;wGifr[kwf? bk&m;ocifüomjzpfaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYukd
ajymjyxm;onf/ bk&m;ocifonf u,fwifjcif;ukd tjypfom;rsm;xHokdY
aqmif,lvm&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? tawGUtBuHK&ifhusufaomolrsm;
tm;jypfwifqkH;r&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? ½kd;om;íynmyumoer&Sd
aomolrsm;\ [kdwpfponfwpfp pum;vkH;rsm;udktNrJvkdvkdrnfokdY
tokH;jyKcJhygoenf;/ bk&m;ocifonf vlYcGeftm;tpGrf;tp trIawmf
aqmifaeaom oifwef;qif;uRrf;usifw&m;a[mq&m (okdY) oGefoif
ay;olq&mrsm;tm;jzihf rdrd\tvkdawmfukd taumiftxnfazmfonf
xuf rdrdukdukd;pm; ,kHMunfonfhyuoeuif;½kd;om;aomolrsm;tm;jzihf
rdrd\tvkdawmfukdydkí taumiftxnfaz:ygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvk\pdwfcs
,kHMunfrIonf rdrd\ZmwdyuwdwGifr[kwf? rdrd\bk&m;ocifüjzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifu &Sifaygvktm; qifhac:ívkyfaqmifapcJhaom
trIawmfonf pmtrIawmfr[kwf? 0dnmOfawmftrIawmfjzpfcJhonf (i,f
6)/ ]]pm}}[k ajymqkdjcif;jzihf &Sifaygvkonf ynwfawmfukd&nfñTef;cJh[ef
&Sdonf/ ynwfawmftaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYajymqkdMuaomtcg uREkfyf
wkdYonf bk&m;ocif\pHcsdefpHñTef;twkdif; &Sifoefaexkdifjcif;jzihf bk&m;
ocifukd auseyf0rf;ajrmufapzkdY BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;taMumif;ukd ajym
aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtv,frS rnfolurQbk&m;ocifjyXmef;
xm;aom toufwmukd ukd,fwkdifBudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;jzihf r&SifoefEkdif
MuaMumif; EIwfuywfawmfrS twdtvif;ajymjyxm;onf/ okdYaomf
ynwfawmfukd OD;pm;ay;jcif;ESihf tusihfpm&dwåw&m;a'oemukd a[m
ajymaeaom w&m;a[mq&mrsm; &SdaeMuqJjzpfonf/ xkdolwkdYu uREkfyf
wkdYonf tjypf'kp½kdufrSu,fwifjcif;ukd cH&zdkYqkdvQif bk&m;ocifowfrSwf
jyXmef;xm;aom pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;ukd jynfhrD&efvkdtyfonf[k oGefoif
Muonf/ aumif;uifbkH0ifpm;&eftwGuf bk&m;ocif\ynwfcsufrsm;
wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif62 63
ocifüjzpfaMumif;ukd today;cJhonf/ þtrIawmftvGefatmifjrifae
&jcif;rSm &Sifaygvk\ ukd,fwkdifBudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIaMumifh r[kwf? bk&m;
ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfaMumifhom jzpfcJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
onf bk&m;ocifüjzpfonf/ þtcsufukd uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfoabmayguf
Mu&eftvGefta&;BuD;onf/
vGefcJhaomESpftcsKdUu? uREkfyfonfocifc&pfawmfüwnfaom
nDrwpfa,mufESihfpum;pjrnfajymqkdcJhonf/ olru Sunday School
ukd oifMum;ay;aomtcg oifcef;pmrsm;jyifqifjcif;twGuf tcsdefrsm;
pGmtokH;jyKcJhaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ okdYaomf uREkfyfuolrtm;xkdokdY
jyifqifjcif;onf tvGefta&;BuD;ygaomfvnf; olr\pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
onf xkdjyifqifrItay:ü vkH;vkH;r&SdoihfaMumif; today;cJhonf/ uREkfyf
wkdY\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrIonf bk&m;ocifxm0&bk&m;ESihf xkdt&Sif\0dnmOf
awmftay:üom &Sdoihfonf/
vlwkdYukd aumif;uifEkdifiHawmfqDodkY tusKd;oifhtaMumif;oihf
azsmif;zsajymqkdpnf;½kH;zdkY uREkfyfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhonfhtcsdefrsm;&SdcJh
aMumif;ukd uREkfyf0efcH&&Sdonf/ uREkfyf\pum;vkH;tvStyrsm;jzihf zefwD;
xm;aomusKd;aMumif;qufpyf qifjcifjiif;ckHcsufrsm;ESihf uREkfyf\pnf;½kH;
aoG;aqmifEkdifpGrf;&nfrsm;ukd uREkfyf,kHMunftm;xm;cJhaomtcsdefrsm;
&SdcJhygonf/ &Sifaygvkurl olY&JUomoemvkyfief;wGif olY&JU,kHMunfukd;pm;
rIonf xkdt&mrsm;wGifr[kwf? bk&m;ocifüomjzpfaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYukd
ajymjyxm;onf/ bk&m;ocifonf u,fwifjcif;ukd tjypfom;rsm;xHokdY
aqmif,lvm&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? tawGUtBuHK&ifhusufaomolrsm;
tm;jypfwifqkH;r&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? ½kd;om;íynmyumoer&Sd
aomolrsm;\ [kdwpfponfwpfp pum;vkH;rsm;udktNrJvkdvkdrnfokdY
tokH;jyKcJhygoenf;/ bk&m;ocifonf vlYcGeftm;tpGrf;tp trIawmf
aqmifaeaom oifwef;qif;uRrf;usifw&m;a[mq&m (okdY) oGefoif
ay;olq&mrsm;tm;jzihf rdrd\tvkdawmfukd taumiftxnfazmfonf
xuf rdrdukdukd;pm; ,kHMunfonfhyuoeuif;½kd;om;aomolrsm;tm;jzihf
rdrd\tvkdawmfukdydkí taumiftxnfaz:ygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvk\pdwfcs
,kHMunfrIonf rdrd\ZmwdyuwdwGifr[kwf? rdrd\bk&m;ocifüjzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifu &Sifaygvktm; qifhac:ívkyfaqmifapcJhaom
trIawmfonf pmtrIawmfr[kwf? 0dnmOfawmftrIawmfjzpfcJhonf (i,f
6)/ ]]pm}}[k ajymqkdjcif;jzihf &Sifaygvkonf ynwfawmfukd&nfñTef;cJh[ef
&Sdonf/ ynwfawmftaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYajymqkdMuaomtcg uREkfyf
wkdYonf bk&m;ocif\pHcsdefpHñTef;twkdif; &Sifoefaexkdifjcif;jzihf bk&m;
ocifukd auseyf0rf;ajrmufapzkdY BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;taMumif;ukd ajym
aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtv,frS rnfolurQbk&m;ocifjyXmef;
xm;aom toufwmukd ukd,fwkdifBudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;jzihf r&SifoefEkdif
MuaMumif; EIwfuywfawmfrS twdtvif;ajymjyxm;onf/ okdYaomf
ynwfawmfukd OD;pm;ay;jcif;ESihf tusihfpm&dwåw&m;a'oemukd a[m
ajymaeaom w&m;a[mq&mrsm; &SdaeMuqJjzpfonf/ xkdolwkdYu uREkfyf
wkdYonf tjypf'kp½kdufrSu,fwifjcif;ukd cH&zdkYqkdvQif bk&m;ocifowfrSwf
jyXmef;xm;aom pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;ukd jynfhrD&efvkdtyfonf[k oGefoif
Muonf/ aumif;uifbkH0ifpm;&eftwGuf bk&m;ocif\ynwfcsufrsm;
wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif64 65
ukdemcHvkdufavQmufzdkY vkdonf[koGefoifay;Muonf/ u,fwifjcif;onf
uREkfyfwkdYrnfrQaumif;jrwfMuonf[laomtcsufESihf vkH;0oufqkdifrIr&Sd
aMumif;ukd olwkdYarhavsmhaeMuonf/ rdrdwkdY\ukd,fwkdifBudK;pm;tm;xkwf
rIrsm;tm;jzihf bk&m;ocif\pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;twkdif; &Sifoef&efrSm rnfol
twGufrSrjzpfEkdifaMumif;ukd "r®a[mif;usrf;wpfavQmufvkH;ü uREkfyfwkdY
awGUjrifMu&onf/ uREkfyfwdkYtxJrS rnfolrQynwfawmfukd apmifha&Smuf
emcHjcif;jzihf u,fwifjcif;r&&SdEkdifyg/ bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf
owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;aom pHcsdefpHñTef;ukdtNrJwrf;jynfhrDjcif;r&SdMuyg/
þtwGufaMumifhyif ,kHMunfaomtm;jzihf aus;Zl;awmfaMumihf u,fwif
jcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYtm;ay;oem;&ef ocifa,½I<uvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; olonfynwfw&m;\
q&mr[kwf? 0dnmOfawmfw&m;\q&mjzpfaMumif; today;cJhonf/
usrf;a[mif;w&m;(pm)onf vlukdowfwwfí 0dnmOfawmfw&m;rlum;
toufukday;onf (i,f 6)/ Zmwdyuwdü uREkfyfwkdYrvkyfEkdifaomt&m
ukdocifa,½Iu uREkfyfwkdYtwGufvkyfaqmifay;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif
\0dnmOfawmfonf uREkfyfwkdYukd,fpm;ocifa,½IvkyfaqmifoGm;cJhaom
trIawmfukd uREkfyfwkdYtm; ñTefjyay;aeygonf/ ocifa,½Iu uREkfyfwkdY
twGuf vkyfaqmifay;oGm;cJhaomtrIüom touf&Sifjcif;&Sdonf/ uREkfyf
wkdYonf bk&m;ocifowfrSwfjyXmef;xm;aom toufwmukd &Sifoefvkd
vQif oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftm;jzihf &SifoefMu&ayrnf/ qkdvkdonfrSm
uREkfyfwkdY\ukd,fykdiftpGrf;tpü rjynfhpkHapEkdifaomt&mukd jynfhpkHap&ef
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfukd uREkfyfwkdYtxJütvkyfvkyfcGihfjyK&rnfjzpf
onf/ bk&m;ocifu qifhac:íjzpfapvkdaomoltwkdif; uREkfyfwkdYjzpfvm
&efuREkfyfwkdYonf oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ vrf;jyrIESihftpGrf;ay;rI
twkdif;&SifoefMu&rnf/
&Sifaygvk\ a'oemrSm vlwkdYonfukd,fhukdukd,f u,fwifzdkYpGrf;
aqmifEkdifpGrf;r&SdMu[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ ocifc&pfawmfwpfyg;wnf;
uomu,fwifEkdifonf/ oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftm;jzihfom c&pf
,meftoufwmukd uREkfyfwkdY&SifoefEkdifonf/ u,fwifjcif;twGuf ocif
c&pfawmftm; vkdtyfrIESihf c&pf,meftoufwmtwGuf oefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmftm; vkdtyfrIukd arS;rSdefapaom rnfonfhw&m;a'oemrqkd
bk&m;ocifxHrS a&mufvmaomw&m;a'oemr[kwfouJhokdY xkda'oem
onfus½IH;jcif;ESihf aojcif;qDokdYykdYaqmifygvdrfhrnf/
tcef;i,f 7 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
"r®a[mif;usrf;üarma&Su ynwfawmfukday;cJhcsdefwGif xkdynwfawmf
onf wefckd;awmfESihfvnf;aumif;? bkef;tmEkabmfESihfvnf;aumif;
a&mufvmcJhonf/ xkdaeY&ufumvwGif awmifonfrD;ckd;ESihfvnf;aumif;
rD;ESihfvnf;aumif; ywf&pfaeonf/ bk&m;ocif\vufawmfonf ynwf
awmfukd ausmufjym;ay:üa&;om;cJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlrsKd;
awmfwkdYxHü ynwfawmfukd wefckd;awmfESihfvnf;aumif;? oefY&Sif;jcif;
ESihfbkef;BuD;jcif; xif&Sm;jyojcif;rsm;ESihfvnf;aumif; aqmif,lvmcJhyg
onf/ xkdaeY&ufrsm;wGif arma&S\rsufESmonf ocifbk&m;\bkef;awmf
jzihfxif[yfaecJhaomaMumihf £oa&vvlrsm;u olYrsufESmukd rMunfh
EkdifcJhMuyg/ bk&m;ocifa&SUü rdrdwkdY\'PfcwfpD&ifcHjcif;ukd vlwkdYtm;
wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif64 65
ukdemcHvkdufavQmufzdkY vkdonf[koGefoifay;Muonf/ u,fwifjcif;onf
uREkfyfwkdYrnfrQaumif;jrwfMuonf[laomtcsufESihf vkH;0oufqkdifrIr&Sd
aMumif;ukd olwkdYarhavsmhaeMuonf/ rdrdwkdY\ukd,fwkdifBudK;pm;tm;xkwf
rIrsm;tm;jzihf bk&m;ocif\pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;twkdif; &Sifoef&efrSm rnfol
twGufrSrjzpfEkdifaMumif;ukd "r®a[mif;usrf;wpfavQmufvkH;ü uREkfyfwkdY
awGUjrifMu&onf/ uREkfyfwdkYtxJrS rnfolrQynwfawmfukd apmifha&Smuf
emcHjcif;jzihf u,fwifjcif;r&&SdEkdifyg/ bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf
owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;aom pHcsdefpHñTef;ukdtNrJwrf;jynfhrDjcif;r&SdMuyg/
þtwGufaMumifhyif ,kHMunfaomtm;jzihf aus;Zl;awmfaMumihf u,fwif
jcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYtm;ay;oem;&ef ocifa,½I<uvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; olonfynwfw&m;\
q&mr[kwf? 0dnmOfawmfw&m;\q&mjzpfaMumif; today;cJhonf/
usrf;a[mif;w&m;(pm)onf vlukdowfwwfí 0dnmOfawmfw&m;rlum;
toufukday;onf (i,f 6)/ Zmwdyuwdü uREkfyfwkdYrvkyfEkdifaomt&m
ukdocifa,½Iu uREkfyfwkdYtwGufvkyfaqmifay;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif
\0dnmOfawmfonf uREkfyfwkdYukd,fpm;ocifa,½IvkyfaqmifoGm;cJhaom
trIawmfukd uREkfyfwkdYtm; ñTefjyay;aeygonf/ ocifa,½Iu uREkfyfwkdY
twGuf vkyfaqmifay;oGm;cJhaomtrIüom touf&Sifjcif;&Sdonf/ uREkfyf
wkdYonf bk&m;ocifowfrSwfjyXmef;xm;aom toufwmukd &Sifoefvkd
vQif oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftm;jzihf &SifoefMu&ayrnf/ qkdvkdonfrSm
uREkfyfwkdY\ukd,fykdiftpGrf;tpü rjynfhpkHapEkdifaomt&mukd jynfhpkHap&ef
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfukd uREkfyfwkdYtxJütvkyfvkyfcGihfjyK&rnfjzpf
onf/ bk&m;ocifu qifhac:íjzpfapvkdaomoltwkdif; uREkfyfwkdYjzpfvm
&efuREkfyfwkdYonf oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ vrf;jyrIESihftpGrf;ay;rI
twkdif;&SifoefMu&rnf/
&Sifaygvk\ a'oemrSm vlwkdYonfukd,fhukdukd,f u,fwifzdkYpGrf;
aqmifEkdifpGrf;r&SdMu[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ ocifc&pfawmfwpfyg;wnf;
uomu,fwifEkdifonf/ oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftm;jzihfom c&pf
,meftoufwmukd uREkfyfwkdY&SifoefEkdifonf/ u,fwifjcif;twGuf ocif
c&pfawmftm; vkdtyfrIESihf c&pf,meftoufwmtwGuf oefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmftm; vkdtyfrIukd arS;rSdefapaom rnfonfhw&m;a'oemrqkd
bk&m;ocifxHrS a&mufvmaomw&m;a'oemr[kwfouJhokdY xkda'oem
onfus½IH;jcif;ESihf aojcif;qDokdYykdYaqmifygvdrfhrnf/
tcef;i,f 7 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
"r®a[mif;usrf;üarma&Su ynwfawmfukday;cJhcsdefwGif xkdynwfawmf
onf wefckd;awmfESihfvnf;aumif;? bkef;tmEkabmfESihfvnf;aumif;
a&mufvmcJhonf/ xkdaeY&ufumvwGif awmifonfrD;ckd;ESihfvnf;aumif;
rD;ESihfvnf;aumif; ywf&pfaeonf/ bk&m;ocif\vufawmfonf ynwf
awmfukd ausmufjym;ay:üa&;om;cJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlrsKd;
awmfwkdYxHü ynwfawmfukd wefckd;awmfESihfvnf;aumif;? oefY&Sif;jcif;
ESihfbkef;BuD;jcif; xif&Sm;jyojcif;rsm;ESihfvnf;aumif; aqmif,lvmcJhyg
onf/ xkdaeY&ufrsm;wGif arma&S\rsufESmonf ocifbk&m;\bkef;awmf
jzihfxif[yfaecJhaomaMumihf £oa&vvlrsm;u olYrsufESmukd rMunfh
EkdifcJhMuyg/ bk&m;ocifa&SUü rdrdwkdY\'PfcwfpD&ifcHjcif;ukd vlwkdYtm;
wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif66
jyoaom ynwfawmfonf xkduJhokdYaomwefckd;awmfjzihf a&muf&SdvmcJh
vQif? toufukdaqmif,lvmaom oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\enf;vrf;
onf þxufruonfh bkef;wefcdk;tmEkabmfESihfenfodkYjynfhcJhvdrfhrnf
enf;/ ynwfawmfonf jypfwifpD&ifaomfvnf; bkef;tmEkabmfESihftwl
a&muf&SdvmcJhygonf/ 0dnmOfawmf\ enf;vrf;onf ocifc&pfawmfESihf
oifhwifhrSefuefaom qufqH&if;ESD;rIukd aqmif,lvmNyD; 4if;onfykdí
tHhzG,faumif;avmufatmif bkef;tmEkabmfESihfjynfhaeygonf/
arma&Sawmifay:rSqif;vmcJhcsdefwGif rsufESmonfbk&m;ocif
\bkef;awmfESihfvif;xdefaecJhonf/ okdYaomf jyóemrSm arma&SrsufESm
ay:üjyocJhaom xkdbkef;awmfonf wpfaeYNyD;wpfaeY wjznf;jznf;arS;
rSdefoGm;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; oefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmf\ bkef;awmfrSm tpOftNrJwnfcJhvdrfhrnf[k today;cJhonf/
rdrdwdkY\toufwmü ocifa,½I\tjypfvTwfjcif;ukdvnf;aumif;?
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ rsufarSmufjyKjcif;wefckd;awmfukdvnf;
aumif; od&SdcHpm;cJhaomolrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmfukd wkd;vQuf
tpOftNrJBuHKawGUcHpm;oGm;Muygvdrfhrnf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;omvQif bk&m;
ocif\rsufarSmufawmfokdY wkd;0if&í bk&m;ocifukdxm0&arGUavsmf
cHpm;Muygvdrfhrnf/ olwkdYonf ocifc&pfawmfESihftwl bkef;tmEkabmfü
xm0&&SifoefoGm;Muygvdrfhrnf/ olwkdYonfxkdt&mukd rdrdwdkY\BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfjcif;aMumifh xkdufwefpGm&&SdcJhMuonfr[kwfyg/ ocifa,½I\
tjypfcGifhvTwfay;jcif;tm;jzihf bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmfu olwkdYtxJü
&Sifoefudef;0yfcJhaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
þor®mw&m;rsm;aMumifh &Sifaygvkonf rdrdomoemvkyfief;
wGif tvGef&J&ifhjcif;&SdcJhygonf (i,f 12)/ olonfrdrd\ukd,fwkdifBudK;pm;
tm;xkwfrIrsm;ay:ü rSDckdtm;xm;aecJhvQif xkduJhodkYaom ,kHMunfpdwfcsrI
rsKd; &&SdykdifqkdifEkdifcJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ okdYaomf&Sifaygvkonf rdrd\
ukd,fwkdif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;wGif rukd;pm;cJhyg/ olonfoefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmf\ vkyfaqmifrItay:üom ,kHMunfukd;pm;cJhonf/ þ
taMumif;t&if;aMumihf &SifaygvkrSm&J&ifhjcif;ESihfwuG a[majymEkdifcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/ olonfbk&m;ocifh 0dnmOfawmf\wefckd;awmfü trIawmf
aqmifcJhonf/ olonfus½IH;ysufuGufEkdifjcif;r&Sdaom bk&m;ocif\
vrf;jyOD;aqmifrIukd emcHvkdufavQmufcJhonf/ bk&m;ocifu vrf;jyOD;
aqmifaomtcg vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukdvnf; ay;rnfhtaMumif;ukd &Sifayg
vktvGef,kHMunfpdwfcsEkdifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
&Sifaygvkonf rdrda[majymcJhaom w&m;awmfaMumifhBuD;rm;
aom,kHMunfpdwfcsrIESihftwl &J0ifhpGmjzihf trIawmfEkdifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
olonfynwfw&m;\vrf;pOfukd ra[majymcJhyg/ rnfolurQ xkdvrf;pOf
ukd vkdufavQmufí&SifoefEkdifcJhrnfr[kwfyg/ &Sifaygvk\w&m;awmfonf
0dnmOfawmfw&m;jzpfonf/ xkdw&m;awmfonf ,kHMunfolrsm;rSwqihf
trIawmfaqmifí topfaomtoufwmukd aqmif,lvkdonfh oefY&Sif;
aom0dnmOfawmf\taMumif;jzpfonf/ þw&m;awmfwpfyg;wnf;u
om,kHMunfolrsm;xHü arQmfvifhcsufukday;EkdifcJhygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvku
rdrdrSwqifhtvkyfvkyfaeaom oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\trIawmfü
,kHMunfpdwfcsaecJhonf/ rdrda[majymaom w&m;awmfüvnf; ,kHMunf
wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI 67
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif66
jyoaom ynwfawmfonf xkduJhokdYaomwefckd;awmfjzihf a&muf&SdvmcJh
vQif? toufukdaqmif,lvmaom oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\enf;vrf;
onf þxufruonfh bkef;wefcdk;tmEkabmfESihfenfodkYjynfhcJhvdrfhrnf
enf;/ ynwfawmfonf jypfwifpD&ifaomfvnf; bkef;tmEkabmfESihftwl
a&muf&SdvmcJhygonf/ 0dnmOfawmf\ enf;vrf;onf ocifc&pfawmfESihf
oifhwifhrSefuefaom qufqH&if;ESD;rIukd aqmif,lvmNyD; 4if;onfykdí
tHhzG,faumif;avmufatmif bkef;tmEkabmfESihfjynfhaeygonf/
arma&Sawmifay:rSqif;vmcJhcsdefwGif rsufESmonfbk&m;ocif
\bkef;awmfESihfvif;xdefaecJhonf/ okdYaomf jyóemrSm arma&SrsufESm
ay:üjyocJhaom xkdbkef;awmfonf wpfaeYNyD;wpfaeY wjznf;jznf;arS;
rSdefoGm;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; oefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmf\ bkef;awmfrSm tpOftNrJwnfcJhvdrfhrnf[k today;cJhonf/
rdrdwdkY\toufwmü ocifa,½I\tjypfvTwfjcif;ukdvnf;aumif;?
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ rsufarSmufjyKjcif;wefckd;awmfukdvnf;
aumif; od&SdcHpm;cJhaomolrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmfukd wkd;vQuf
tpOftNrJBuHKawGUcHpm;oGm;Muygvdrfhrnf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;omvQif bk&m;
ocif\rsufarSmufawmfokdY wkd;0if&í bk&m;ocifukdxm0&arGUavsmf
cHpm;Muygvdrfhrnf/ olwkdYonf ocifc&pfawmfESihftwl bkef;tmEkabmfü
xm0&&SifoefoGm;Muygvdrfhrnf/ olwkdYonfxkdt&mukd rdrdwdkY\BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfjcif;aMumifh xkdufwefpGm&&SdcJhMuonfr[kwfyg/ ocifa,½I\
tjypfcGifhvTwfay;jcif;tm;jzihf bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmfu olwkdYtxJü
&Sifoefudef;0yfcJhaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
þor®mw&m;rsm;aMumifh &Sifaygvkonf rdrdomoemvkyfief;
wGif tvGef&J&ifhjcif;&SdcJhygonf (i,f 12)/ olonfrdrd\ukd,fwkdifBudK;pm;
tm;xkwfrIrsm;ay:ü rSDckdtm;xm;aecJhvQif xkduJhodkYaom ,kHMunfpdwfcsrI
rsKd; &&SdykdifqkdifEkdifcJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ okdYaomf&Sifaygvkonf rdrd\
ukd,fwkdif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;wGif rukd;pm;cJhyg/ olonfoefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmf\ vkyfaqmifrItay:üom ,kHMunfukd;pm;cJhonf/ þ
taMumif;t&if;aMumihf &SifaygvkrSm&J&ifhjcif;ESihfwuG a[majymEkdifcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/ olonfbk&m;ocifh 0dnmOfawmf\wefckd;awmfü trIawmf
aqmifcJhonf/ olonfus½IH;ysufuGufEkdifjcif;r&Sdaom bk&m;ocif\
vrf;jyOD;aqmifrIukd emcHvkdufavQmufcJhonf/ bk&m;ocifu vrf;jyOD;
aqmifaomtcg vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukdvnf; ay;rnfhtaMumif;ukd &Sifayg
vktvGef,kHMunfpdwfcsEkdifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
&Sifaygvkonf rdrda[majymcJhaom w&m;awmfaMumifhBuD;rm;
aom,kHMunfpdwfcsrIESihftwl &J0ifhpGmjzihf trIawmfEkdifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
olonfynwfw&m;\vrf;pOfukd ra[majymcJhyg/ rnfolurQ xkdvrf;pOf
ukd vkdufavQmufí&SifoefEkdifcJhrnfr[kwfyg/ &Sifaygvk\w&m;awmfonf
0dnmOfawmfw&m;jzpfonf/ xkdw&m;awmfonf ,kHMunfolrsm;rSwqihf
trIawmfaqmifí topfaomtoufwmukd aqmif,lvkdonfh oefY&Sif;
aom0dnmOfawmf\taMumif;jzpfonf/ þw&m;awmfwpfyg;wnf;u
om,kHMunfolrsm;xHü arQmfvifhcsufukday;EkdifcJhygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvku
rdrdrSwqifhtvkyfvkyfaeaom oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\trIawmfü
,kHMunfpdwfcsaecJhonf/ rdrda[majymaom w&m;awmfüvnf; ,kHMunf
wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI 67
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif68 69
pdwfcsaecJhonf/ olonf 0dnmOfawmf\wefckd;awmfü trIawmfaqmifí
touf&Sifjcif;ukd aqmif,lay;onfh0dnmOfawmf\ vrf;pOfukdxkwfazmf
a[majymcJhonf/
&Sifaygvk\ omoemvkyfief;ESihf tcGihftmPmtay:ü ar;cGef;
xkwfaecJhaomolrsm;&SdcJhonf/ vlYtaejzihfajym&vQif &Sifaygvkomrdrd\
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;ESihf ÓPfynmukd ,kHMunfukd;pm;aecJhvQif pkd;&drf
p&mtaMumif;olYwGif &SdcJhygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvk\ ,kHMunfpdwfcsrIonf
rdrdtay:ü r[kwfcJhyg/ olonfbk&m;ocifh0dnmOfawmf\ wefckd;awmfü
trIawmfukdaqmifaecJhonf/ ola[majymaomw&m;awmfrSmvnf;
vlYÓPftajrmftjrifrS a&mufvmaomw&m;r[kwf? 0dnmOfawmftm;jzihf
bk&m;ocifxHrS a&mufvmaomw&m;awmfjzpfonf/ þtwGufaMumihf
olonfrdrd&efol\ qefYusifrIukd &ifqkdif&efBuD;rm;aom ,kHMunfpdwfcsrI
&SdcJhonf/ bk&m;ocif\ vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;üvnf;aumif;? 0dnmOfawmf
\wefckd;awmfüvnf;aumif; uREkfyfwkdYavQmufvSrf;&SifoefonfESihftrQ
bk&m;ocifonf tvm;wlckdifrmaom em;vnfoabmaygufrIukd uREkfyf
wkdYtm; ay;ygapaomf..../
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
ynwfw&m;\ vrf;pOfESihf 0dnmOfawmfw&m;\vrf;pOfwkdY\
uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrSm tb,fenf;/
oifonf ZmwdyuwdütrIawmfaqmifaeaMumif; (okdY)0dnmOf
awmf\ wefckd;awmfü trIawmfaqmifaeaMumif;ukd rnfokdY ajym
Ekdifoenf;/ þtrIawmfaqmifjcif;rsm;onf rnfokdYuGJjym;
jcm;em;Muoenf;/
uREkfyfwkdY\trIawmfaqmifjcif;üvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocifESihf
twl&SifoefavQmufvSrf;&müvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocif\
0dnmOfawmftm; uREfkfyfwkdYukd vkyfykdifcGihftmPmay;apjcif;ESihf
vrf;jyOD;aqmifapjcif;wkdY\ ta&;ygykHtaMumif;ukd þusrf;
csufrS uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdY oif,l&ygoenf;/
oihf&JUtoufwm&SifoefykHüvnf;aumif;? pum;tajymtqkdü
vnf;aumif; oifonfrnfuJhokdYaom ]]csD;rGrf;pm}} (axmufcHpm)
rsKd;jzpfaeoenf;/
omoemvkyfief;ü oihf&JU,kHMunfpdwfcsrIonf ,aeYwGifrnf
onfht&müjzpfoenf;/ &Sifaygvk\ ,kHMunfpdwfcsrIonf rnf
onfht&mü jzpfcJhoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
trIawmfjrwfü oihfukdpGrf;aqmifay;zkdYESihf vkyfykdifcGihftmPm
ay;zkdY oihftoufwmü oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ rsufarSmuf
jyKjcif;twGuf ocifbk&m;ukd aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
oihf&JUvlYÓPftajrmftjrifESihf tpGrf;tpwkdYjzihf ocifbk&m;ukd
tapcHzdkYBudK;pm;aeonfh toufwmtpdwftykdif;&SdaevQif
az:jyay;zdkY bk&m;ocifukd awmif;avQmufyg/
ocifbk&m;ukd ydkíjynfhjynfh00,kHMunfukd;pm;Ekdif&efESihf ocif
bk&m;\vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;ukd ykdíjywfjywfom;om;emcHvkduf
wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif68 69
pdwfcsaecJhonf/ olonf 0dnmOfawmf\wefckd;awmfü trIawmfaqmifí
touf&Sifjcif;ukd aqmif,lay;onfh0dnmOfawmf\ vrf;pOfukdxkwfazmf
a[majymcJhonf/
&Sifaygvk\ omoemvkyfief;ESihf tcGihftmPmtay:ü ar;cGef;
xkwfaecJhaomolrsm;&SdcJhonf/ vlYtaejzihfajym&vQif &Sifaygvkomrdrd\
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;ESihf ÓPfynmukd ,kHMunfukd;pm;aecJhvQif pkd;&drf
p&mtaMumif;olYwGif &SdcJhygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvk\ ,kHMunfpdwfcsrIonf
rdrdtay:ü r[kwfcJhyg/ olonfbk&m;ocifh0dnmOfawmf\ wefckd;awmfü
trIawmfukdaqmifaecJhonf/ ola[majymaomw&m;awmfrSmvnf;
vlYÓPftajrmftjrifrS a&mufvmaomw&m;r[kwf? 0dnmOfawmftm;jzihf
bk&m;ocifxHrS a&mufvmaomw&m;awmfjzpfonf/ þtwGufaMumihf
olonfrdrd&efol\ qefYusifrIukd &ifqkdif&efBuD;rm;aom ,kHMunfpdwfcsrI
&SdcJhonf/ bk&m;ocif\ vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;üvnf;aumif;? 0dnmOfawmf
\wefckd;awmfüvnf;aumif; uREkfyfwkdYavQmufvSrf;&SifoefonfESihftrQ
bk&m;ocifonf tvm;wlckdifrmaom em;vnfoabmaygufrIukd uREkfyf
wkdYtm; ay;ygapaomf..../
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
ynwfw&m;\ vrf;pOfESihf 0dnmOfawmfw&m;\vrf;pOfwkdY\
uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrSm tb,fenf;/
oifonf ZmwdyuwdütrIawmfaqmifaeaMumif; (okdY)0dnmOf
awmf\ wefckd;awmfü trIawmfaqmifaeaMumif;ukd rnfokdY ajym
Ekdifoenf;/ þtrIawmfaqmifjcif;rsm;onf rnfokdYuGJjym;
jcm;em;Muoenf;/
uREkfyfwkdY\trIawmfaqmifjcif;üvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocifESihf
twl&SifoefavQmufvSrf;&müvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocif\
0dnmOfawmftm; uREfkfyfwkdYukd vkyfykdifcGihftmPmay;apjcif;ESihf
vrf;jyOD;aqmifapjcif;wkdY\ ta&;ygykHtaMumif;ukd þusrf;
csufrS uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdY oif,l&ygoenf;/
oihf&JUtoufwm&SifoefykHüvnf;aumif;? pum;tajymtqkdü
vnf;aumif; oifonfrnfuJhokdYaom ]]csD;rGrf;pm}} (axmufcHpm)
rsKd;jzpfaeoenf;/
omoemvkyfief;ü oihf&JU,kHMunfpdwfcsrIonf ,aeYwGifrnf
onfht&müjzpfoenf;/ &Sifaygvk\ ,kHMunfpdwfcsrIonf rnf
onfht&mü jzpfcJhoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
trIawmfjrwfü oihfukdpGrf;aqmifay;zkdYESihf vkyfykdifcGihftmPm
ay;zkdY oihftoufwmü oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ rsufarSmuf
jyKjcif;twGuf ocifbk&m;ukd aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
oihf&JUvlYÓPftajrmftjrifESihf tpGrf;tpwkdYjzihf ocifbk&m;ukd
tapcHzdkYBudK;pm;aeonfh toufwmtpdwftykdif;&SdaevQif
az:jyay;zdkY bk&m;ocifukd awmif;avQmufyg/
ocifbk&m;ukd ydkíjynfhjynfh00,kHMunfukd;pm;Ekdif&efESihf ocif
bk&m;\vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;ukd ykdíjywfjywfom;om;emcHvkduf
wrefawmf\ pdwfcs,kHMunfrI
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif70
avQmufEkdif&ef pGrf;aqmifay;zdkY awmif;avQmufyg/ &Sifaygvk
uJhokdY 0dnmOfawmf\vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;ESihf vkyfykdifcGihftmPm
ay;jcif;wkdYü trIawmfukd xrf;aqmifNyD; omíBuD;rm;aom &J&ifh
jcif;ukd oifhtm;ay;oem;zkdY awmif;avQmufyg/
bk&m;ocif\ bkef;tmEkabmfESihf wefckd;awmfwkdYtwGuf omí
aumif;aomoufaowpfyg;jzpf&ef pGrf;aqmifay;zdkY awmif;
avQmufyg/
66
66
6
zkH;tkyfrxm;aomrsufESmrsm;u bkef;awmfukdxif[yfjcif;zkH;tkyfrxm;aomrsufESmrsm;u bkef;awmfukdxif[yfjcif;
zkH;tkyfrxm;aomrsufESmrsm;u bkef;awmfukdxif[yfjcif;zkH;tkyfrxm;aomrsufESmrsm;u bkef;awmfukdxif[yfjcif;
zkH;tkyfrxm;aomrsufESmrsm;u bkef;awmfukdxif[yfjcif;
2aum 3;13-18 ukdzwf½Iyg/
"r®a[mif;usrf;u uREkfyfwkdYukdoGefoifay;aomt&mwpfck&SdcJh
vQif xkdt&mrSm rnfolurQbk&m;ocif\ ynwfawmfukdwdwdusus
rvkdufemEkdifyg[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ trSefqkd&vQif ynwfw&m;\
&nf&G,fcsufrSm uREkfyfwkdY\vlYBudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;jzihf bk&m;ocifukd
pdwfrauseyfapEkdifyg[laomtcsufukd jyoay;&efjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY
tm;vkH;onf toufwmüvufawGUususrjyocJhvQifyif pdwfESvkH;ESihf
tawG;rsm;ü bk&m;ocif\pHcsdefpHñTGef;ukd rjynfhrDMuyg/
þusrf;csufwGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
ynwfw&m;\bkef;tmEkabmfESihf ocifc&pfawmf\bkef;tmEkabmfwkdY\
jcm;em;rIukd ajymjycJhonf/ xGufajrmuf&m 34;30-35ü arma&Sbk&m;
ocifESihfawGUqkHNyD;aemuf awmifay:rSqif;vmcJhonfhtaMumif;ukd
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; jyefvnftoday;jcif;jzifhtpjyKcJhonf/ arm
a&Sawmifay:rSqif;vmcJhcsdefwGif rsufESmonfbk&m;ocif\bkef;awmf
ESihfawmufyaecJhonf/ £oa&vvlrsKd;rsm;u þbkef;tmEkabmfukd
aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYcJhMuaomaMumihf arma&SrSmrdrd\rsufESmukd zkH;tkyf
xm;cJh&onf/ okdYaomf ocifa,½I\toufwmESihf taocHjcif;u bk&m;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif70
avQmufEkdif&ef pGrf;aqmifay;zdkY awmif;avQmufyg/ &Sifaygvk
uJhokdY 0dnmOfawmf\vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;ESihf vkyfykdifcGihftmPm
ay;jcif;wkdYü trIawmfukd xrf;aqmifNyD; omíBuD;rm;aom &J&ifh
jcif;ukd oifhtm;ay;oem;zkdY awmif;avQmufyg/
bk&m;ocif\ bkef;tmEkabmfESihf wefckd;awmfwkdYtwGuf omí
aumif;aomoufaowpfyg;jzpf&ef pGrf;aqmifay;zdkY awmif;
avQmufyg/
66
66
6
zkH;tkyfrxm;aomrsufESmrsm;u bkef;awmfukdxif[yfjcif;zkH;tkyfrxm;aomrsufESmrsm;u bkef;awmfukdxif[yfjcif;
zkH;tkyfrxm;aomrsufESmrsm;u bkef;awmfukdxif[yfjcif;zkH;tkyfrxm;aomrsufESmrsm;u bkef;awmfukdxif[yfjcif;
zkH;tkyfrxm;aomrsufESmrsm;u bkef;awmfukdxif[yfjcif;
2aum 3;13-18 ukdzwf½Iyg/
"r®a[mif;usrf;u uREkfyfwkdYukdoGefoifay;aomt&mwpfck&SdcJh
vQif xkdt&mrSm rnfolurQbk&m;ocif\ ynwfawmfukdwdwdusus
rvkdufemEkdifyg[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ trSefqkd&vQif ynwfw&m;\
&nf&G,fcsufrSm uREkfyfwkdY\vlYBudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;jzihf bk&m;ocifukd
pdwfrauseyfapEkdifyg[laomtcsufukd jyoay;&efjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY
tm;vkH;onf toufwmüvufawGUususrjyocJhvQifyif pdwfESvkH;ESihf
tawG;rsm;ü bk&m;ocif\pHcsdefpHñTGef;ukd rjynfhrDMuyg/
þusrf;csufwGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
ynwfw&m;\bkef;tmEkabmfESihf ocifc&pfawmf\bkef;tmEkabmfwkdY\
jcm;em;rIukd ajymjycJhonf/ xGufajrmuf&m 34;30-35ü arma&Sbk&m;
ocifESihfawGUqkHNyD;aemuf awmifay:rSqif;vmcJhonfhtaMumif;ukd
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; jyefvnftoday;jcif;jzifhtpjyKcJhonf/ arm
a&Sawmifay:rSqif;vmcJhcsdefwGif rsufESmonfbk&m;ocif\bkef;awmf
ESihfawmufyaecJhonf/ £oa&vvlrsKd;rsm;u þbkef;tmEkabmfukd
aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYcJhMuaomaMumihf arma&SrSmrdrd\rsufESmukd zkH;tkyf
xm;cJh&onf/ okdYaomf ocifa,½I\toufwmESihf taocHjcif;u bk&m;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif72 73
ocif\bkef;awmfukd arma&Synwfw&m;u xif&Sm;aponfxufykdí
xif&Sm;apygonf/
tcef;i,f 14wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
"r®a[mif;y#dnmOfw&m;ukd a[majymonfhtcgwGif zkH;uG,faerIwpfckrSm
txift&Sm;&SdaecJhaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ ynwfw&m;\&nf&G,fcsuf
onf xkdw&m;awmfukd a[majymaomolrsm;üyif zHk;uG,fvQuf&Sdonf/
þ£oa&vvlrsKd;rsm;onf u,fwifjcif;twGuf ynwfw&m;tm;
apmifha&SmufemcHjcif;ü ,kHMunfukd;pm;cJhMuonf/ bk&m;ocifu
ppfrSefaom oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ukdvnf;aumif;? rdrd\yuwdjynfhpkHaom
pHcsdefpHñTef;ukd uREkfyfwkdYrjynfhrDMuaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif; jyozdkY ynwf
awmfukd ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ rnfolurQynwfw&m;ukd xdef;odrf;usihf
aqmifjcif;jzihf bk&m;ocif\rsufESmomay;jcif;ukd r&&SdEkdifyg/
ynwfcsuftcsKdU (Oyrm- rrSefaomoufaoudkrcHESifh? vlYt
oufukdrowfESihf) tm;emcHapmifhxdef;jcif;onf rsufESmyef;ukd vSapNyD;?
uREkfyfwkdY\bmoma&;ukdif;½Idif;rIvkyf&yfjzihf vlwkdYukdtm;usvmatmif
uREkfyfwkYd ukdpGrf;aqmifay;Ekdifaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfESvkH;ESihftawG;ukd
rajymif;vJay;yg/ 4if;onfuREkfyfwkdY\ vIyf&Sm;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ukd ajymif;
vJaumif;ajymif;vJEkdifaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfaeoabmxm;ukd
rajymif;vJapyg/ uREkfyfwkdYonf ynwfw&m;\tjyifyef;jyXmef;xm;csuf
rsm;ukd emcHusihfBuHaepOfwGif tjypfw&m;? t&Sufw&m;wkdYESihf jynfhae
Ekdifonf/ tm'HESihf{0uJhodkY uREkfyfwkdYonfynwfawmfukd emcHjcif;wnf;
[laom oabFmozef;&Gufrsm;jzifh ukd,fhukdukd,fzkH;uG,fxm;aomfvnf;
oefY&Sif;awmfrlaom bk&m;ocif\a&SUawmfwGif uREkfyfwkdY\t0wf t
csnf;pnf;&Sdjcif; (ukd,fwkH;vkH;jzpfaejcif;)\ t&Sufw&m;ukd eufeufeJeJ
cHpm;Muygonf/ arma&SuJhokdY uREkfyfwkdY\rsufESmrsm;ukd zkH;tkyfxm;í
rsufESmyef;vSvSukd 0wfqifxm;Ekdifaomfvnf; euf½Idif;aomtwGif;
wpfae&mü arS;rSdefaeaom bkef;tmEkabmf\t&Sufw&m;ukd odaeMu
onf/
tcef;i,f 15 wGif &Sifaygvku
]]
,ckwkdifatmifvnf;? arma&S
\usrf;ukd zwfMuaomtcg? olwkdYpdwfESvkH;onf zkH;tkyfvQuf&Sdao;\}}
[kajymcJhonf/ ynwfw&m;awmftm; a[majymjcif;wGif arQmfvifhcsuf
r&Sdyg/ ynwfw&m;u uREkfyfwkdYukdrnfonfht&mtm; vkyfaqmifzkdYajymjy
Ekdifaomfvnf; emcHzkdYweftpGrf;tpukd ray;Ekdifyg/ ynwfw&m;onf
uREkfyfwkdYtrSm;jyKvkyfrdaomt&mukd ajymjyEkdifaomfvnf; jyefvnfjyKjyif
zmax;ray;Ekdifyg/ rsufESmNcHKvTmuJhokdYyif uREkfyf\ppfrSefaompdwftajc
taeukd zkH;zday;Ekdifonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf we*FaEGaeYwkdif;bk&m;ausmif;
wufEkdifayonf/ reufwkdif;usrf;pmzwfí qkawmif;Ekdifayonf/ ocif
c&pfawmfukd ykHoufaowpfcktjzpf xm;&Sdaomtoufwmwpfckjzihf
uREkfyfwkdY&SifoefEkdifayonf/ þt&mrsm;tm;vkH;onf aumif;jrwfMuyg
onf/ okdYaomf 4if;wkdYonf uREkfyfwkdYpdwfESvkH;\ppfrSefaom tajctae
ukdzkH;uG,fay;onfh rsufESmzkH;wpfckom jzpfaumif;jzpfaeayvdrhfrnf/
ocifa,½Ionf xkdrsufESmNcHKvTm\aemufuG,fü&Sdaomt&mukd
ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;ay;zkdY <uvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tjypf'kp½kdufaMumifh uREkfyf
wkdYtm;vkH;cHpm;aeMuonfh arS;rSdefaeaombkef;tmEkabmfESihf t&Suf
zkH;tkyfrxm;aomrsufESmrsm;u bkef;awmfukdxif[yfjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif72 73
ocif\bkef;awmfukd arma&Synwfw&m;u xif&Sm;aponfxufykdí
xif&Sm;apygonf/
tcef;i,f 14wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
"r®a[mif;y#dnmOfw&m;ukd a[majymonfhtcgwGif zkH;uG,faerIwpfckrSm
txift&Sm;&SdaecJhaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ ynwfw&m;\&nf&G,fcsuf
onf xkdw&m;awmfukd a[majymaomolrsm;üyif zHk;uG,fvQuf&Sdonf/
þ£oa&vvlrsKd;rsm;onf u,fwifjcif;twGuf ynwfw&m;tm;
apmifha&SmufemcHjcif;ü ,kHMunfukd;pm;cJhMuonf/ bk&m;ocifu
ppfrSefaom oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ukdvnf;aumif;? rdrd\yuwdjynfhpkHaom
pHcsdefpHñTef;ukd uREkfyfwkdYrjynfhrDMuaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif; jyozdkY ynwf
awmfukd ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ rnfolurQynwfw&m;ukd xdef;odrf;usihf
aqmifjcif;jzihf bk&m;ocif\rsufESmomay;jcif;ukd r&&SdEkdifyg/
ynwfcsuftcsKdU (Oyrm- rrSefaomoufaoudkrcHESifh? vlYt
oufukdrowfESihf) tm;emcHapmifhxdef;jcif;onf rsufESmyef;ukd vSapNyD;?
uREkfyfwkdY\bmoma&;ukdif;½Idif;rIvkyf&yfjzihf vlwkdYukdtm;usvmatmif
uREkfyfwkYd ukdpGrf;aqmifay;Ekdifaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfESvkH;ESihftawG;ukd
rajymif;vJay;yg/ 4if;onfuREkfyfwkdY\ vIyf&Sm;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ukd ajymif;
vJaumif;ajymif;vJEkdifaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfaeoabmxm;ukd
rajymif;vJapyg/ uREkfyfwkdYonf ynwfw&m;\tjyifyef;jyXmef;xm;csuf
rsm;ukd emcHusihfBuHaepOfwGif tjypfw&m;? t&Sufw&m;wkdYESihf jynfhae
Ekdifonf/ tm'HESihf{0uJhodkY uREkfyfwkdYonfynwfawmfukd emcHjcif;wnf;
[laom oabFmozef;&Gufrsm;jzifh ukd,fhukdukd,fzkH;uG,fxm;aomfvnf;
oefY&Sif;awmfrlaom bk&m;ocif\a&SUawmfwGif uREkfyfwkdY\t0wf t
csnf;pnf;&Sdjcif; (ukd,fwkH;vkH;jzpfaejcif;)\ t&Sufw&m;ukd eufeufeJeJ
cHpm;Muygonf/ arma&SuJhokdY uREkfyfwkdY\rsufESmrsm;ukd zkH;tkyfxm;í
rsufESmyef;vSvSukd 0wfqifxm;Ekdifaomfvnf; euf½Idif;aomtwGif;
wpfae&mü arS;rSdefaeaom bkef;tmEkabmf\t&Sufw&m;ukd odaeMu
onf/
tcef;i,f 15 wGif &Sifaygvku
]]
,ckwkdifatmifvnf;? arma&S
\usrf;ukd zwfMuaomtcg? olwkdYpdwfESvkH;onf zkH;tkyfvQuf&Sdao;\}}
[kajymcJhonf/ ynwfw&m;awmftm; a[majymjcif;wGif arQmfvifhcsuf
r&Sdyg/ ynwfw&m;u uREkfyfwkdYukdrnfonfht&mtm; vkyfaqmifzkdYajymjy
Ekdifaomfvnf; emcHzkdYweftpGrf;tpukd ray;Ekdifyg/ ynwfw&m;onf
uREkfyfwkdYtrSm;jyKvkyfrdaomt&mukd ajymjyEkdifaomfvnf; jyefvnfjyKjyif
zmax;ray;Ekdifyg/ rsufESmNcHKvTmuJhokdYyif uREkfyf\ppfrSefaompdwftajc
taeukd zkH;zday;Ekdifonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf we*FaEGaeYwkdif;bk&m;ausmif;
wufEkdifayonf/ reufwkdif;usrf;pmzwfí qkawmif;Ekdifayonf/ ocif
c&pfawmfukd ykHoufaowpfcktjzpf xm;&Sdaomtoufwmwpfckjzihf
uREkfyfwkdY&SifoefEkdifayonf/ þt&mrsm;tm;vkH;onf aumif;jrwfMuyg
onf/ okdYaomf 4if;wkdYonf uREkfyfwkdYpdwfESvkH;\ppfrSefaom tajctae
ukdzkH;uG,fay;onfh rsufESmzkH;wpfckom jzpfaumif;jzpfaeayvdrhfrnf/
ocifa,½Ionf xkdrsufESmNcHKvTm\aemufuG,fü&Sdaomt&mukd
ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;ay;zkdY <uvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tjypf'kp½kdufaMumifh uREkfyf
wkdYtm;vkH;cHpm;aeMuonfh arS;rSdefaeaombkef;tmEkabmfESihf t&Suf
zkH;tkyfrxm;aomrsufESmrsm;u bkef;awmfukdxif[yfjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif74 75
w&m;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;ay;zkdY <uvmcJhonf/ tjypfvTwfjcif;ukd
aqmif,lzkdY <uqif;vmcJhonf/ xkdocif\ tjypfvTwfjcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdY
od&Sdem;vnfaomtcgwGif xkdrsufESmzkH;ukd uREkfyfwkdYz,f&Sm;Ekdifayonf/
rnfonfht&mukdrQ uREkfyfwkdYzkH;uG,fzkdYrvkdawmhyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\tqifhrrD
rIrsm;tm;vkH;ukd xkdocif\tjypfvTwfjcif;u vTrf;NcHKay;xm;onf/ bk&m;
ocifukdwkd;í*kPfjyKcsD;ajr§mufaom toufwmjzihf &Sifoef&eftwGuf
vnf;aumif;? vrf;aysmufaeaom avmuDom;rsm;xHü zkH;tkyfrxm;
aombkef;tmEkabmfukd xkwfazmfjyo&eftwGufvnf;aumif; 0dnmOf
awmfonf uREkfyfwkdYukdpGrf;aqmifay;ygonf/
ocifa,½Ionf BuD;rm;aomjcm;em;rIBuD;ukd vkyfaqmifcJhyg
onf/ tcef;i,f 17 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmf&Sd&mt&yfwGif vGwfjcif;csrf;om&Sdonf[k
ajymcJhonf/ þae&mü &Sifaygvkajymjyaeaom vGwfjcif;csrf;omrSm
tjypftwGufpdwfrvkHjcif;? jypfwifpD&ifjcif;? t&SufuGJtusKd;enf;jcif;?
tjypf\uRefjyKcH&jcif;? aojcif;? i&Jusjcif;wkdYrS vGwfNidrf;csrf;omjcif;
jzpfonf/ ocifa,½IjyKcJhaom trIawmftm;jzihf bk&m;ocif\0dnmOf
awmfuuREkfyfwkdY\pdwfESvkH;xJü 0ifa&muf&Sifoefaomtcg uREkfyfwkdYonf
bk&m;ocif\ w&m;pD&ifjcif;ESihf jypf'Pfcwfjcif;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufMu&
onf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ twdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wftjypfrsm;tay:ü xm;&Sd
aombk&m;ocif\ trsufawmfukd ocifa,½I\taoG;awmfu ajy
aysmufapcJhonf/ ,kHMunfolrsm;tjzpfESihf uREkfyfwkdYonfacgif;armhxm;
EkdifMuNyDjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYa&SUü rnfonfht&mukdrQ zkH;uG,fzdkYr&Sdawmhyg/
uREkfyfwkdY\tjypf&SdpdwftwGuf t&Suf&aejcif;ESihf arS;rSdefaeaombkef;
tmEkabmfwkdYrSm aysmufuG,foGm;MuNyDjzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 18 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wdkYonf zkH;uG,frxm;aom rsufESmrsm;jzihf ocifbk&m;\bkef;tmEk
abmfukd xif[yfjyoEkdifMuaMumif; today;jcif;jzihf ed*kH;csKyfcJhonf/
wjznf;jznf;arS;rSdefaysmufuG,faeaom arma&S\bkef;tmEkabmfuJh
okdYr[kwfbJ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf ocifa,½IESihf o@mefwljcif;
qDokdYykdíykdí jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;ukd cHMu&ygonf/ tjypfESihfraumif;rI
'kp½kdufwkdY ½IH;edrfhcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmfonf 4if;wdkY
\toufwmESihfpdwfESvkH;ukd ykdíykdíxdef;csKyfvmygonf/ 4if;wkdYonf
ukd,fawmf&SifESihf ykdíykdíeD;pyfvmMuonf/ þbkef;tmEkabmfonf
4if;wkdY\bkef;tmEkabmfr[kwfyg/ arma&S\rsufESmay:ü awmufycJh
aombkef;tmEkabmfonf wjznf;jznf;arS;rSdefvmaom bkef;tmEkabmf
jzpfcJhaomfvnf;? aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;BuHKawGcHpm;ae&aom bkef;
tmEkabmf[lrlum; 4if;wkdY\toufwmü wkd;vQuf&SdaecJhygonf/ ocif
a,½IjyKvkyfcJhaomtrIu þjcm;em;csufBuD;ukdzefwD;cJhygonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
ocifa,½Ionf oihftoufwmürnfonfhjcm;em;csufukd
jyKvkyfcJhoenf;/
ocifa,½Ionf uREkfyfwkdY\toufwmü uREkfyfwkdY\tjypf
w&m;ESihf t&Sufw&m;ukd rnfokdYvkyfaqmifoGm;cJhygoenf;/
ynwfw&m;tm;jzihf bk&m;ocifukd pdwfauseyfap&efrSm jzpfEkdif
zkH;tkyfrxm;aomrsufESmrsm;u bkef;awmfukdxif[yfjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif74 75
w&m;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;ay;zkdY <uvmcJhonf/ tjypfvTwfjcif;ukd
aqmif,lzkdY <uqif;vmcJhonf/ xkdocif\ tjypfvTwfjcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdY
od&Sdem;vnfaomtcgwGif xkdrsufESmzkH;ukd uREkfyfwkdYz,f&Sm;Ekdifayonf/
rnfonfht&mukdrQ uREkfyfwkdYzkH;uG,fzkdYrvkdawmhyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\tqifhrrD
rIrsm;tm;vkH;ukd xkdocif\tjypfvTwfjcif;u vTrf;NcHKay;xm;onf/ bk&m;
ocifukdwkd;í*kPfjyKcsD;ajr§mufaom toufwmjzihf &Sifoef&eftwGuf
vnf;aumif;? vrf;aysmufaeaom avmuDom;rsm;xHü zkH;tkyfrxm;
aombkef;tmEkabmfukd xkwfazmfjyo&eftwGufvnf;aumif; 0dnmOf
awmfonf uREkfyfwkdYukdpGrf;aqmifay;ygonf/
ocifa,½Ionf BuD;rm;aomjcm;em;rIBuD;ukd vkyfaqmifcJhyg
onf/ tcef;i,f 17 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmf&Sd&mt&yfwGif vGwfjcif;csrf;om&Sdonf[k
ajymcJhonf/ þae&mü &Sifaygvkajymjyaeaom vGwfjcif;csrf;omrSm
tjypftwGufpdwfrvkHjcif;? jypfwifpD&ifjcif;? t&SufuGJtusKd;enf;jcif;?
tjypf\uRefjyKcH&jcif;? aojcif;? i&Jusjcif;wkdYrS vGwfNidrf;csrf;omjcif;
jzpfonf/ ocifa,½IjyKcJhaom trIawmftm;jzihf bk&m;ocif\0dnmOf
awmfuuREkfyfwkdY\pdwfESvkH;xJü 0ifa&muf&Sifoefaomtcg uREkfyfwkdYonf
bk&m;ocif\ w&m;pD&ifjcif;ESihf jypf'Pfcwfjcif;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufMu&
onf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ twdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wftjypfrsm;tay:ü xm;&Sd
aombk&m;ocif\ trsufawmfukd ocifa,½I\taoG;awmfu ajy
aysmufapcJhonf/ ,kHMunfolrsm;tjzpfESihf uREkfyfwkdYonfacgif;armhxm;
EkdifMuNyDjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYa&SUü rnfonfht&mukdrQ zkH;uG,fzdkYr&Sdawmhyg/
uREkfyfwkdY\tjypf&SdpdwftwGuf t&Suf&aejcif;ESihf arS;rSdefaeaombkef;
tmEkabmfwkdYrSm aysmufuG,foGm;MuNyDjzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 18 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wdkYonf zkH;uG,frxm;aom rsufESmrsm;jzihf ocifbk&m;\bkef;tmEk
abmfukd xif[yfjyoEkdifMuaMumif; today;jcif;jzihf ed*kH;csKyfcJhonf/
wjznf;jznf;arS;rSdefaysmufuG,faeaom arma&S\bkef;tmEkabmfuJh
okdYr[kwfbJ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf ocifa,½IESihf o@mefwljcif;
qDokdYykdíykdí jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;ukd cHMu&ygonf/ tjypfESihfraumif;rI
'kp½kdufwkdY ½IH;edrfhcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmfonf 4if;wdkY
\toufwmESihfpdwfESvkH;ukd ykdíykdíxdef;csKyfvmygonf/ 4if;wkdYonf
ukd,fawmf&SifESihf ykdíykdíeD;pyfvmMuonf/ þbkef;tmEkabmfonf
4if;wkdY\bkef;tmEkabmfr[kwfyg/ arma&S\rsufESmay:ü awmufycJh
aombkef;tmEkabmfonf wjznf;jznf;arS;rSdefvmaom bkef;tmEkabmf
jzpfcJhaomfvnf;? aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;BuHKawGcHpm;ae&aom bkef;
tmEkabmf[lrlum; 4if;wkdY\toufwmü wkd;vQuf&SdaecJhygonf/ ocif
a,½IjyKvkyfcJhaomtrIu þjcm;em;csufBuD;ukdzefwD;cJhygonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
ocifa,½Ionf oihftoufwmürnfonfhjcm;em;csufukd
jyKvkyfcJhoenf;/
ocifa,½Ionf uREkfyfwkdY\toufwmü uREkfyfwkdY\tjypf
w&m;ESihf t&Sufw&m;ukd rnfokdYvkyfaqmifoGm;cJhygoenf;/
ynwfw&m;tm;jzihf bk&m;ocifukd pdwfauseyfap&efrSm jzpfEkdif
zkH;tkyfrxm;aomrsufESmrsm;u bkef;awmfukdxif[yfjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif76
acs r&Sdjcif;ESihfpyfvsOf;í þusrf;csufrSuREkfyfwkdYrnfonfht&m
ukdoif,l&ygoenf;/ arma&S\ynwfw&m;onf rsufESmzkH;ESihf
rnfokdYwloenf;/ 4if;onfrnfonfht&mukd zkH;uG,fxm;oenf;/
ynwfw&m;ub,faomtcsdefurQ rvkyfEkdifaom ocifa,½I
vkyfaqmifcJhonfht&mrSmtb,fenf;/ ocifbk&m;onf
vGwfjcif;csrf;omukd rnfokdYaqmif,lvmcJhoenf;/
oifonftoufwmü tpOftNrJwkd;yGm;vQuf&Sdaom ocifc&pf
awmf\ bkef;tmEkabmftm;xkwfazmfjyojcif;ukd BuHKawGUcHpm;
ae&ygovm;/ xkdbkef;tmEkabmftm; toufwmü ykdíjynfh
jynfh00 rjyoEkdifatmifrnfonfht&mu qD;wm;xm;oenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
ocifc&pfwmfESihfykdío@mefwlvmatmif oihfukdzefwD;ay;&ef
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ vkyfaqmifrItay:ü oihf&JUpdwf
ESvkH;ukdykdí jynfh0pGmzGihf[xm;EkdifzkdY ulnDay;&efocifbk&m;ukd
awmif;avQmufyg/
tHhMozG,ftjypfvGwfjcif;ukd ay;cJhjcif;twGufvnf;aumif;
oifonf ocifbk&m;ynwfw&m;tm;jzihf jzpfwnfvmaom
tjypfw&m;ESihft&Sufw&m;? tjypfESihfaojcif;wkdYrS t<uif;rJh
vGwfajrmufcJhaomtjypftwGufvnf;aumif;? ocifbk&m;ukd
aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
rdrdwkdY\ukd,fwkdifBudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;jzihf bk&m;ocifudk pdwf
auseyfapzkdY BudK;pm;jcif;axmifacsmufü ausmhrdaeaomolrsm;
ukd oifodygovm;/ u,fwifawmfrljcif;trIonf bk&m;ocif
\tvkyfjzpfaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif;? olwkdYjzpfwnfaeonfh
twkdif;bk&m;ocifu olwkdYukdu,fwifvkdaMumif;ukdvnf;
aumif; olwkdYodjrifem;vnfEkdifzdkY qkawmif;ay;&ef tcsdef,lyg/
77zkH;tkyfrxm;aomrsufESmrsm;u bkef;awmfukdxif[yfjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif76
acs r&Sdjcif;ESihfpyfvsOf;í þusrf;csufrSuREkfyfwkdYrnfonfht&m
ukdoif,l&ygoenf;/ arma&S\ynwfw&m;onf rsufESmzkH;ESihf
rnfokdYwloenf;/ 4if;onfrnfonfht&mukd zkH;uG,fxm;oenf;/
ynwfw&m;ub,faomtcsdefurQ rvkyfEkdifaom ocifa,½I
vkyfaqmifcJhonfht&mrSmtb,fenf;/ ocifbk&m;onf
vGwfjcif;csrf;omukd rnfokdYaqmif,lvmcJhoenf;/
oifonftoufwmü tpOftNrJwkd;yGm;vQuf&Sdaom ocifc&pf
awmf\ bkef;tmEkabmftm;xkwfazmfjyojcif;ukd BuHKawGUcHpm;
ae&ygovm;/ xkdbkef;tmEkabmftm; toufwmü ykdíjynfh
jynfh00 rjyoEkdifatmifrnfonfht&mu qD;wm;xm;oenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
ocifc&pfwmfESihfykdío@mefwlvmatmif oihfukdzefwD;ay;&ef
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ vkyfaqmifrItay:ü oihf&JUpdwf
ESvkH;ukdykdí jynfh0pGmzGihf[xm;EkdifzkdY ulnDay;&efocifbk&m;ukd
awmif;avQmufyg/
tHhMozG,ftjypfvGwfjcif;ukd ay;cJhjcif;twGufvnf;aumif;
oifonf ocifbk&m;ynwfw&m;tm;jzihf jzpfwnfvmaom
tjypfw&m;ESihft&Sufw&m;? tjypfESihfaojcif;wkdYrS t<uif;rJh
vGwfajrmufcJhaomtjypftwGufvnf;aumif;? ocifbk&m;ukd
aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
rdrdwkdY\ukd,fwkdifBudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;jzihf bk&m;ocifudk pdwf
auseyfapzkdY BudK;pm;jcif;axmifacsmufü ausmhrdaeaomolrsm;
ukd oifodygovm;/ u,fwifawmfrljcif;trIonf bk&m;ocif
\tvkyfjzpfaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif;? olwkdYjzpfwnfaeonfh
twkdif;bk&m;ocifu olwkdYukdu,fwifvkdaMumif;ukdvnf;
aumif; olwkdYodjrifem;vnfEkdifzdkY qkawmif;ay;&ef tcsdef,lyg/
77zkH;tkyfrxm;aomrsufESmrsm;u bkef;awmfukdxif[yfjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
77
77
7
owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwfowif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwf
owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwfowif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwf
owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwf
2aum 4;1-7 ukdzwf½Iyg/
tcef;BuD; 3wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; 4if;
wkdYonf þavmu&Sd r,kHMunfolrsm;u zwf½IMuonfh csD;rGrf;aompm
rsm;jzpfMuonfonf[k jyefvnftoday;cJhonf/ xkdokdYjzihf r,kHMunf
olwkdYu aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;ü ocifa,½I\tusifhp½kdufESihf jzpfwnf
rIukdawGUjrifcJhMu&rnfjzpfonf/ olwkdYonf oGm;av&m&müocifc&pf
awmf\tarT;tBudKifjzpfcJhMuonf/ þonfrSm tHhzG,ftrIawmfjrwf
wpfyg;jzpfí þtcef;ü &Sifaygvku us,fus,fjyefYjyefYtao;pdwf
prf;ppfokH;oyfvkdaom t&mvnf;jzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 1wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdYonf þtHhzG,ftrIawmfjrwfukd bk&m;ocif\ u½kPmawmftm;
jzihf&&SdcJhMujcif;jzpfaMumif; today;cJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf þavmuü
bk&m;ocifukd ukd,fpm;jyK&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocifhtusihf
p½kdufvu©Pm\ tarT;tBudKifESihf rsufarSmufjyKjcif;jzpfMu&eftwGuf
vnf;aumif; tb,fhaMumifha&G;cs,fjcif;cHMu&rnfenf;/ þt&monf
uREkfyfwkdYb,faomtcgwGifrQ em;rvnfEkdifMurnfh vQKdU0SufeufeJaom
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
77
77
7
owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwfowif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwf
owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwfowif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwf
owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwf
2aum 4;1-7 ukdzwf½Iyg/
tcef;BuD; 3wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; 4if;
wkdYonf þavmu&Sd r,kHMunfolrsm;u zwf½IMuonfh csD;rGrf;aompm
rsm;jzpfMuonfonf[k jyefvnftoday;cJhonf/ xkdokdYjzihf r,kHMunf
olwkdYu aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;ü ocifa,½I\tusifhp½kdufESihf jzpfwnf
rIukdawGUjrifcJhMu&rnfjzpfonf/ olwkdYonf oGm;av&m&müocifc&pf
awmf\tarT;tBudKifjzpfcJhMuonf/ þonfrSm tHhzG,ftrIawmfjrwf
wpfyg;jzpfí þtcef;ü &Sifaygvku us,fus,fjyefYjyefYtao;pdwf
prf;ppfokH;oyfvkdaom t&mvnf;jzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 1wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdYonf þtHhzG,ftrIawmfjrwfukd bk&m;ocif\ u½kPmawmftm;
jzihf&&SdcJhMujcif;jzpfaMumif; today;cJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf þavmuü
bk&m;ocifukd ukd,fpm;jyK&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocifhtusihf
p½kdufvu©Pm\ tarT;tBudKifESihf rsufarSmufjyKjcif;jzpfMu&eftwGuf
vnf;aumif; tb,fhaMumifha&G;cs,fjcif;cHMu&rnfenf;/ þt&monf
uREkfyfwkdYb,faomtcgwGifrQ em;rvnfEkdifMurnfh vQKdU0SufeufeJaom
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif80 81
t&mjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf þtrIawmfjrwfESihf xkdufwefaomaMumifh
bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYukd a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;r[kwfyg/ uREkfyfwkdYbufrS
t&nftcsif;jynfhrDMuaomaMumihfvnf; a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;r[kwfyg/ olonf
uREkfyfwkdYukd cspfjrwfEkd;awmfrlNyD; uREkfyfwkdYtm;jzihf tvkyfvkyfvkdaom
aMumifhom a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf tm;enf;csnfheJYí
usKd;yJhaMuuGJvG,fonfh ajrtkd;rsm;jzpfMuonfh uREkfyfwkdYtm;jzihf rdrd\
tHhzG,fwefckd;awmfukd oufaojyvkdaomaMumihf uREkfyfwkdYukda&G;cs,fcJh
jcif;jzpfonf/ þurÇmBuD;ü þenf;vrf;jzihf bk&m;ocifEkdifiHawmftm;
csJUxGifjcif;ü uREkfyfwkdYukdtokH;jyK&jcif;rSm bk&m;ocif\BuD;jrwfvSaom
*½kPmawmfoufoufaMumifhomjzpfonf/
þae&mü uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfoabmaygufxm;zkdY ta&;BuD;onfh
tcsufrSm owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd a[majymjcif;trIawmftm;
bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkYdukday;tyfxm;onf[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ þ
tcsufaMumifh b,faomtcgwGifrQ pdwfysuftm;avsmhjcif;r&SdMuzkdY
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; ajymcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ owif;
aumif;w&m;awmf a[majymjcif;trIawmfwGif pdwfysuftm;avsmhjcif;ukd
awGUBuHKcHpm;&efrSm vG,fulvSonf/ vlwkdYuowif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd
tNrJwrf;vufcHMurnfr[kwfyg/ owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd a[majym
olwkdYrSm jiif;y,fjcif;ukd tNrJvkdvdkcHMu&onf/
uREkfyfwkdYonf 0dnmOfa&;wkdufyGJtv,fwGif &SdaeMuonf/ uREkfyf
wkdY\&efolonf þavmuDom;rsm;xHodkY uREkfyfwkdYaqmif,lvmaom
w&m;awmfukdvnf;aumif;? ukd,fawmfukdvnf;aumif; &GHrkef;aomaMumifh
uREkfyfwkdYukd zsufqD;zdkY&SmBuHaeonf/ þuJhokdYaomtcsdefrsm;wGif uREkfyfff
wkdYonf þavmuBuD;ukd zefqif;aomzefqif;&Sifurdrd\ wefqmyvm
rsm;tjzpf uREkfyfwkdYukda&G;cs,fcJhaMumif;ukd od&Sdxm;&efvkdtyfonf/ þ
avmuürdrd\oHwrefrsm;tjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cHxm;&onfh bkef;wefckd;
BuD;aom bk&m;ocif\tapcHrsm; jzpf&jcif;twGufuREkfyfwkdYtb,frQ
0rf;ajrmufMu&rnfenf;/ þtcsif;t&monf uREkfyfwkdYtm; tqkH;wkdif
wnfMunfzkdY&J&ifhjcif;owådukdtb,frQay;ae&rnfenf;/ uREkfyfwkdY\
pdwfqE´rSm bk&m;ocifukd auseyftm;&ap&efESihf emrawmfukdbkef;
xif&Sm;ap&efjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf bkef;wefckd;BuD;aom bk&m;ocif\
wefckd;tmPmüvnf;aumif;? aumif;BuD;r*Fvmatmufüvnf;aumif;
trIawmfaqmifaeMuygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf xkdbk&m;ocif\ bdodPf
ay;jcif;üvnf;aumif;? uG,fumapmifhrjcif;ESihfvkyfykdifcGihftmPmay;
jcif;üvnf;aumif; avQmufvSrf;&SifoefaeMuonf/ rnfonfht&myif
jzpfysufaeygap? uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\cspfjcif;ukd cH&aomolrsm;
jzpfMuí olonfuREkfyfwkdYukdapmifhrí cGeftm;opfrsm;oGef;avmif;ay;
ygvdrfhrnf/ olonfrdrd\vlwkdYukdarhavsmhrnfr[kwfaomaMumifh uREkfyf
wkdYrSm pdwfysuftm;avsmhjcif; tvsOf;r&SdMu&/
owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd uREkfyfwkdYa[majyma0iSMuonfESihf
trQ&Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYukdodapvkdaom 'kwd,ajrmuftcsufwpfcsuf
&Sdao;onf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\oHwrefrsm;jzpfMuaomaMumifh
qdwfuG,f&mt&yfüjyKaom &SufzG,ftrIrsm;ukd y,fMuzdkYtxl;*½kpkdufMu
&rnf (i,f 2)/ txl;ojzihf&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm;
owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif80 81
t&mjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf þtrIawmfjrwfESihf xkdufwefaomaMumifh
bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYukd a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;r[kwfyg/ uREkfyfwkdYbufrS
t&nftcsif;jynfhrDMuaomaMumihfvnf; a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;r[kwfyg/ olonf
uREkfyfwkdYukd cspfjrwfEkd;awmfrlNyD; uREkfyfwkdYtm;jzihf tvkyfvkyfvkdaom
aMumifhom a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf tm;enf;csnfheJYí
usKd;yJhaMuuGJvG,fonfh ajrtkd;rsm;jzpfMuonfh uREkfyfwkdYtm;jzihf rdrd\
tHhzG,fwefckd;awmfukd oufaojyvkdaomaMumihf uREkfyfwkdYukda&G;cs,fcJh
jcif;jzpfonf/ þurÇmBuD;ü þenf;vrf;jzihf bk&m;ocifEkdifiHawmftm;
csJUxGifjcif;ü uREkfyfwkdYukdtokH;jyK&jcif;rSm bk&m;ocif\BuD;jrwfvSaom
*½kPmawmfoufoufaMumifhomjzpfonf/
þae&mü uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfoabmaygufxm;zkdY ta&;BuD;onfh
tcsufrSm owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd a[majymjcif;trIawmftm;
bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkYdukday;tyfxm;onf[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ þ
tcsufaMumifh b,faomtcgwGifrQ pdwfysuftm;avsmhjcif;r&SdMuzkdY
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; ajymcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ owif;
aumif;w&m;awmf a[majymjcif;trIawmfwGif pdwfysuftm;avsmhjcif;ukd
awGUBuHKcHpm;&efrSm vG,fulvSonf/ vlwkdYuowif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd
tNrJwrf;vufcHMurnfr[kwfyg/ owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd a[majym
olwkdYrSm jiif;y,fjcif;ukd tNrJvkdvdkcHMu&onf/
uREkfyfwkdYonf 0dnmOfa&;wkdufyGJtv,fwGif &SdaeMuonf/ uREkfyf
wkdY\&efolonf þavmuDom;rsm;xHodkY uREkfyfwkdYaqmif,lvmaom
w&m;awmfukdvnf;aumif;? ukd,fawmfukdvnf;aumif; &GHrkef;aomaMumifh
uREkfyfwkdYukd zsufqD;zdkY&SmBuHaeonf/ þuJhokdYaomtcsdefrsm;wGif uREkfyfff
wkdYonf þavmuBuD;ukd zefqif;aomzefqif;&Sifurdrd\ wefqmyvm
rsm;tjzpf uREkfyfwkdYukda&G;cs,fcJhaMumif;ukd od&Sdxm;&efvkdtyfonf/ þ
avmuürdrd\oHwrefrsm;tjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cHxm;&onfh bkef;wefckd;
BuD;aom bk&m;ocif\tapcHrsm; jzpf&jcif;twGufuREkfyfwkdYtb,frQ
0rf;ajrmufMu&rnfenf;/ þtcsif;t&monf uREkfyfwkdYtm; tqkH;wkdif
wnfMunfzkdY&J&ifhjcif;owådukdtb,frQay;ae&rnfenf;/ uREkfyfwkdY\
pdwfqE´rSm bk&m;ocifukd auseyftm;&ap&efESihf emrawmfukdbkef;
xif&Sm;ap&efjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf bkef;wefckd;BuD;aom bk&m;ocif\
wefckd;tmPmüvnf;aumif;? aumif;BuD;r*Fvmatmufüvnf;aumif;
trIawmfaqmifaeMuygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf xkdbk&m;ocif\ bdodPf
ay;jcif;üvnf;aumif;? uG,fumapmifhrjcif;ESihfvkyfykdifcGihftmPmay;
jcif;üvnf;aumif; avQmufvSrf;&SifoefaeMuonf/ rnfonfht&myif
jzpfysufaeygap? uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\cspfjcif;ukd cH&aomolrsm;
jzpfMuí olonfuREkfyfwkdYukdapmifhrí cGeftm;opfrsm;oGef;avmif;ay;
ygvdrfhrnf/ olonfrdrd\vlwkdYukdarhavsmhrnfr[kwfaomaMumifh uREkfyf
wkdYrSm pdwfysuftm;avsmhjcif; tvsOf;r&SdMu&/
owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd uREkfyfwkdYa[majyma0iSMuonfESihf
trQ&Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYukdodapvkdaom 'kwd,ajrmuftcsufwpfcsuf
&Sdao;onf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\oHwrefrsm;jzpfMuaomaMumifh
qdwfuG,f&mt&yfüjyKaom &SufzG,ftrIrsm;ukd y,fMuzdkYtxl;*½kpkdufMu
&rnf (i,f 2)/ txl;ojzihf&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm;
owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif82 83
trIawmfukdaqmif&mü vdrfnmvSnfhjzm;jcif;ukd tokH;rjyKMuzdkY (okdY) bk&m;
ocif\EIwfuywfawmfukd xdrf0SufarSmufvSefjcif;rjyKvkyfMuzkdY pdefac:
wkdufwGef;cJhonf/ þtaMumif;t&mukd tao;pdwfavhvmokH;oyfMunfh
MupkdY/
bk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmftm; csJUxGifwkd;wufapvkdaom uREkfyfwkdY
\pdwftm;xufoefrIwGif ajrmufjrm;pGmaom vlrsm;ocifc&pfawmfxHokdY
a&muf&SdvmMuonfukd jrifawGUvkdaom pdwfxm;rsKd;ukd&SdMu&efrSm
uREkfyfwkdYtwGuftvGefvG,fulygonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ pdwftm;xufoefrI
aMumifh uREkfyfwkdYonf wpfcgwpf&HwGif avmuDenf;y&d,m,frsm;ukd &,l
tokH;jyKwwfMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif olwpfyg;twGufpdwftaESmuf
t,Sufjzpfaprnfukd pkd;&drfaMumuf&GHUaomaMumihf uREkfyfwkdYonf trSef
w&m;tcsKdUukd xdrf0SufwwfMuonf/ tcsKdUaomtjypf'kp½kdufrsm;
taMumif;a[majymjcif;ukd a&SmifMuOfMuonf/ cufcJ½kef;uef&jcif;ESihf
uif;vGwfaomtoufwm? csrf;om<u,f0jcif;ESihfom jynfhvQHaeaom
toufwmtaMumif;ukdom uREkfyfwkdYa[majymvQif or®musrf;pmonf
owif;aumif;w&m;awmfaMumihf n§if;yef;ESdyfpufcH&aom ,kHMunfol
rsm;\ ykHom"ursm;ESihf jynfhaeonfhtjzpfukd uREkfyfwkdYvspfvsL½I&ma&muf
ygonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; vlwpftkyfukdqGJaqmif
zdkYowif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd arSmufvSefjcif;rjyKvkyfMuzdkY pdefac:cJh
onf/ xkdtpm;4if;wkdYonf bk&m;ocif\or®mw&m;tjynfhtpkHukd
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; cif;usif;a[majymMu&rnfjzpfonf/
aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm; owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd rnfokdY
a[majyma0iS&rnfhtaMumif; &Sifaygvkukd,fwkdifu 4if;wkdY\a&SUwGif
ykHOyrmwpfck wnfaqmufcJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\a[majymrIonf ½kd;&Sif;í
em;vnf&vG,fonf/ &Sifaygvkonf aemufvkduftaygif;tygwpfpkukd
qGJaqmifzdkY owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd arSmufvSefjcif;rjyKvkyfcJhyg/
bk&m;ocifu &Sifaygvk\omoemvkyfief;ukd tHhzG,fenf;vrf;rsm;jzihf
aumif;BuD;ay;cJhonf/ þomoemvkyfief;wGif tcuftcJrsm;? ½kef;uef
&jcif;rsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; &Sifaygvkonfbk&m;ocif\ a&SUawmfwGifMunf
vifaomMowyÜpdwf&Sdonf/ olonfor®mw&m;ukd wdusrSefuefpGmwifjy
a[majymcJhonf/ olonfowif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd a&ra&mbJ?
bk&m;ocifu olYukday;tyfxm;onfhtwkdif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ESihf
rIef;jc,frIrygbJ ½kd;½kd;av;a[majymcJhonf/ olonfowif;aumif;
w&m;awmfukda[majymaomoltm;vkH;tm; or®mw&m;awmfukd tvm;
wltwkdif; a[majymMuzdkY pdefac:cJhonf/
&Sif;vif;jywfom;rI&Sdaomor®mw&m;ukd vlwkdif;uem;vnf
oabmaygufMurnfawmhr[kwfyg/ rdrdwkdY\tjypf'kp½kdufü aysmufqkH;
aeaomolrsm;twGuf or®mw&m;rSm zkH;uG,fvQuf&Sdaeonf (i,f 3)/
r,kHMunfolwkdYonf or®mw&m;ukdrjrifawGUEkdifrnfhtaMumif; pmwef
onfolwkdY\pdwfukd tvif;uG,fapcJhonf/ r,kHMunfolwkdYonf ocif
c&pfawmf\tvif;ESihf bkef;awmfukdrjrifEkdifMuyg/ olwkdYonfocifc&pf
awmfvkyfaqmifoGm;onfht&mukd em;rvnfEkdifMuyg/ owif;aumif;
w&m;awmfukd uREkfyfwkdYa[majymMuonfESihftrQ uREkfyfwkdYonfpmwefukd
qefYusifwkdufckdufMuygvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfwkdYtm;jzihftHhzG,fedrdwfrsm;ukd
jyKvkyfzkdY bk&m;ocifukd uREkfyfwkdYawmif;avQmufaeMuygrnf/ 0dnmOfa&;
owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif82 83
trIawmfukdaqmif&mü vdrfnmvSnfhjzm;jcif;ukd tokH;rjyKMuzdkY (okdY) bk&m;
ocif\EIwfuywfawmfukd xdrf0SufarSmufvSefjcif;rjyKvkyfMuzkdY pdefac:
wkdufwGef;cJhonf/ þtaMumif;t&mukd tao;pdwfavhvmokH;oyfMunfh
MupkdY/
bk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmftm; csJUxGifwkd;wufapvkdaom uREkfyfwkdY
\pdwftm;xufoefrIwGif ajrmufjrm;pGmaom vlrsm;ocifc&pfawmfxHokdY
a&muf&SdvmMuonfukd jrifawGUvkdaom pdwfxm;rsKd;ukd&SdMu&efrSm
uREkfyfwkdYtwGuftvGefvG,fulygonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ pdwftm;xufoefrI
aMumifh uREkfyfwkdYonf wpfcgwpf&HwGif avmuDenf;y&d,m,frsm;ukd &,l
tokH;jyKwwfMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif olwpfyg;twGufpdwftaESmuf
t,Sufjzpfaprnfukd pkd;&drfaMumuf&GHUaomaMumihf uREkfyfwkdYonf trSef
w&m;tcsKdUukd xdrf0SufwwfMuonf/ tcsKdUaomtjypf'kp½kdufrsm;
taMumif;a[majymjcif;ukd a&SmifMuOfMuonf/ cufcJ½kef;uef&jcif;ESihf
uif;vGwfaomtoufwm? csrf;om<u,f0jcif;ESihfom jynfhvQHaeaom
toufwmtaMumif;ukdom uREkfyfwkdYa[majymvQif or®musrf;pmonf
owif;aumif;w&m;awmfaMumihf n§if;yef;ESdyfpufcH&aom ,kHMunfol
rsm;\ ykHom"ursm;ESihf jynfhaeonfhtjzpfukd uREkfyfwkdYvspfvsL½I&ma&muf
ygonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; vlwpftkyfukdqGJaqmif
zdkYowif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd arSmufvSefjcif;rjyKvkyfMuzdkY pdefac:cJh
onf/ xkdtpm;4if;wkdYonf bk&m;ocif\or®mw&m;tjynfhtpkHukd
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; cif;usif;a[majymMu&rnfjzpfonf/
aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm; owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd rnfokdY
a[majyma0iS&rnfhtaMumif; &Sifaygvkukd,fwkdifu 4if;wkdY\a&SUwGif
ykHOyrmwpfck wnfaqmufcJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\a[majymrIonf ½kd;&Sif;í
em;vnf&vG,fonf/ &Sifaygvkonf aemufvkduftaygif;tygwpfpkukd
qGJaqmifzdkY owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd arSmufvSefjcif;rjyKvkyfcJhyg/
bk&m;ocifu &Sifaygvk\omoemvkyfief;ukd tHhzG,fenf;vrf;rsm;jzihf
aumif;BuD;ay;cJhonf/ þomoemvkyfief;wGif tcuftcJrsm;? ½kef;uef
&jcif;rsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; &Sifaygvkonfbk&m;ocif\ a&SUawmfwGifMunf
vifaomMowyÜpdwf&Sdonf/ olonfor®mw&m;ukd wdusrSefuefpGmwifjy
a[majymcJhonf/ olonfowif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd a&ra&mbJ?
bk&m;ocifu olYukday;tyfxm;onfhtwkdif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ESihf
rIef;jc,frIrygbJ ½kd;½kd;av;a[majymcJhonf/ olonfowif;aumif;
w&m;awmfukda[majymaomoltm;vkH;tm; or®mw&m;awmfukd tvm;
wltwkdif; a[majymMuzdkY pdefac:cJhonf/
&Sif;vif;jywfom;rI&Sdaomor®mw&m;ukd vlwkdif;uem;vnf
oabmaygufMurnfawmhr[kwfyg/ rdrdwkdY\tjypf'kp½kdufü aysmufqkH;
aeaomolrsm;twGuf or®mw&m;rSm zkH;uG,fvQuf&Sdaeonf (i,f 3)/
r,kHMunfolwkdYonf or®mw&m;ukdrjrifawGUEkdifrnfhtaMumif; pmwef
onfolwkdY\pdwfukd tvif;uG,fapcJhonf/ r,kHMunfolwkdYonf ocif
c&pfawmf\tvif;ESihf bkef;awmfukdrjrifEkdifMuyg/ olwkdYonfocifc&pf
awmfvkyfaqmifoGm;onfht&mukd em;rvnfEkdifMuyg/ owif;aumif;
w&m;awmfukd uREkfyfwkdYa[majymMuonfESihftrQ uREkfyfwkdYonfpmwefukd
qefYusifwkdufckdufMuygvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfwkdYtm;jzihftHhzG,fedrdwfrsm;ukd
jyKvkyfzkdY bk&m;ocifukd uREkfyfwkdYawmif;avQmufaeMuygrnf/ 0dnmOfa&;
owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif84 85
r[m&efolwpfyg;aMumifh tvif;uG,faeaomolrsm;\ rsufpdukdzGihf[
ay;zkdY bk&m;ocifukd uREkfyfwkdYawmif;avQmufaeMuygrnf/ or®mw&m;
ukdrjrifzl;cJhaomolrsm;ukd tvif;ay;zkdY bk&m;ocifukduREkfyfwkdYawmif;
avQmufaeMuygrnf/ trSefqkd&vQif þtrIawmfjrwfü bk&m;ocifu
om uREkfyfwkdYukdapvTwfí jyKjyifrGrf;rHray;cJhvQif bk&m;ocif\
EkdifiHawmftm; þurÇmajrBuD;ü csJUxGifjcif;trIrSm rjzpfEkdifaom trI
awmfwpfyg;om jzpfcJhygvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifu owif;aumif;w&m;
awmfukd Mum;emaomolrsm;tm; 0dnmOftvif;ESihf em;vnfoabmayguf
jcif;ukd tHhMoavmufpGmay;jcif;jzifh uREkfyfwkdYüvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdY
tm;jzihfvnf;aumif; tvkyfvkyfaeaomaMumifhomvQif uREkfyfwkdYrSm
toD;jzpfxGef;ae&jcif;jzpfonf/
vlYenf;y&d,m,ftokH;jyKjcif;onf bk&m;ocifrSuREkfyfwkdYtm;
qifhac:ívkyfapvkdaomtrIawmfukd rSm;,Gif;pGmem;vnfoabmayguf
jcif;omjzpfonf/ ESvkH;rmausmaeaom tjypfom;rsm;xHü owif;
aumif;w&m;awmftm; a[majymjcif;trIawmfonf bk&m;ocifh0dnmOf
awmf\ vIyf&Sm;vkyfaqmifrIukd vkdtyfaomtrIawmfjzpfonf/ bk&m;
ocifh0dnmOfawmf\ tHhzG,fvIyf&Sm;vkyfaqmifrIuomvQif vlYpdwfESvkH;ukd
ajymif;vJapEkdifonf/ þtwGufaMumifh? &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunf
olrsm;tm; or®mw&m;ukd 4if;wkdYa[majymjcif;ü bk&m;ocif\0dnmOf
awmftm; 4if;wkdYrSDckdtm;xm;jcif;wGif NrJNrHMu&efpdefac:cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 5wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm;
owif;aumif;w&m;awmf a[majymjcif;trIü pdwfwGif&nfrSwfxm;&
rnfhtjcm;pnf;rsOf;Oya'owpfckukd ay;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku4if;wkdYtm;
twåBuD;pGmjzihf ukd,fhtaMumif;ukdra[mbJ? a,½Ic&pfonfocifjzpf
aMumif;ukd a[majymMuzkdY jyefvnftoday;cJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ ukd,fykdif
vkyfcsifpdwfrsm;aMumifh w&m;a'oemukd a[majym&efrSm tvGefvG,ful
ygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtBudrfajrmufjrm;pGm y&dowfa&SUü&yfí 4if;wkdY\
txifBuD;av;pm;jcif;ukd arQmfukd;cJhonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf
uREkfyfwkdYtoif;awmf\ t&G,ftpm;ESihfywf0ef;usifü toif;awmf\
xifay:ausmfMum;rIukdom a&S;½IaecJhMuaomaMumihf ocifc&pfawmfukd
rsufajcjywfoGm;cJhMu&onf/ owif;aumif;w&m;a[majymjcif;trI
awmfonf uREkfyfwkdYtaMumif;a[majymjcif;r[kwfyg/ owif;aumif;
w&m;a[majymjcif;trIawmfonf vlwkdYukdocifc&pfawmftm; pl;pkduf
apjcif;jzpfonf/
vlwkdYuoihfukdom tm½kHxm;pl;pkdufaeMuvQif oifonfukd,fhukd
ukd,fab;z,fí olwkdYukdocifa,½IxHokdY ñTefjyay;zdkYvkdtyfonf/ vlwkdY
onf oifwkdY\toif;awmfrS oif;tkyfaMumifhvnf;aumif;? toif;awmf
\tpDtpOfrsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif; toif;awmfokdY a&mufvmMuvQif
oifwkYdonf rnfonfhenf;ESihfrqkd olwkYdukd ukd,fawmfhtay:ü jyefvnfpl;
pkdufap&ygrnf/ owif;aumifw&m;a[majymjcif;trIawmfonf 0wfjyK
ukd;uG,fjcif;enf;[eftaMumif;r[kwf (okdY) azmfa&Gaomvlrsm;taMumif;
r[kwfyg/ ocifc&pfawmftaMumif;jzpfonf/ þt&mrsm;tm;vkH;onf
tjcm;olrsm;tm; ocifc&pfawmfukdñTefjyay;zdkY tokH;awmfcHrnfh
wefqmyvmoufoufomjzpfMuonf/
vlwkYdu ocifc&pfawmfukdawGUjrifMu&rnf/ ocifc&pfawmf\
tvif;onf uREkfyfwkdYüvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdYtm;jzihfvnf;aumif;
owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif84 85
r[m&efolwpfyg;aMumifh tvif;uG,faeaomolrsm;\ rsufpdukdzGihf[
ay;zkdY bk&m;ocifukd uREkfyfwkdYawmif;avQmufaeMuygrnf/ or®mw&m;
ukdrjrifzl;cJhaomolrsm;ukd tvif;ay;zkdY bk&m;ocifukduREkfyfwkdYawmif;
avQmufaeMuygrnf/ trSefqkd&vQif þtrIawmfjrwfü bk&m;ocifu
om uREkfyfwkdYukdapvTwfí jyKjyifrGrf;rHray;cJhvQif bk&m;ocif\
EkdifiHawmftm; þurÇmajrBuD;ü csJUxGifjcif;trIrSm rjzpfEkdifaom trI
awmfwpfyg;om jzpfcJhygvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifu owif;aumif;w&m;
awmfukd Mum;emaomolrsm;tm; 0dnmOftvif;ESihf em;vnfoabmayguf
jcif;ukd tHhMoavmufpGmay;jcif;jzifh uREkfyfwkdYüvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdY
tm;jzihfvnf;aumif; tvkyfvkyfaeaomaMumifhomvQif uREkfyfwkdYrSm
toD;jzpfxGef;ae&jcif;jzpfonf/
vlYenf;y&d,m,ftokH;jyKjcif;onf bk&m;ocifrSuREkfyfwkdYtm;
qifhac:ívkyfapvkdaomtrIawmfukd rSm;,Gif;pGmem;vnfoabmayguf
jcif;omjzpfonf/ ESvkH;rmausmaeaom tjypfom;rsm;xHü owif;
aumif;w&m;awmftm; a[majymjcif;trIawmfonf bk&m;ocifh0dnmOf
awmf\ vIyf&Sm;vkyfaqmifrIukd vkdtyfaomtrIawmfjzpfonf/ bk&m;
ocifh0dnmOfawmf\ tHhzG,fvIyf&Sm;vkyfaqmifrIuomvQif vlYpdwfESvkH;ukd
ajymif;vJapEkdifonf/ þtwGufaMumifh? &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunf
olrsm;tm; or®mw&m;ukd 4if;wkdYa[majymjcif;ü bk&m;ocif\0dnmOf
awmftm; 4if;wkdYrSDckdtm;xm;jcif;wGif NrJNrHMu&efpdefac:cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 5wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm;
owif;aumif;w&m;awmf a[majymjcif;trIü pdwfwGif&nfrSwfxm;&
rnfhtjcm;pnf;rsOf;Oya'owpfckukd ay;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku4if;wkdYtm;
twåBuD;pGmjzihf ukd,fhtaMumif;ukdra[mbJ? a,½Ic&pfonfocifjzpf
aMumif;ukd a[majymMuzkdY jyefvnftoday;cJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ ukd,fykdif
vkyfcsifpdwfrsm;aMumifh w&m;a'oemukd a[majym&efrSm tvGefvG,ful
ygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtBudrfajrmufjrm;pGm y&dowfa&SUü&yfí 4if;wkdY\
txifBuD;av;pm;jcif;ukd arQmfukd;cJhonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf
uREkfyfwkdYtoif;awmf\ t&G,ftpm;ESihfywf0ef;usifü toif;awmf\
xifay:ausmfMum;rIukdom a&S;½IaecJhMuaomaMumihf ocifc&pfawmfukd
rsufajcjywfoGm;cJhMu&onf/ owif;aumif;w&m;a[majymjcif;trI
awmfonf uREkfyfwkdYtaMumif;a[majymjcif;r[kwfyg/ owif;aumif;
w&m;a[majymjcif;trIawmfonf vlwkdYukdocifc&pfawmftm; pl;pkduf
apjcif;jzpfonf/
vlwkdYuoihfukdom tm½kHxm;pl;pkdufaeMuvQif oifonfukd,fhukd
ukd,fab;z,fí olwkdYukdocifa,½IxHokdY ñTefjyay;zdkYvkdtyfonf/ vlwkdY
onf oifwkdY\toif;awmfrS oif;tkyfaMumifhvnf;aumif;? toif;awmf
\tpDtpOfrsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif; toif;awmfokdY a&mufvmMuvQif
oifwkYdonf rnfonfhenf;ESihfrqkd olwkYdukd ukd,fawmfhtay:ü jyefvnfpl;
pkdufap&ygrnf/ owif;aumifw&m;a[majymjcif;trIawmfonf 0wfjyK
ukd;uG,fjcif;enf;[eftaMumif;r[kwf (okdY) azmfa&Gaomvlrsm;taMumif;
r[kwfyg/ ocifc&pfawmftaMumif;jzpfonf/ þt&mrsm;tm;vkH;onf
tjcm;olrsm;tm; ocifc&pfawmfukdñTefjyay;zdkY tokH;awmfcHrnfh
wefqmyvmoufoufomjzpfMuonf/
vlwkYdu ocifc&pfawmfukdawGUjrifMu&rnf/ ocifc&pfawmf\
tvif;onf uREkfyfwkdYüvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdYtm;jzihfvnf;aumif;
owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif86
þavmuü vif;xdefae&ayrnf (i,f 6)/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\
tvif;ukd uREkfyfüxnfhay;xm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ pdwfESvkH;übk&m;ocif
\wefckd;awmfudef;0yfvQuf&Sdonf/ &Sifaygvk\tqkdt& uREkfyfwkdYrSm
ajrtkd;oufoufomjzpfaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYtxJü
udef;0yfzdkYa&G;cs,fcJhonf/ bk&m;ocifu rdrd\wefcdk;awmfukd uREkfyfwkdYrS
wqifhjyovkdonf/ þavmuqDokdY bk&m;ocif\tvif;awmfESihf wefckd;
awmfukd o,faqmifaeaom wefqmyvmrsm;jzpf&onfrSm tb,frQ
*kPf,lzG,fjzpfoenf;/
uREkfyfwkdY\toufwmonf bk&m;ocif\tvif;awmfESihf
wefcdk;awmfukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;oufaojyaeygonf[k uREkfyfwkdYajym
Ekdifygovm;/ þonfrSmuREkfyfwkdY\ toufwmrsm;tm; bk&m;ocifu
jyKvkyfapvkdaomt&mjzpfaMumif; &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYukdajymjyxm;
onf/ vlwkdYu uREkfyfwdkukdMunfhaomtcg ocifc&pfawmftm; awGUjrif
onfhtjzpfukd bk&m;ociftvkd&Sdonf/ ppfaMumjcif;rsm;ü uREkfyfwkdY
ukd,fusihfw&m;aumif;rGefpGmjzifh atmifatmifjrifjrif&SifoefEkdif&jcif;
rSm uREkfyfwkdYtxJü&Sdaeaom bk&m;ocif\wefckd;awmfaMumifh jzpf
aMumif;ukd vlwkdYtm;bk&m;ocifu odapvkdonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf uREkfyf
wkdY\vIyf&Sm;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;jzihf bk&m;ociftaMumif;ukd a[majymae
Muygonf/ þtcsif;t&mukd vlwkdYtm;uREkfyfwkdYukdpl;pkduftm½kHjyKjcif;rS
z,fcGmí ocifc&pfawmftay:ü 4if;wkdYukdpl;pkduftm½kHjyKapjcif;jzihf
vkyfaqmifMuygonf/
bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYtm; owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\ bkef;
awmftwGuf vkyfaqmifaomtrIawmfaqmifrsm;twGufqifhac:xm;yg
onf/ bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYukdrdrd\rsufESmzkH;tkyfrxm;aom tapcH
rsm;tjzpf qifhac:xm;aomaMumifh uREkfyfwkdYrSm &J&ifhjcif;owådESihftwl
trIawmfaqmifMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtm; ay;tyfxm;aom w&m;awmfukd
&Sif;&Sif; vif;vif;rSefrSefuefuefwifjya[majymMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdY
\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukdjznfhqnf;zkdY owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd xdrf0Suf
arSmufvSefjcif;rvkyfMuyg/ vlYenf;y&d,m,frsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;jzifh
trIawmfukduREkfyfwdkYwefzkd;rusqif;apMuyg/ uREkfyfwkdYonf 0dnmOfawmf
tm;jzihf ocifc&pfawmfukd tpGrf;xufxufwifjya[majymMuonf/
vlwkdYuuREkfyfwkdYukd vnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdY\toif;awmfukdvnf;aumif;
csD;rGrf;*kPfjyKMuonfukd uREkfyfwkdYrvkdcsifyg/ ocifa,½IukdolwkdY
*kPfjyKav;pm;Muonfukdom uREkfyfwkdYvkdcsifonf/ þtrIawmfukd
uREkfyfwkdYjzpfajrmufatmif vkyfaqmifEkdifzdkY bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYtm;
rdrd\oefYS&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfESihfjynfhapcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf
xkd0dnmOfawmf\twkdif;qrJhí oefY&Sif;aomwefckd;awmftm;jzihf
trIawmfaqmifaeMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\trIawmfonf 0dnmOfa&;
ESihfqkdifaomtrIawmfjzpfNyD;? 4if;onfbk&m;ocifu vkyfykdifcGihfay;í
aumif;BuD;ay;xm;aom trIawmfjzpfaomaMumihf atmifjrifaejcif;jzpf
ygonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
bk&m;ocifu oifhukdqifhac:í vkyfaqmifapcJhaom trIawmf
üpdwfysuftm;avsmhcJhzl;ygovm;/ þusrf;csufürnfonfh cGef
tm;ay;wkdufwGef;csufukd awGUjrifygoenf;/
trIawmfjrwfü vlwkdYuuREkfyfwkdYukd pl;pkduftm½kHjyKvmatmif
owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwf 87
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif86
þavmuü vif;xdefae&ayrnf (i,f 6)/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\
tvif;ukd uREkfyfüxnfhay;xm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ pdwfESvkH;übk&m;ocif
\wefckd;awmfudef;0yfvQuf&Sdonf/ &Sifaygvk\tqkdt& uREkfyfwkdYrSm
ajrtkd;oufoufomjzpfaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYtxJü
udef;0yfzdkYa&G;cs,fcJhonf/ bk&m;ocifu rdrd\wefcdk;awmfukd uREkfyfwkdYrS
wqifhjyovkdonf/ þavmuqDokdY bk&m;ocif\tvif;awmfESihf wefckd;
awmfukd o,faqmifaeaom wefqmyvmrsm;jzpf&onfrSm tb,frQ
*kPf,lzG,fjzpfoenf;/
uREkfyfwkdY\toufwmonf bk&m;ocif\tvif;awmfESihf
wefcdk;awmfukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;oufaojyaeygonf[k uREkfyfwkdYajym
Ekdifygovm;/ þonfrSmuREkfyfwkdY\ toufwmrsm;tm; bk&m;ocifu
jyKvkyfapvkdaomt&mjzpfaMumif; &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYukdajymjyxm;
onf/ vlwkdYu uREkfyfwdkukdMunfhaomtcg ocifc&pfawmftm; awGUjrif
onfhtjzpfukd bk&m;ociftvkd&Sdonf/ ppfaMumjcif;rsm;ü uREkfyfwkdY
ukd,fusihfw&m;aumif;rGefpGmjzifh atmifatmifjrifjrif&SifoefEkdif&jcif;
rSm uREkfyfwkdYtxJü&Sdaeaom bk&m;ocif\wefckd;awmfaMumifh jzpf
aMumif;ukd vlwkdYtm;bk&m;ocifu odapvkdonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf uREkfyf
wkdY\vIyf&Sm;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;jzihf bk&m;ociftaMumif;ukd a[majymae
Muygonf/ þtcsif;t&mukd vlwkdYtm;uREkfyfwkdYukdpl;pkduftm½kHjyKjcif;rS
z,fcGmí ocifc&pfawmftay:ü 4if;wkdYukdpl;pkduftm½kHjyKapjcif;jzihf
vkyfaqmifMuygonf/
bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYtm; owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\ bkef;
awmftwGuf vkyfaqmifaomtrIawmfaqmifrsm;twGufqifhac:xm;yg
onf/ bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYukdrdrd\rsufESmzkH;tkyfrxm;aom tapcH
rsm;tjzpf qifhac:xm;aomaMumifh uREkfyfwkdYrSm &J&ifhjcif;owådESihftwl
trIawmfaqmifMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtm; ay;tyfxm;aom w&m;awmfukd
&Sif;&Sif; vif;vif;rSefrSefuefuefwifjya[majymMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdY
\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukdjznfhqnf;zkdY owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd xdrf0Suf
arSmufvSefjcif;rvkyfMuyg/ vlYenf;y&d,m,frsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;jzifh
trIawmfukduREkfyfwdkYwefzkd;rusqif;apMuyg/ uREkfyfwkdYonf 0dnmOfawmf
tm;jzihf ocifc&pfawmfukd tpGrf;xufxufwifjya[majymMuonf/
vlwkdYuuREkfyfwkdYukd vnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdY\toif;awmfukdvnf;aumif;
csD;rGrf;*kPfjyKMuonfukd uREkfyfwkdYrvkdcsifyg/ ocifa,½IukdolwkdY
*kPfjyKav;pm;Muonfukdom uREkfyfwkdYvkdcsifonf/ þtrIawmfukd
uREkfyfwkdYjzpfajrmufatmif vkyfaqmifEkdifzdkY bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYtm;
rdrd\oefYS&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfESihfjynfhapcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf
xkd0dnmOfawmf\twkdif;qrJhí oefY&Sif;aomwefckd;awmftm;jzihf
trIawmfaqmifaeMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\trIawmfonf 0dnmOfa&;
ESihfqkdifaomtrIawmfjzpfNyD;? 4if;onfbk&m;ocifu vkyfykdifcGihfay;í
aumif;BuD;ay;xm;aom trIawmfjzpfaomaMumihf atmifjrifaejcif;jzpf
ygonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
bk&m;ocifu oifhukdqifhac:í vkyfaqmifapcJhaom trIawmf
üpdwfysuftm;avsmhcJhzl;ygovm;/ þusrf;csufürnfonfh cGef
tm;ay;wkdufwGef;csufukd awGUjrifygoenf;/
trIawmfjrwfü vlwkdYuuREkfyfwkdYukd pl;pkduftm½kHjyKvmatmif
owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\trIawmfjrwf 87
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif88
vkyfaqmifjcif; pkHprf;aESmuf,Sufjcif;onf tb,frQBuD;ygo
enf;/ þtaMumif;t&mESihf pyfvsOf;í rnfonfhpkHprf; aESmuf
,Sufjcif;rsKd;ukd oif&ifqkdifae&ygoenf;/
bk&m;ocif\ wefcdk;awmfonf oihftoufwmürnfonfh
twkdif;twmtxd xif&Sm;oenf;/ bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmf
onfoihftxJüvnf;aumif;? oifhtm;jzihfvnf;aumif; tvkyf
vkyfaeaMumif;ukd jyoay;onfhvu©Pmrsm;rSm tb,fenf;/
avmuDenf;vrf;rsm;? tpDtpOfrsm;tm;jzihf owif;aumif;
w&m;awmftm; a[majymjcif;trIawmfukd wefzkd;usqif;ap&ef
rSmjzpfEkdifygovm;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd a[majym&efbk&m;ocifa&G;cs,f
xm;aomwefqmyvmjzpf&jcif; tHhzG,ftcGihfta&;twGuf
ocifbk&m;ukd aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
trIawmfjrwfü oifhukdoifpl;pkdufívlwkdY\tm½kHpl;pkdufrIukd
oifhtay:üom&SdzkdY vkyfaqmifcJhonfhtcsdefrsm;twGuf cGihfvGwf
ay;zkdYocifbk&m;ukd awmif;avQmufyg/
oihftoufwmü oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\tHhzG,fvkyfaqmif
rIqDokdY oifh&JUpdwfESvkH;ukdykdíykdízGihf[ay;zdkYocifbk&m;ukd
awmif;avQmufyg/ oifhtxJüocifc&pfawmfrsufarSmufjyKjcif;
tm;oufaojyEkdifaom tHhzG,foufaowpfyg;jzpfvmzkdY pGrf;
aqmifay;&ef awmif;avQmufyg/
88
88
8
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&mufjyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&mufjyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf
2aum 4;8-18 ukdzwf½Iyg/
c&pf,meftoufwmü b,faomtcgwGifrQ qif;&Jjcif;'ku©
ukduREkfyfwkdYBuHKawGUcHpm;p&mrvkd[k oGefoifay;aomolrsm;&Sdonf/ ocif
a,½Iukd uRekfyfwkdU,kHMunfvufcHaomtcg t&mtm;vkH;tpOfajyoGm;
ygvdrfhrnf[laom owif;aumif;w&m;wpfrsKd;ukd a[majymMuonf/
vufawGUwGifrl tNrJwrf;qefYusifbuft&mom BuHKawGU&onf/ uREkfyf
wkdY\ ,kHMunfcsufaMumifh tNrJvkdvkdzdESdyfcH&í jypfwifa0zefcH&onf/
tcsKdUaomolrsm;rSmjzihf ukd,fawmf&SifESihf owif;aumif;w&m;awmf
twGuf rdrdwkdY\toufrsm;ukdyif paw;cJhMu&onf/ c&pf,meftouf
wmonf vG,fulacsmarmaomtoufwmr[kwfyg/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrd\
&efolrsm;vufü tBuD;tus,femusifjcif;'ku©ukd BuHKawGUcJh&onf/
&Sifaygvku þusrf;csufrStaMumif;t&if;rsm;ukd rdrd\tawGUtBuHKrS
a0iSajymqkdxm;onf/
&efvkdaeaomavmuü owif;aumif;w&m;a[majymjcif;
trIESihftNrJvkdvkd'GefwGJvmwwfaom cufcJyifyef;jcif;rsm;\ ykHom"u
tjzpf rdrd\toufwmESihftrIawmfaqmifjcif;ukd &SifaygvkutokH;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif88
vkyfaqmifjcif; pkHprf;aESmuf,Sufjcif;onf tb,frQBuD;ygo
enf;/ þtaMumif;t&mESihf pyfvsOf;í rnfonfhpkHprf; aESmuf
,Sufjcif;rsKd;ukd oif&ifqkdifae&ygoenf;/
bk&m;ocif\ wefcdk;awmfonf oihftoufwmürnfonfh
twkdif;twmtxd xif&Sm;oenf;/ bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmf
onfoihftxJüvnf;aumif;? oifhtm;jzihfvnf;aumif; tvkyf
vkyfaeaMumif;ukd jyoay;onfhvu©Pmrsm;rSm tb,fenf;/
avmuDenf;vrf;rsm;? tpDtpOfrsm;tm;jzihf owif;aumif;
w&m;awmftm; a[majymjcif;trIawmfukd wefzkd;usqif;ap&ef
rSmjzpfEkdifygovm;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd a[majym&efbk&m;ocifa&G;cs,f
xm;aomwefqmyvmjzpf&jcif; tHhzG,ftcGihfta&;twGuf
ocifbk&m;ukd aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
trIawmfjrwfü oifhukdoifpl;pkdufívlwkdY\tm½kHpl;pkdufrIukd
oifhtay:üom&SdzkdY vkyfaqmifcJhonfhtcsdefrsm;twGuf cGihfvGwf
ay;zkdYocifbk&m;ukd awmif;avQmufyg/
oihftoufwmü oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\tHhzG,fvkyfaqmif
rIqDokdY oifh&JUpdwfESvkH;ukdykdíykdízGihf[ay;zdkYocifbk&m;ukd
awmif;avQmufyg/ oifhtxJüocifc&pfawmfrsufarSmufjyKjcif;
tm;oufaojyEkdifaom tHhzG,foufaowpfyg;jzpfvmzkdY pGrf;
aqmifay;&ef awmif;avQmufyg/
88
88
8
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&mufjyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&mufjyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf
2aum 4;8-18 ukdzwf½Iyg/
c&pf,meftoufwmü b,faomtcgwGifrQ qif;&Jjcif;'ku©
ukduREkfyfwkdYBuHKawGUcHpm;p&mrvkd[k oGefoifay;aomolrsm;&Sdonf/ ocif
a,½Iukd uRekfyfwkdU,kHMunfvufcHaomtcg t&mtm;vkH;tpOfajyoGm;
ygvdrfhrnf[laom owif;aumif;w&m;wpfrsKd;ukd a[majymMuonf/
vufawGUwGifrl tNrJwrf;qefYusifbuft&mom BuHKawGU&onf/ uREkfyf
wkdY\ ,kHMunfcsufaMumifh tNrJvkdvkdzdESdyfcH&í jypfwifa0zefcH&onf/
tcsKdUaomolrsm;rSmjzihf ukd,fawmf&SifESihf owif;aumif;w&m;awmf
twGuf rdrdwkdY\toufrsm;ukdyif paw;cJhMu&onf/ c&pf,meftouf
wmonf vG,fulacsmarmaomtoufwmr[kwfyg/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrd\
&efolrsm;vufü tBuD;tus,femusifjcif;'ku©ukd BuHKawGUcJh&onf/
&Sifaygvku þusrf;csufrStaMumif;t&if;rsm;ukd rdrd\tawGUtBuHKrS
a0iSajymqkdxm;onf/
&efvkdaeaomavmuü owif;aumif;w&m;a[majymjcif;
trIESihftNrJvkdvkd'GefwGJvmwwfaom cufcJyifyef;jcif;rsm;\ ykHom"u
tjzpf rdrd\toufwmESihftrIawmfaqmifjcif;ukd &SifaygvkutokH;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif90 91
jyKcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku rdrd\pmzwfy&dowfrsm;tm; rdrdESihfrdrd\vkyf
azmfaqmifzufrsm;rSm trsKd;rsKd;aomaESmuf,Sufjcif;ukd bufaygif;pHkrScHcJh
&aMumif;today;cJhonf (i,f 8)/ qkdvkdonfrSm olwkdYonfppfaMumjcif;
rsm;ESihf zdESdyfn§if;yef;jcif;rsm;ukd t&if;tjrpftrsKd;rsKd;qDrS BuHKawGUcHpm;cJh
Mu&onf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; þtjzpfrsKd;ukd
arQmfvifhxm;&rnfjzpfaMumif;ajymcJhonf/ okdYaomf olwkdYonftrsKd;rsKd;
aomaESmuf,Sufjcif;ukd bufaygif;pkHrScH&aomfvnf; tusKd;enf;jcif;
okdYra&mufcJhMuaMumif;ukd owdjyKyg/ þae&mü qkdvkdxm;aomt&mrSm
olwkdYonf jyefvnfjyKjyifír&avmufonftxd usKd;yJhysufqD;jcif;okdY
ra&mufcJhMu yg/ pyspfoD;rsm;ukd pyspfe,f&musif;ü eif;e,faomtcg
pyspf&nfrsm;xGufvm&onf/ &SifaygvkajymjyaeaomtcsufrSm bk&m;
ocifonfaumif;jrwfaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGuf qefYusifolrsm;ukd
tokH;jyKwwfonf [laomtcsufjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku rdrdonftBudrfajrmufjrm;pGm Za0Z0gjzpfcJh&onfh
taMumif;ukdvnf;aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;ajymjycJhonf/ bk&m;
ocifvkyfaqmifaeaomt&mukd uREkfyfwkdYtNrJwrf;awmh oabmayguf
em;vnfMurnfr[kwfyg/ bk&m;ocif\enf;vrf;ukd uREkfyfwdkYtNrJwrf;
em;vnfEkdifpGrf;Murnfr[kwfyg/ bk&m;ocif\enf;vrf;rsm;onf uREkfyf
wkdY\enf;vrf;rsm;ESihfuGmjcm;vSygonf/ olonfuREkfyfwkdYukd ykHoGif;zefwD;zkdY
xl;qef;aomenf;vrf;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKonf/ bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifae
aomt&mukd uREkfyfwkdYrodem;rvnfonfhtcsdefrsm;&Sdygonf (okdY)
uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdifae&aomtajctaersm;ü aumif;jrwfaomt&mukd
bk&m;ocifurnfokdYtxajrmufjynfhpkHapEkdifcJhykHukdyif uRekfyfwkdY rod&Sd
&onfhtcsdefrsm;&Sdonf/ uREkfyfwkdYürBuHpnfEkdifatmif Za0Z0gjzpf&
aomtcsdefrsm;&Sdrnfjzpfaomfvnf; arQmfvifhcsufrJhpdwfysufjcif; &Sdp&m
rvkdaMumif; &SifaygvkuuREkfyfwkdYukd today;xm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdY\
bk&m;ocifü uREkfyfwdkY,kHMunfpdwfcsxm;Ekdifygonf/ rnfonfht&m
vkyf&rnfukd bk&m; ocifodawmfrlí uREfkyffwkdYukdvrf;jyay;ygvdrfhrnf/
olonfuREkfyfwkdY\ bk&m;jzpfaeorQ? uREkfyfwkdYonfolY&JUom;orD;rsm;
jzpfaeorQ uREkfyfwkdYü &J&ifhjcif;&SdzkdY taMumif;jycsuftm;vkH;&Sdaeonf/
olonft&mcyfodrf;ukdtpkd;&aom tcsKyftjcmt&Sifjzpfonf/
rnfonfht&murQolYukdrtkyfpkd;Ekdifyg/ cyfodrf;aomt&mwkdYonf
uREkfyfwkdY\aumif;usKd;twGuf wnDwñGwfwnf;jyKpkMurnfhtaMumif;
oluwdjyKxm;onf(a&mr 8;28)/ þt&mukd uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfrnf
r[kwfaomfvnf; olYukduREkfyfwkdY,kHMunf ukd;pm;Ekdifygonf/
n§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdifBuHKawGU&ayvdrfhrnf(i,f
9)/ uREkfyfwkdY ukd,fpm;jyKxm;aomt&mukd uREkfyfwkdY\aygufazmfvlom;
rsm;u oabmusvufcHMurnfr[kwfyg/ olwkdYonf uREkfyfwkdYukd ½kwfw
&ufwkdufcdkufíuREkfyfwkdYtemw& jzpfrIukd&SmBuHMuygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvk
rSmvnf; tvm;wlrw&m;jyKrIqufqHjcif;ukd cHcJh&aomfvnf;bk&m;ocif
\pGefYypfjcif;ukd rcHcJh&yg/ uREkfyfwkdYbufübk&m;ociftNrJ&Sdaeygonf/
olonfuREkfyfwkdYukd b,faomtcgwGifrQ pGefYypfoGm;cJhrnfr[kwfyg/ vlwkdY
uuREkfyfwkdYukdukd,fxdvufa&muf apmfum;aumif;apmfum;Muygvdrfhrnf/
okdYaomf uREkfyfwkdYukd0dnmOfa&;&mü zsufqD;EkdifMurnfr[kwfyg/ bk&m;
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif90 91
jyKcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku rdrd\pmzwfy&dowfrsm;tm; rdrdESihfrdrd\vkyf
azmfaqmifzufrsm;rSm trsKd;rsKd;aomaESmuf,Sufjcif;ukd bufaygif;pHkrScHcJh
&aMumif;today;cJhonf (i,f 8)/ qkdvkdonfrSm olwkdYonfppfaMumjcif;
rsm;ESihf zdESdyfn§if;yef;jcif;rsm;ukd t&if;tjrpftrsKd;rsKd;qDrS BuHKawGUcHpm;cJh
Mu&onf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; þtjzpfrsKd;ukd
arQmfvifhxm;&rnfjzpfaMumif;ajymcJhonf/ okdYaomf olwkdYonftrsKd;rsKd;
aomaESmuf,Sufjcif;ukd bufaygif;pkHrScH&aomfvnf; tusKd;enf;jcif;
okdYra&mufcJhMuaMumif;ukd owdjyKyg/ þae&mü qkdvkdxm;aomt&mrSm
olwkdYonf jyefvnfjyKjyifír&avmufonftxd usKd;yJhysufqD;jcif;okdY
ra&mufcJhMu yg/ pyspfoD;rsm;ukd pyspfe,f&musif;ü eif;e,faomtcg
pyspf&nfrsm;xGufvm&onf/ &SifaygvkajymjyaeaomtcsufrSm bk&m;
ocifonfaumif;jrwfaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGuf qefYusifolrsm;ukd
tokH;jyKwwfonf [laomtcsufjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku rdrdonftBudrfajrmufjrm;pGm Za0Z0gjzpfcJh&onfh
taMumif;ukdvnf;aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;ajymjycJhonf/ bk&m;
ocifvkyfaqmifaeaomt&mukd uREkfyfwkdYtNrJwrf;awmh oabmayguf
em;vnfMurnfr[kwfyg/ bk&m;ocif\enf;vrf;ukd uREkfyfwdkYtNrJwrf;
em;vnfEkdifpGrf;Murnfr[kwfyg/ bk&m;ocif\enf;vrf;rsm;onf uREkfyf
wkdY\enf;vrf;rsm;ESihfuGmjcm;vSygonf/ olonfuREkfyfwkdYukd ykHoGif;zefwD;zkdY
xl;qef;aomenf;vrf;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKonf/ bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifae
aomt&mukd uREkfyfwkdYrodem;rvnfonfhtcsdefrsm;&Sdygonf (okdY)
uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdifae&aomtajctaersm;ü aumif;jrwfaomt&mukd
bk&m;ocifurnfokdYtxajrmufjynfhpkHapEkdifcJhykHukdyif uRekfyfwkdY rod&Sd
&onfhtcsdefrsm;&Sdonf/ uREkfyfwkdYürBuHpnfEkdifatmif Za0Z0gjzpf&
aomtcsdefrsm;&Sdrnfjzpfaomfvnf; arQmfvifhcsufrJhpdwfysufjcif; &Sdp&m
rvkdaMumif; &SifaygvkuuREkfyfwkdYukd today;xm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdY\
bk&m;ocifü uREkfyfwdkY,kHMunfpdwfcsxm;Ekdifygonf/ rnfonfht&m
vkyf&rnfukd bk&m; ocifodawmfrlí uREfkyffwkdYukdvrf;jyay;ygvdrfhrnf/
olonfuREkfyfwkdY\ bk&m;jzpfaeorQ? uREkfyfwkdYonfolY&JUom;orD;rsm;
jzpfaeorQ uREkfyfwkdYü &J&ifhjcif;&SdzkdY taMumif;jycsuftm;vkH;&Sdaeonf/
olonft&mcyfodrf;ukdtpkd;&aom tcsKyftjcmt&Sifjzpfonf/
rnfonfht&murQolYukdrtkyfpkd;Ekdifyg/ cyfodrf;aomt&mwkdYonf
uREkfyfwkdY\aumif;usKd;twGuf wnDwñGwfwnf;jyKpkMurnfhtaMumif;
oluwdjyKxm;onf(a&mr 8;28)/ þt&mukd uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfrnf
r[kwfaomfvnf; olYukduREkfyfwkdY,kHMunf ukd;pm;Ekdifygonf/
n§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdifBuHKawGU&ayvdrfhrnf(i,f
9)/ uREkfyfwkdY ukd,fpm;jyKxm;aomt&mukd uREkfyfwkdY\aygufazmfvlom;
rsm;u oabmusvufcHMurnfr[kwfyg/ olwkdYonf uREkfyfwkdYukd ½kwfw
&ufwkdufcdkufíuREkfyfwkdYtemw& jzpfrIukd&SmBuHMuygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvk
rSmvnf; tvm;wlrw&m;jyKrIqufqHjcif;ukd cHcJh&aomfvnf;bk&m;ocif
\pGefYypfjcif;ukd rcHcJh&yg/ uREkfyfwkdYbufübk&m;ociftNrJ&Sdaeygonf/
olonfuREkfyfwkdYukd b,faomtcgwGifrQ pGefYypfoGm;cJhrnfr[kwfyg/ vlwkdY
uuREkfyfwkdYukdukd,fxdvufa&muf apmfum;aumif;apmfum;Muygvdrfhrnf/
okdYaomf uREkfyfwkdYukd0dnmOfa&;&mü zsufqD;EkdifMurnfr[kwfyg/ bk&m;
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif92 93
ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY\vrf;jy? uREkfyfwkdY\tuG,ftumjzpfonf[laom
uwdawmfukd uREkfyfwkdY&&Sdxm;Muygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY
twGuftpOftNrJ&Sdaernf[laomt&mukd od&SdaeaompdwfcsrIü uREkfyf
wkdY&SifoefoGm;Ekdifygonf/ olonfuREkfyfwkdYukdrdrd\tawmifawmft&dyf
atmufü tpOfapmifha&Smufxm;ygvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfwkdYonfn§if;qJjcif;ukd
cHaeMu&aomfvnf; bk&m;ocif\tHhzG,frsufarSmufjyK jcif;ukd od&SdcHpm;
Muvdrfhrnf[laomtcsufonf þae&müawGU&aom uwdawmfjzpf
onf/
'Ha,v\ rdwfaqGokH;OD;onf aeAkc'faeZmrif;u olwkdYukdypfcs
vkdufaom rD;jyif;zkdxJü olwkdY\bk&m;&SifukdawGUcJhMuonf ('Ha,v 3ukd
Munfhyg)/ jcaoFhwGif;xJü ypfcscH&csdefwGif 'Ha,vonf bk&m;ocifh
aumif;uifwrefawmf\ rsufarSmufjyKjcif;ukd od&SdcHpm;cJhonf ('Ha,v
6 ukdMunfhyg)/ oawzefonf ausmufcJjzihfaygufowfjcif;ukd cHcJh&onf
(wrefawmf 7;58 ukdMunfhyg)/ wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf xkd;Budwf½kdufESuf
jcif;ukd cHcJhMu&onf (wrefawmf 5;40-41 ukdMunfhyg)/ þyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;
csif;onf rdrdwkdY\,kHMunfcsufaMumifh BuD;rm;aomtcufcJjyóemrsm;
ukd&ifqkdifcJhMu&NyD; bk&m;ocifuolwkdY\cufcJcsdefwGif olwkdYukd*kPfjyK
cJhonf/ olonfolwkdYukd pGefYypfrxm;cJhyg/ uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdif&aomppf
aMumjcif;rsm;tm;vkH;wGif bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYESihftwljzwfoef;
rnfhuwdawmfukd bk&m;ocifxHrS uREkfyf&&Sdxm;Muonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\
vrf;aMumif;ay:ü rnfonfh&efolrqkda&mufvmygap þtcsufu
uREkfyfwkdYtm; pdwfcsrIukday;xm;ygonf/
tcef;i,f 10 wGif &Sifaygvku wrefawmfwkdYonf ocifa,½I
\aoawmfrljcif;ukd rdrdwkdY\ukd,fcE¨mütpOfrjywfaqmif,lxm;Mu
aMumif; aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; today;xm;onf/ ocifa,½Ionf
emusifrI'ku©a0'emukd cHpm;cJh&ouJhokdY wrefawmfwkdYonfvnf; emr
awmftzdkYtvkdYiSg emusif'ku©ukd cHpm;cJhMuonf/ ocifa,½Iukd,fwkdif
jiif;i,fjcif;ukd cHcJh&ouJhokdY þtoufwmüxdkocifukd ukd,fpm;jyKae
aomolwkdYonfvnf; tvm;wljiif;y,fjcif;ukd cHcJhMu&onf/ olwkdYonf
ocifa,½I&SifoefcJhouJhokdY &SifoefMu&efqifhac:jcif;ukd cHMu&onf/
ocifa,½Ionf olwkdYtwGuftaocHcJhouJhokdY olwkdYonfvnf; ukd,fü
aoMu&rnfjzpfonf/ olwkdY\Zmwduywdpdwfonf aeYpOfaeYwkdif; um;
wkdifwifowfcH&zkdYvkdtyfonf/ olwkdYonfrdrdwkdY\ ZmwdawmifhwrIrsm;ukd
Nidrf;owf&rnfjzpfonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf olwkdYonfrdrdwkdY\ toufwmü
ocifc&pfawmfukd cif;usif;jyoEkdifMurnfjzpfonf/
ppfaMumjcif;rsm;ukd þtoufwmwGif arQmfvifhxm;&rnfjzpf
onf/ þppfaMumjcif;rsm;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY\Zmwd
pdwfü qufvufusef&Sdaeaom &efol\cHwyfrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYxHrS cGgcs
aeygonf/ þonfrSm ESpfvkdzG,faumif;aom tawGUtBuHKwpfckr[kwf
aomfvnf; r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfaomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf ocif
bk&m;ukd ,kHMunfukd;pm;rnfhtpm; ocifbk&m;vkyfaqmifaeaomt&m
ukdrnfokdY rMumcPqefYusifwGef;vSefMuygoenf;/ bk&m;ocif\ enf;
vrf;rsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfoabmaygufMurnf[kwfaomfvnf; uREkfyf
wkdYtxJü&Sdaeaom Zmwda[mif;ukd um;wkdifwif&ef bk&m;ocifukd ykdí
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif92 93
ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY\vrf;jy? uREkfyfwkdY\tuG,ftumjzpfonf[laom
uwdawmfukd uREkfyfwkdY&&Sdxm;Muygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY
twGuftpOftNrJ&Sdaernf[laomt&mukd od&SdaeaompdwfcsrIü uREkfyf
wkdY&SifoefoGm;Ekdifygonf/ olonfuREkfyfwkdYukdrdrd\tawmifawmft&dyf
atmufü tpOfapmifha&Smufxm;ygvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfwkdYonfn§if;qJjcif;ukd
cHaeMu&aomfvnf; bk&m;ocif\tHhzG,frsufarSmufjyK jcif;ukd od&SdcHpm;
Muvdrfhrnf[laomtcsufonf þae&müawGU&aom uwdawmfjzpf
onf/
'Ha,v\ rdwfaqGokH;OD;onf aeAkc'faeZmrif;u olwkdYukdypfcs
vkdufaom rD;jyif;zkdxJü olwkdY\bk&m;&SifukdawGUcJhMuonf ('Ha,v 3ukd
Munfhyg)/ jcaoFhwGif;xJü ypfcscH&csdefwGif 'Ha,vonf bk&m;ocifh
aumif;uifwrefawmf\ rsufarSmufjyKjcif;ukd od&SdcHpm;cJhonf ('Ha,v
6 ukdMunfhyg)/ oawzefonf ausmufcJjzihfaygufowfjcif;ukd cHcJh&onf
(wrefawmf 7;58 ukdMunfhyg)/ wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf xkd;Budwf½kdufESuf
jcif;ukd cHcJhMu&onf (wrefawmf 5;40-41 ukdMunfhyg)/ þyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;
csif;onf rdrdwkdY\,kHMunfcsufaMumifh BuD;rm;aomtcufcJjyóemrsm;
ukd&ifqkdifcJhMu&NyD; bk&m;ocifuolwkdY\cufcJcsdefwGif olwkdYukd*kPfjyK
cJhonf/ olonfolwkdYukd pGefYypfrxm;cJhyg/ uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdif&aomppf
aMumjcif;rsm;tm;vkH;wGif bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYESihftwljzwfoef;
rnfhuwdawmfukd bk&m;ocifxHrS uREkfyf&&Sdxm;Muonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\
vrf;aMumif;ay:ü rnfonfh&efolrqkda&mufvmygap þtcsufu
uREkfyfwkdYtm; pdwfcsrIukday;xm;ygonf/
tcef;i,f 10 wGif &Sifaygvku wrefawmfwkdYonf ocifa,½I
\aoawmfrljcif;ukd rdrdwkdY\ukd,fcE¨mütpOfrjywfaqmif,lxm;Mu
aMumif; aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; today;xm;onf/ ocifa,½Ionf
emusifrI'ku©a0'emukd cHpm;cJh&ouJhokdY wrefawmfwkdYonfvnf; emr
awmftzdkYtvkdYiSg emusif'ku©ukd cHpm;cJhMuonf/ ocifa,½Iukd,fwkdif
jiif;i,fjcif;ukd cHcJh&ouJhokdY þtoufwmüxdkocifukd ukd,fpm;jyKae
aomolwkdYonfvnf; tvm;wljiif;y,fjcif;ukd cHcJhMu&onf/ olwkdYonf
ocifa,½I&SifoefcJhouJhokdY &SifoefMu&efqifhac:jcif;ukd cHMu&onf/
ocifa,½Ionf olwkdYtwGuftaocHcJhouJhokdY olwkdYonfvnf; ukd,fü
aoMu&rnfjzpfonf/ olwkdY\Zmwduywdpdwfonf aeYpOfaeYwkdif; um;
wkdifwifowfcH&zkdYvkdtyfonf/ olwkdYonfrdrdwkdY\ ZmwdawmifhwrIrsm;ukd
Nidrf;owf&rnfjzpfonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf olwkdYonfrdrdwkdY\ toufwmü
ocifc&pfawmfukd cif;usif;jyoEkdifMurnfjzpfonf/
ppfaMumjcif;rsm;ukd þtoufwmwGif arQmfvifhxm;&rnfjzpf
onf/ þppfaMumjcif;rsm;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY\Zmwd
pdwfü qufvufusef&Sdaeaom &efol\cHwyfrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYxHrS cGgcs
aeygonf/ þonfrSm ESpfvkdzG,faumif;aom tawGUtBuHKwpfckr[kwf
aomfvnf; r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfaomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf ocif
bk&m;ukd ,kHMunfukd;pm;rnfhtpm; ocifbk&m;vkyfaqmifaeaomt&m
ukdrnfokdY rMumcPqefYusifwGef;vSefMuygoenf;/ bk&m;ocif\ enf;
vrf;rsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfoabmaygufMurnf[kwfaomfvnf; uREkfyf
wkdYtxJü&Sdaeaom Zmwda[mif;ukd um;wkdifwif&ef bk&m;ocifukd ykdí
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif94
ykdítcGihfay;ygu uREkfyfwdkY\toufwmü ocifc&pfawmf\toufwm
ukdykdíydkí xkwfazmfjyovmMuygvdrfhrnf/ uRekfyfwkdY\ukd,fcE¨müocif
c&pfawmf\ taocHawmfrljcif;ukd o,faqmifxm;MuaMumif; &Sifaygvk
uuREkfyfwkdYukd ajymjyonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif? þavmuü uREkfyf
wkYd&SifoefaeorQuREkfyfwkdYonf Zmwdyuwdürajymif;rvJ ykHrSefaoMu
&efvkdtyfonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf ocifa,½I\toufwmukd þavmuü
xGef;vif;apEkdifMurnfjzpfonf/
uREkfyfwkdY\ jyif;jyaomZmwdawmifhwrIrsm;ü uREkfyfwkdYaoav
avocifc&pfawmf\ ajzmifhrwfjcif;onf uREkfyfwkdYü ykdíxif&Sm;av
avjzpfonf (i,f 11)/ þonfrSm bk&m;ocifESihfuREkfyfwkdYtwl avQmuf
vSrf;jcif;ü BuD;xGm;wkd;wuf&ef wpfckwnf;aomenf;vr;fjzpfonf/
uREkfyffwkdY\tjypfoabmobm0 aoqkH;jcif;enf;vrf;tm;jzihfom
0dnmOfa&;BuD;xGm;rI jzpfay:ygonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ ocifbk&m;ESihf uREkfyf
wkdY\Mum;ü &yfwefYae&m,lxm;aomolrSm uREkfyfwkdY\Zmwdyuwdtjypf
jzpfonf/ ocifa,½IESihf uREkfyfwkdYykdíeD;uyfvmzkdYqkdvQif uREkfyfwkdYtxJü
udef;0yfaeaomtjypf'kp½kdufukd tEkdif,lí taoowf&rnfjzpfonf/
Zmwdyuwdukd tEkdif,l&efbk&m;ocifonf þtoufwm&Sd ppfaMum
jcif;rsm;ESihf cufcJ½kef;uef&jcif;rsm;jzihf uREfkyfwkdYtxJü tvkyfvkyfae
ygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtxJü&Sdaom bk&m;ocifutEkdif,laeaomt&mukd
uREkfyfwkdYrMumcPrnfokdY pGJvef;zufwG,faeMuygoenf;/ tcsdefwkdif;
vkdvkdwGif bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifvkdaomt&mukd uREkfyfwkdYckcHqD;wm;ae
Muygonf/
&Sifaygvkonf trIawmfaqmif&mwGif þZmwdyuwdü aojcif;
ukdBuHKawGUcHpm;cJhonf (i,f 12)/ olonf owif;aumif;w&m;ukd a[m
ajymjcif;twGuf Budrfzefrsm;pGmqif;&J'ku©a&mufcJh&onf/ olonf
ausmufcJjzihf ypfaygufjcif;? ysuf&,fjyKjcif;rsm;ukd BuHKawGUcHpm;cJhaomf
vnf; tqHk;wkdiftywfwukwfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhonfESihftrQ bk&m;
ocif\EkdifiHawmfrSmvnf; qufvufíus,fjyefYcJhygonf/ qkd;0g;jyif;
xefaom &Sifaygvk\qif;&J'ku©cH&jcif;rsm;onf aum&dE
oK,kHMunfol
rsm;xHü touf&Sifjcif;ukd aqmif,lvmcJhygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkd
aomf&Sifaygvk\ trIawmfvkyfief;tm;jzihf ocifbk&m;xHokdY olwkdYa&muf
vmcJhMujcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk\ qif;&J'ku©cH&jcif;onf tcsnf;
tESD; rjzpfcJhyg/ owif;aumif;w&m;awmfrS a&SUkokdYqufvufcsDoGm;NyD;
bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfukd wnfaqmufcJhonf/ atmifjrifaomomoem
vkyfief;tm;vkH;onf jyif;jyaomZmwdpdwftm; pGefYvTwfjcif;rSxGufay:
vmMuonf/
tcef;i,f 13wGif &Sifaygvku qmvH 116;10ukd ukd;um;cJh
onf/ þae&mwGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; ,ckolajym
Mum;rnfht&mukd oltjynfht0,kHMunfaMumif; today;cJhonf/
]]
,kHMunf
jcif;pdwf&Sdonfjzpfí? igonf,kHMunfaomaMumifh >rufqkd\/}} &Sifaygvk\
cH,lcsufum;tb,fenf;/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; bk&m;
ocifonf ocifa,½Iukd aojcif;rSxajrmufapcJhvQif olwkdYukdvnf;
aojcif;rSxajrmufapí crnf;awmf\rsufarSmufawmfü olwkdYukd qufo
rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymcJhonf (i,f 24)/ aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;onf
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf 95
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif94
ykdítcGihfay;ygu uREkfyfwdkY\toufwmü ocifc&pfawmf\toufwm
ukdykdíydkí xkwfazmfjyovmMuygvdrfhrnf/ uRekfyfwkdY\ukd,fcE¨müocif
c&pfawmf\ taocHawmfrljcif;ukd o,faqmifxm;MuaMumif; &Sifaygvk
uuREkfyfwkdYukd ajymjyonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif? þavmuü uREkfyf
wkYd&SifoefaeorQuREkfyfwkdYonf Zmwdyuwdürajymif;rvJ ykHrSefaoMu
&efvkdtyfonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf ocifa,½I\toufwmukd þavmuü
xGef;vif;apEkdifMurnfjzpfonf/
uREkfyfwkdY\ jyif;jyaomZmwdawmifhwrIrsm;ü uREkfyfwkdYaoav
avocifc&pfawmf\ ajzmifhrwfjcif;onf uREkfyfwkdYü ykdíxif&Sm;av
avjzpfonf (i,f 11)/ þonfrSm bk&m;ocifESihfuREkfyfwkdYtwl avQmuf
vSrf;jcif;ü BuD;xGm;wkd;wuf&ef wpfckwnf;aomenf;vr;fjzpfonf/
uREkfyffwkdY\tjypfoabmobm0 aoqkH;jcif;enf;vrf;tm;jzihfom
0dnmOfa&;BuD;xGm;rI jzpfay:ygonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ ocifbk&m;ESihf uREkfyf
wkdY\Mum;ü &yfwefYae&m,lxm;aomolrSm uREkfyfwkdY\Zmwdyuwdtjypf
jzpfonf/ ocifa,½IESihf uREkfyfwkdYykdíeD;uyfvmzkdYqkdvQif uREkfyfwkdYtxJü
udef;0yfaeaomtjypf'kp½kdufukd tEkdif,lí taoowf&rnfjzpfonf/
Zmwdyuwdukd tEkdif,l&efbk&m;ocifonf þtoufwm&Sd ppfaMum
jcif;rsm;ESihf cufcJ½kef;uef&jcif;rsm;jzihf uREfkyfwkdYtxJü tvkyfvkyfae
ygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtxJü&Sdaom bk&m;ocifutEkdif,laeaomt&mukd
uREkfyfwkdYrMumcPrnfokdY pGJvef;zufwG,faeMuygoenf;/ tcsdefwkdif;
vkdvkdwGif bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifvkdaomt&mukd uREkfyfwkdYckcHqD;wm;ae
Muygonf/
&Sifaygvkonf trIawmfaqmif&mwGif þZmwdyuwdü aojcif;
ukdBuHKawGUcHpm;cJhonf (i,f 12)/ olonf owif;aumif;w&m;ukd a[m
ajymjcif;twGuf Budrfzefrsm;pGmqif;&J'ku©a&mufcJh&onf/ olonf
ausmufcJjzihf ypfaygufjcif;? ysuf&,fjyKjcif;rsm;ukd BuHKawGUcHpm;cJhaomf
vnf; tqHk;wkdiftywfwukwfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhonfESihftrQ bk&m;
ocif\EkdifiHawmfrSmvnf; qufvufíus,fjyefYcJhygonf/ qkd;0g;jyif;
xefaom &Sifaygvk\qif;&J'ku©cH&jcif;rsm;onf aum&dE
oK,kHMunfol
rsm;xHü touf&Sifjcif;ukd aqmif,lvmcJhygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkd
aomf&Sifaygvk\ trIawmfvkyfief;tm;jzihf ocifbk&m;xHokdY olwkdYa&muf
vmcJhMujcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk\ qif;&J'ku©cH&jcif;onf tcsnf;
tESD; rjzpfcJhyg/ owif;aumif;w&m;awmfrS a&SUkokdYqufvufcsDoGm;NyD;
bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfukd wnfaqmufcJhonf/ atmifjrifaomomoem
vkyfief;tm;vkH;onf jyif;jyaomZmwdpdwftm; pGefYvTwfjcif;rSxGufay:
vmMuonf/
tcef;i,f 13wGif &Sifaygvku qmvH 116;10ukd ukd;um;cJh
onf/ þae&mwGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; ,ckolajym
Mum;rnfht&mukd oltjynfht0,kHMunfaMumif; today;cJhonf/
]]
,kHMunf
jcif;pdwf&Sdonfjzpfí? igonf,kHMunfaomaMumifh >rufqkd\/}} &Sifaygvk\
cH,lcsufum;tb,fenf;/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; bk&m;
ocifonf ocifa,½Iukd aojcif;rSxajrmufapcJhvQif olwkdYukdvnf;
aojcif;rSxajrmufapí crnf;awmf\rsufarSmufawmfü olwkdYukd qufo
rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymcJhonf (i,f 24)/ aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;onf
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf 95
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif96 97
ocifa,½Ienf;wl þtoufwmwGif qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ukd &ifqkdifMu
&rnfjzpfonf/ tcsKdUaomolwkdYrSm ocifa,½I twGufaMumihf rdrd\
toufukdyif paw;cJhMu&ayvdrfhrnf/ okdYaomf ppfrSefaomatmifjrif
jcif;onf aemufqkH;wGifolwkdYtwGufjzpfcJhygvdrfhrnf/ ocifa,½Iukd
xajrmufapcJhaomolu olwkdYukdvnf;xajrmufapcJhí rdrd\rsufarSmuf
awmfqDodkY aqmif,lcJhygvdrfhrnf/ olwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ukd,fcE¨mü
ocifc&pfawmf\taocHjcif;ukd o,faqmifxm;MuvQif xkdocif\
&Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;ukdvnf; olwkdYa0rQcHpm;cJhMuygvdrfhrnf/
&Sifaygvkonf ocifc&pfawmf&ifqkdifBuHKawGUcJhaom yifyef;
qif;&Jjcif;a0'emukd &ifqkdifBuHKawGUcJh&onfESihftrQ olonfrdrd\tjypf
'kp½kdufwGif aeYpOfaocJhonf/ olonf rdrd\ocif u,fwif&Sif\ ajc&m
ukdeif;avQmufcJhygonf/ olonf þtcsif;t&mukd rdrdtm;jzihfocif
c&pfawmfxHokdY a&mufvmMurnfholrsm;\ tusKd;twGufvkyfaqmifcJh
onf/ ocifc&pfawmf\ aus;Zl;awmfESihftjypfvTwfjcif;onfajrmufjrm;
pGmaomvlrsm;qDodkY csJUxGifa&muf&SdoGm;í ocifbk&m;ukdaus;Zl;wifjcif;?
csD;rGrf;axmremjyKjcif;rsm;jzihf jynfhvQHMurnfhtaMumif; &Sifaygvkonf
rdrd\toufwmukd aeYpOfpaw;&efvkdvkdvm;vm;&SdcJhonf (i,f 15)/
yifyef;qif;&Jjcif;'ku©r&SdvQif toD;tyGifhrSmvnf;r&Sdoavmuf
enf;yg;ygonf/ oifonf ZmwdütaocH&efvkdvm;rIr&SdvQif oifonf
ocifc&pfawmf\ toufwmESihfwefckd;awmfukd toufwmüBuHKawGU
cHpm;&rnfr[kwfyg/ oifonf oihf&JUtoufwmukd ajrüjr§KyfESHxm;aom
rsKd;aphuJhokdY jr§KyfESHítaorcHvQif 0dnmOfa&;&dwfodrf;jcif;ukd oifawGUjrif
&rnfr[kwfyg/ Zmwdyuwdüaojcif;ESihf tjcm;olrsm;xHü uREkfyfwkdY
aqmif,lvmaom aumif;BuD;r*FvmMum;wGif qufpyfrI&Sdaeonf/
tm;upm;orm;rsm;onf tywfwukwfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfí avhusifha&;
umv&Sd tcuftcJrsm;ukd BuHUBuHUcH&ifqkdifausmfvTm;&ef qE´r&SdvQif
atmifjrifrIukd &&SdEkdifrnfr[kwfyg/ ppfwyfwpfwyf&Sd ppfonfrsm;u
rdrdwkdY\toufukd paw;&efqE´r&SdvQif xdkwyfonfb,faomtcgrQ
wkdufwGJwGif tEkdif&rnfr[kwfyg/ uREkfyfwkdYonf BuD;rm;aomt&mrsm;
jzpfysufzdkY arQmfvifhxm;Muaomfvnf; vkdtyfonfh pGefYvTwftepfemcHjcif;
ukd jyKvkyfzdkYqE´r&SdMuyg/ uREkfyfwkdYonf wkdufyGJrqifETJbJ ppfyGJukdtEkdif&
vkdMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf ocifa,½IaemufokdYvkdufrnfqkdvQif
xkdocif\ajc&mrsm;ü eif;avQmuf&Sifoef&rnf[k &Sifaygvku þae&m
wGifajymjyxm;onf/ xkdocif\ajc&mrsm;onf qif;&Jjcif;'ku©? ppfaMum
jcif;rsm;ESihf jynfhESufaeaomfvnf; 4if;wkdYonfatmifjrifjcif;ukd ay;cJh
ygonf/
tcef;i,f 16wGif &Sifaygvku c&pf,meftoufwmwGif uREkfyf
wkdYonftjyifyef;tm;jzihf azmufjyefysufpD;jcif;okdYa&mufonf[k xif&
aomfvnf; twGif;o@mefürl aeYpOfjyKjyifjcif;ukd cH&aMumif;uREkfyfwkdYukd
ajymjyonf/ emusifjcif;ESihfqif;&J'ku©onfrsm;jym;pGm&Sdaernfjzpf
aomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdY\0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESihf Nidrfoufjcif;uykdíyif rsm;jym;
jynhfvQHaeygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYukdaeYpOftopfjyKjyifay;
vkdygonf/ olonfuREkfyfwkdYtxJüvnf;aumif;? uREfkyfwdkYtm;jzihf vnf;
aumif; rdrd\tHhzG,fcGeftm;AvESihf wefckd;awmfukd oGef;avmif;vkdonf/
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif96 97
ocifa,½Ienf;wl þtoufwmwGif qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ukd &ifqkdifMu
&rnfjzpfonf/ tcsKdUaomolwkdYrSm ocifa,½I twGufaMumihf rdrd\
toufukdyif paw;cJhMu&ayvdrfhrnf/ okdYaomf ppfrSefaomatmifjrif
jcif;onf aemufqkH;wGifolwkdYtwGufjzpfcJhygvdrfhrnf/ ocifa,½Iukd
xajrmufapcJhaomolu olwkdYukdvnf;xajrmufapcJhí rdrd\rsufarSmuf
awmfqDodkY aqmif,lcJhygvdrfhrnf/ olwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ukd,fcE¨mü
ocifc&pfawmf\taocHjcif;ukd o,faqmifxm;MuvQif xkdocif\
&Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;ukdvnf; olwkdYa0rQcHpm;cJhMuygvdrfhrnf/
&Sifaygvkonf ocifc&pfawmf&ifqkdifBuHKawGUcJhaom yifyef;
qif;&Jjcif;a0'emukd &ifqkdifBuHKawGUcJh&onfESihftrQ olonfrdrd\tjypf
'kp½kdufwGif aeYpOfaocJhonf/ olonf rdrd\ocif u,fwif&Sif\ ajc&m
ukdeif;avQmufcJhygonf/ olonf þtcsif;t&mukd rdrdtm;jzihfocif
c&pfawmfxHokdY a&mufvmMurnfholrsm;\ tusKd;twGufvkyfaqmifcJh
onf/ ocifc&pfawmf\ aus;Zl;awmfESihftjypfvTwfjcif;onfajrmufjrm;
pGmaomvlrsm;qDodkY csJUxGifa&muf&SdoGm;í ocifbk&m;ukdaus;Zl;wifjcif;?
csD;rGrf;axmremjyKjcif;rsm;jzihf jynfhvQHMurnfhtaMumif; &Sifaygvkonf
rdrd\toufwmukd aeYpOfpaw;&efvkdvkdvm;vm;&SdcJhonf (i,f 15)/
yifyef;qif;&Jjcif;'ku©r&SdvQif toD;tyGifhrSmvnf;r&Sdoavmuf
enf;yg;ygonf/ oifonf ZmwdütaocH&efvkdvm;rIr&SdvQif oifonf
ocifc&pfawmf\ toufwmESihfwefckd;awmfukd toufwmüBuHKawGU
cHpm;&rnfr[kwfyg/ oifonf oihf&JUtoufwmukd ajrüjr§KyfESHxm;aom
rsKd;aphuJhokdY jr§KyfESHítaorcHvQif 0dnmOfa&;&dwfodrf;jcif;ukd oifawGUjrif
&rnfr[kwfyg/ Zmwdyuwdüaojcif;ESihf tjcm;olrsm;xHü uREkfyfwkdY
aqmif,lvmaom aumif;BuD;r*FvmMum;wGif qufpyfrI&Sdaeonf/
tm;upm;orm;rsm;onf tywfwukwfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfí avhusifha&;
umv&Sd tcuftcJrsm;ukd BuHUBuHUcH&ifqkdifausmfvTm;&ef qE´r&SdvQif
atmifjrifrIukd &&SdEkdifrnfr[kwfyg/ ppfwyfwpfwyf&Sd ppfonfrsm;u
rdrdwkdY\toufukd paw;&efqE´r&SdvQif xdkwyfonfb,faomtcgrQ
wkdufwGJwGif tEkdif&rnfr[kwfyg/ uREkfyfwkdYonf BuD;rm;aomt&mrsm;
jzpfysufzdkY arQmfvifhxm;Muaomfvnf; vkdtyfonfh pGefYvTwftepfemcHjcif;
ukd jyKvkyfzdkYqE´r&SdMuyg/ uREkfyfwkdYonf wkdufyGJrqifETJbJ ppfyGJukdtEkdif&
vkdMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf ocifa,½IaemufokdYvkdufrnfqkdvQif
xkdocif\ajc&mrsm;ü eif;avQmuf&Sifoef&rnf[k &Sifaygvku þae&m
wGifajymjyxm;onf/ xkdocif\ajc&mrsm;onf qif;&Jjcif;'ku©? ppfaMum
jcif;rsm;ESihf jynfhESufaeaomfvnf; 4if;wkdYonfatmifjrifjcif;ukd ay;cJh
ygonf/
tcef;i,f 16wGif &Sifaygvku c&pf,meftoufwmwGif uREkfyf
wkdYonftjyifyef;tm;jzihf azmufjyefysufpD;jcif;okdYa&mufonf[k xif&
aomfvnf; twGif;o@mefürl aeYpOfjyKjyifjcif;ukd cH&aMumif;uREkfyfwkdYukd
ajymjyonf/ emusifjcif;ESihfqif;&J'ku©onfrsm;jym;pGm&Sdaernfjzpf
aomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdY\0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESihf Nidrfoufjcif;uykdíyif rsm;jym;
jynhfvQHaeygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYukdaeYpOftopfjyKjyifay;
vkdygonf/ olonfuREkfyfwkdYtxJüvnf;aumif;? uREfkyfwdkYtm;jzihf vnf;
aumif; rdrd\tHhzG,fcGeftm;AvESihf wefckd;awmfukd oGef;avmif;vkdonf/
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif98 99
uREkfyfwkdYrSm usKd;yJhaMuuGJvG,faom ajrtkd;wefqmrsm;omjzpfaomfvnf;
olonfxkdajrtkd;wefqmrsm;ukd jznfhqnf;jynfh0aponfh teEÅwefckd;awmf
jzpfonf/
þrkd;atmufü uREkfyfwkdY,ck&ifqkdifae&aomjyóemrsm;onf
ayghyg;í ,m,DrQomjzpfaMumif; bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfukd uREkfyfwkdY
&Sdxm;Muonf/ þavmuüuREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdifae&aom qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ukd
&SifaygvkcsKd;ESdrfíajymqkd&ef r&nf&G,fcJhyg/ þavmuüuREkfyfwkdYawGUBuHK
cHpm;&rnfht&mESihf aumif;uifbkHü uREkfyfwkdYtwGufokdxm;aomt&mudk
olEIdif;,SOfjyoaejcif;oufoufomjzpfonf/ þrkd;aumif;uifatmufü
uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdifae&onfh tBuD;rm;qkH;aomtcuftcJESihf aumif;uif
bkHü uREkfyfwkdYukd apmifhpm;aeaombkef;pnf;pdrfwkdYukd EdIif;,SOfvQif þrkd;
aumif;uifatmufü uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdifae&onfh tcuftcJqkH;aom
t&monf bmrQr[kwfyg (i,f 17)/ uREkfyfwkdYtv,frS rnfoluqif;&J
yifyef;jcif; tcsdefumvwpfckukd xm0&bkef;pnf;pdrfwpfckESihfrvJbJ
aernfenf;/ tcufcJqkH;ESihf t&ufpufqkH;aom ukd,fhpdwfESvkH;yifyef;
jcif;onf bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufawmf&Sd xm0&bkef;pnf;pdrfukd vkH;vkH;
rEIdif;,SOfEkdifyg/ xm0&umvrSaeí,aeYudkjyefvnfMunfh½Ionfh ykHpHrsKd;
jzihfMunfhvQif ,ck&ifqkdifae&aomemusifrIESihfcufcJyifyef;rIwkYdonf
tm;vkH;xkdufwefMuaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYawGUjrifMu&ygvdrfhrnf/
þtwGufaMumifh ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdif&
aomtcg xm0&umvukduREkfyfwkdYtm½kHjyK pl;pkdufxm;Mu&rnf/ ,m,D
omjzpfaomemusifrIrsm;ukd ausmfvGefíwpfzuf&Sd bkef;pnf;pdrfukd uREkfyf
wkdYa&S;½IMuzkdY vkdtyfonf/ u,fwif&SifBuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&aom ysuf&,f
jyKapmfum;jcif;rsm;ukd ausmfvGefíMunfh½I&rnf/ qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;\
wpfzuftvGef&Sd xm0&csrf;ajrUzG,faumif;uifbkHukd MunfhzdkYvkdtyfonf/
þavmuü uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdif&aomt&monf acwåcPomMumjrifhyg
vdrfhrnf/ xm0&umvü ocifbk&m;uuREkfyfwkdYukd ay;oem;xm;aom
t&monf xm0&wnfygvdrfhrnf/
þusrf;csufü uREkfyfwkdYawGUjrif&aomt&mrSm ,kHMunfolrsm;
tjzpfESihfuREkfyfwkdYonf ppfaMumpHkprf;jcif;rsm;ESihf qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;wkdYukd
þavmuü awGUBuHK&ifqkdifMu&vdrfhrnf/ þonfrSm c&pf,meftouf
wm\omreftpdwftykdif;wpfckomjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ukd,fcE¨mü
ocifc&pfawmf\taocHjcif;a0'emukd o,faqmifxm;Muonf/ uREkfyf
wkdYonf txHawmfokdYqGJ,ljcif;ukd cHrnftaMumif;ocifbk&m;u uREkfyf
wkdYukdqif;&J'ku©cHpm;zkdYcGihfjyKxm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdYtxJü&Sdaeaom ukd,fh
ukd,fukdrSDckdtm;xm;wwfjcif;pdwfonf um;wkdifwifcH&íuREkfyfwkdYonf
ukd,fawmfhukd rSDckdtm;xm;wwf&ef oif,lMurnfhtaMumif; ppfaMumpkHprf;
jcif;rsm;ukd &ifqkdifawGUBuHKzdkY uREkfyfwkdYukdcGihfjyKxm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf
EkdifiHawmftwGuf toD;oD;vkdvQif qif;&J'ku©ukdvnf; vkdvkdvm;vm;
vufcHMuzkdY vkdtyfonf/ bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfrSm uREkfyfwkdYukdqif;&J
yifyef;jcif;ü pGefYypfxm;cJhrnfr[kwf[líjzpfonf/ olonfuREkfyfwkdYESihf
twlxkdt&mukd &ifqkdifjzwfoef;ygvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\
bkef;awmftwGuf omítokH;0ifaomwefqmyvmrsm;jzpfvmzkdY uREfkyf
wkdYukd ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;tm;jzihf wdjzwfíykHoGif;ygvdrfhrnf/ ,kHMunf
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif98 99
uREkfyfwkdYrSm usKd;yJhaMuuGJvG,faom ajrtkd;wefqmrsm;omjzpfaomfvnf;
olonfxkdajrtkd;wefqmrsm;ukd jznfhqnf;jynfh0aponfh teEÅwefckd;awmf
jzpfonf/
þrkd;atmufü uREkfyfwkdY,ck&ifqkdifae&aomjyóemrsm;onf
ayghyg;í ,m,DrQomjzpfaMumif; bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfukd uREkfyfwkdY
&Sdxm;Muonf/ þavmuüuREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdifae&aom qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ukd
&SifaygvkcsKd;ESdrfíajymqkd&ef r&nf&G,fcJhyg/ þavmuüuREkfyfwkdYawGUBuHK
cHpm;&rnfht&mESihf aumif;uifbkHü uREkfyfwkdYtwGufokdxm;aomt&mudk
olEIdif;,SOfjyoaejcif;oufoufomjzpfonf/ þrkd;aumif;uifatmufü
uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdifae&onfh tBuD;rm;qkH;aomtcuftcJESihf aumif;uif
bkHü uREkfyfwkdYukd apmifhpm;aeaombkef;pnf;pdrfwkdYukd EdIif;,SOfvQif þrkd;
aumif;uifatmufü uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdifae&onfh tcuftcJqkH;aom
t&monf bmrQr[kwfyg (i,f 17)/ uREkfyfwkdYtv,frS rnfoluqif;&J
yifyef;jcif; tcsdefumvwpfckukd xm0&bkef;pnf;pdrfwpfckESihfrvJbJ
aernfenf;/ tcufcJqkH;ESihf t&ufpufqkH;aom ukd,fhpdwfESvkH;yifyef;
jcif;onf bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufawmf&Sd xm0&bkef;pnf;pdrfukd vkH;vkH;
rEIdif;,SOfEkdifyg/ xm0&umvrSaeí,aeYudkjyefvnfMunfh½Ionfh ykHpHrsKd;
jzihfMunfhvQif ,ck&ifqkdifae&aomemusifrIESihfcufcJyifyef;rIwkYdonf
tm;vkH;xkdufwefMuaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYawGUjrifMu&ygvdrfhrnf/
þtwGufaMumifh ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdif&
aomtcg xm0&umvukduREkfyfwkdYtm½kHjyK pl;pkdufxm;Mu&rnf/ ,m,D
omjzpfaomemusifrIrsm;ukd ausmfvGefíwpfzuf&Sd bkef;pnf;pdrfukd uREkfyf
wkdYa&S;½IMuzkdY vkdtyfonf/ u,fwif&SifBuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&aom ysuf&,f
jyKapmfum;jcif;rsm;ukd ausmfvGefíMunfh½I&rnf/ qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;\
wpfzuftvGef&Sd xm0&csrf;ajrUzG,faumif;uifbkHukd MunfhzdkYvkdtyfonf/
þavmuü uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdif&aomt&monf acwåcPomMumjrifhyg
vdrfhrnf/ xm0&umvü ocifbk&m;uuREkfyfwkdYukd ay;oem;xm;aom
t&monf xm0&wnfygvdrfhrnf/
þusrf;csufü uREkfyfwkdYawGUjrif&aomt&mrSm ,kHMunfolrsm;
tjzpfESihfuREkfyfwkdYonf ppfaMumpHkprf;jcif;rsm;ESihf qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;wkdYukd
þavmuü awGUBuHK&ifqkdifMu&vdrfhrnf/ þonfrSm c&pf,meftouf
wm\omreftpdwftykdif;wpfckomjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ukd,fcE¨mü
ocifc&pfawmf\taocHjcif;a0'emukd o,faqmifxm;Muonf/ uREkfyf
wkdYonf txHawmfokdYqGJ,ljcif;ukd cHrnftaMumif;ocifbk&m;u uREkfyf
wkdYukdqif;&J'ku©cHpm;zkdYcGihfjyKxm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdYtxJü&Sdaeaom ukd,fh
ukd,fukdrSDckdtm;xm;wwfjcif;pdwfonf um;wkdifwifcH&íuREkfyfwkdYonf
ukd,fawmfhukd rSDckdtm;xm;wwf&ef oif,lMurnfhtaMumif; ppfaMumpkHprf;
jcif;rsm;ukd &ifqkdifawGUBuHKzdkY uREkfyfwkdYukdcGihfjyKxm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf
EkdifiHawmftwGuf toD;oD;vkdvQif qif;&J'ku©ukdvnf; vkdvkdvm;vm;
vufcHMuzkdY vkdtyfonf/ bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfrSm uREkfyfwkdYukdqif;&J
yifyef;jcif;ü pGefYypfxm;cJhrnfr[kwf[líjzpfonf/ olonfuREkfyfwkdYESihf
twlxkdt&mukd &ifqkdifjzwfoef;ygvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\
bkef;awmftwGuf omítokH;0ifaomwefqmyvmrsm;jzpfvmzkdY uREfkyf
wkdYukd ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;tm;jzihf wdjzwfíykHoGif;ygvdrfhrnf/ ,kHMunf
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
100 101
jcif;tm;jzihf uREkfyfwkdYtywfuukwfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfvQif ukd,fawmfonf
uREkfyfwkdY\,kHMunfjcif;ukd *kPfjyKíuREkfyfwkdYpdwful;jzihf awG;rdEkdifaom
t&mrsm;\ tjcm;wpfzuftxdaumif;BuD;ay;ygvdrfhrnf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
qif;&J'ku©cH&jcif;r&SdbJ c&pf,meftoufwmukd &SifoefzdkY uREkfyf
wkdYarQmfvihfEkdifygovm;/
rdrd\twåüvnf;aumif;? Zmwdyuwdpdwfüvnf;aumif;
aovQuf&Sdaomolrsm;twGuf þusrf;csuf\uwdawmfrsm;um;
tb,fenf;/
aeYpOfESihftrQ cufcJyifyef;jcif;ukd oif&ifqkdif&mwGif þusrf;
csufrSrnfonfh cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;rsKd;ukd oifawGU&Sd
ygoenf;/
,aeYwGif rnfonfht&mü oif½kef;uefae&ygoenf;/ bk&m;
ocifonf rdrd\EkdifiHawmfukd us,fjyefYap&müvnf;aumif;
oihfukdtxHawmfodkY qGJac:&eftwGufvnf;aumif; oif&ifqkdif
ae&aomt&mukd rnfodkYtokH;jyKaeygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
ocifbk&m;onf oifhtwGufqif;&Jyifyef;jcif;udk vkdvkdvm;vm;
cH,lvkdaeaomaMumifh aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
,aeYoif&ifqkdifae&aom qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;ü ukd,fawmfhukd
ykdí,HkMunfukd;pm;vm&ef ulnDrpay;zkdYawmif;avQmufyg/
oif&ifqkdifBuHKawGU&rnfh qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;onf rnfokdYyif&Sdap
umrl ,kHMunfjcif;jzihfavQmufvSrf;Ekdif&ef omíBuD;rm;aom
&J&ifhjcif;owådukd ay;oem;zdkY ocifbk&m;xHüawmif;avQmufyg/
oif&ifqkdif&aomqif;&Jyifyef;jcif;ü oihfukdapmifhray;zkdY
awmif;avQmufyg/ ,kHMunfolrsm;tjzpfESihf þtoufwmü
ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;ukd &ifqkdif&aomoltm;vkH;xHü ay;xm;
aomtHhzG,fuwdawmfrsm;twGuf ukd,fawmhfukdaus;Zl;wif
csD;rGrf;yg/
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
100 101
jcif;tm;jzihf uREkfyfwkdYtywfuukwfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfvQif ukd,fawmfonf
uREkfyfwkdY\,kHMunfjcif;ukd *kPfjyKíuREkfyfwkdYpdwful;jzihf awG;rdEkdifaom
t&mrsm;\ tjcm;wpfzuftxdaumif;BuD;ay;ygvdrfhrnf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
qif;&J'ku©cH&jcif;r&SdbJ c&pf,meftoufwmukd &SifoefzdkY uREkfyf
wkdYarQmfvihfEkdifygovm;/
rdrd\twåüvnf;aumif;? Zmwdyuwdpdwfüvnf;aumif;
aovQuf&Sdaomolrsm;twGuf þusrf;csuf\uwdawmfrsm;um;
tb,fenf;/
aeYpOfESihftrQ cufcJyifyef;jcif;ukd oif&ifqkdif&mwGif þusrf;
csufrSrnfonfh cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;rsKd;ukd oifawGU&Sd
ygoenf;/
,aeYwGif rnfonfht&mü oif½kef;uefae&ygoenf;/ bk&m;
ocifonf rdrd\EkdifiHawmfukd us,fjyefYap&müvnf;aumif;
oihfukdtxHawmfodkY qGJac:&eftwGufvnf;aumif; oif&ifqkdif
ae&aomt&mukd rnfodkYtokH;jyKaeygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
ocifbk&m;onf oifhtwGufqif;&Jyifyef;jcif;udk vkdvkdvm;vm;
cH,lvkdaeaomaMumifh aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
,aeYoif&ifqkdifae&aom qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;ü ukd,fawmfhukd
ykdí,HkMunfukd;pm;vm&ef ulnDrpay;zkdYawmif;avQmufyg/
oif&ifqkdifBuHKawGU&rnfh qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;onf rnfokdYyif&Sdap
umrl ,kHMunfjcif;jzihfavQmufvSrf;Ekdif&ef omíBuD;rm;aom
&J&ifhjcif;owådukd ay;oem;zdkY ocifbk&m;xHüawmif;avQmufyg/
oif&ifqkdif&aomqif;&Jyifyef;jcif;ü oihfukdapmifhray;zkdY
awmif;avQmufyg/ ,kHMunfolrsm;tjzpfESihf þtoufwmü
ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;ukd &ifqkdif&aomoltm;vkH;xHü ay;xm;
aomtHhzG,fuwdawmfrsm;twGuf ukd,fawmhfukdaus;Zl;wif
csD;rGrf;yg/
jyif;pGmeif;ajccH&apumrl usKd;aMujcif;okdYra&muf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
99
99
9
,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf
,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf
,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf
2aum 5;1-10 ukdzwf½Iyg/
aemufqkH;qifjcifESvkH;oGif;jcif;wGif &Sifaygvku owif;aumif;
w&m;a[majymjcif;trIawmfü 4if;ESihf4if;\vkyfazmfaqmifzufrsm;
&ifqkdifcJhMuonfh cufcJyifyef;jcif;rsm;ukd aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm;
ajymjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvku rdrdwkdYonfocifc&pfawmf\ taocHjcif;ukd
ukd,fcE¨may:ü o,f,lxm;MuaMumif; az:jycJhonf/ þtcsif;t&mu
ocifa,½Itay:üxm;&Sdaom olwkdY\arQmfvifhcsufukd xkwfazmfajymqkd
&efjzpfvmapcJhonf/ þae&mwGif aojcif;\tv,f&Sd toufwmESihf
qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;ukdBuHKawGUcHpm;&aom toufwm\aemufü xyfcsyf
ruGmvkdufygvmaom bkef;toa&taMumif;ukd &Sifaygvkuqufvufí
ajymqkdxm;onf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; ,m,DwJjzpfaom
þajrtdrfzsufqD;cH&vQif vlvufjzihfvkyfxm;jcif;r[kwfaom aumif;
uifbkH&Sd xm0&tdrfawmfjzpfonfh tdrfwpfvkH;ukdbk&m;ocifxHrS uREkfyf
wkdY&&Sdxm;aMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ þae&mü&Sdaygvkajymjyaeaom
t&monf vlYcE¨mukd,ftaMumif;jzpfonf/ þajrcE¨mukd,fukd uREkfyfwkdY
vufvTwfqkH;½IH;aomtcg þxufykdaumif;aomt&mukd aumif;uifbkHü
uREkfyfwkdYvufcH&&SdMuygvdrfhrnf/
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
99
99
9
,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf
,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf
,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf
2aum 5;1-10 ukdzwf½Iyg/
aemufqkH;qifjcifESvkH;oGif;jcif;wGif &Sifaygvku owif;aumif;
w&m;a[majymjcif;trIawmfü 4if;ESihf4if;\vkyfazmfaqmifzufrsm;
&ifqkdifcJhMuonfh cufcJyifyef;jcif;rsm;ukd aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm;
ajymjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvku rdrdwkdYonfocifc&pfawmf\ taocHjcif;ukd
ukd,fcE¨may:ü o,f,lxm;MuaMumif; az:jycJhonf/ þtcsif;t&mu
ocifa,½Itay:üxm;&Sdaom olwkdY\arQmfvifhcsufukd xkwfazmfajymqkd
&efjzpfvmapcJhonf/ þae&mwGif aojcif;\tv,f&Sd toufwmESihf
qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;ukdBuHKawGUcHpm;&aom toufwm\aemufü xyfcsyf
ruGmvkdufygvmaom bkef;toa&taMumif;ukd &Sifaygvkuqufvufí
ajymqkdxm;onf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; ,m,DwJjzpfaom
þajrtdrfzsufqD;cH&vQif vlvufjzihfvkyfxm;jcif;r[kwfaom aumif;
uifbkH&Sd xm0&tdrfawmfjzpfonfh tdrfwpfvkH;ukdbk&m;ocifxHrS uREkfyf
wkdY&&Sdxm;aMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ þae&mü&Sdaygvkajymjyaeaom
t&monf vlYcE¨mukd,ftaMumif;jzpfonf/ þajrcE¨mukd,fukd uREkfyfwkdY
vufvTwfqkH;½IH;aomtcg þxufykdaumif;aomt&mukd aumif;uifbkHü
uREkfyfwkdYvufcH&&SdMuygvdrfhrnf/
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif104 105
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; þt&monfolwkdY
vufcH&&Sdxm;NyD;aomt&mjzpfaMumif; ajymjycJhonfukdowdjyKyg/
uREkfyfwkdYonf uREkfyfwkdY\,m,DckdvIH&mjzpfaom þajrcE¨mukdvufvTwf
qkH;½IH;Muygvdrfhrnf/ tcsKdUu obm0taMumif;t&if;rsm;aMumifh qkH;½IH;
MurnfjzpfNyD;? tcsKdUuowif;aumif;w&m;awmftwGuf rdrdwkdY\&yfwnf
rIrsm;aMumifh xkdajrcE¨mukd 4if;wkdYxHrScsufcsif;vk,lcH&aomaMumifh xkdajr
cE¨mukd qkH;½IH;Muygvdrfhrnf/ okdYaomf,kHMunfoltjzpfESihf uREfkyfü&Sdxm;
aomESpfodrfhjcif;rSm þajrcE¨mxufomíaumif;rGefaomcE¨monf
uREkfyfwkdYukd apmifhpm;aeonf[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ xkdcE¨monf
tkdjcif;r&Sd? emjcif;ESihfuif;aom bkef;toa&ESihfjynfhpkHonfh aumif;uif
cE¨mjzpfonf/
,ckavmavmq,fwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf ,m,Dajrtdrfüaexkdif
aeMuonf/ aorsKd;jzpfaom þajrcE¨m\tpdwftykdif;jzpfaom emusif
jcif;? cufcJyifyef;jcif;wkdYESihf uREkfyfwkdYnnf;wGm;jrnfwrf;Muonf (i,f4)/
uREkfyfwkdYwGif ½kyfykdif;qkdif&muefYowfrsufrsm;ESihf tm;enf;csufrsm;
&SdMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdYpdwfESvkH;\teuf½Idif;qkH;wpfae&mwGif þajrcE¨mukd
pGefYypfcGgcsí aojcif;uif;íbkef;toa&ESihfjynfhpkHaom cE¨mukd&&SdMurnfh
aeY&ufukd awmifhwaeygonf/
þ&Sif;vif;csufusrf;ukd zwf½IaeoltcsKdUonf emusifrIrsm;ESihf
xkacscHae&aom ukd,fcE¨mukd&Sdxm;Muonf/ oihf&JUu,fwif&Sif\
rsufarSmufawmfü emusifrIrsm;ESihf uif;a0;rnfhaeY&ufukd oifawmifhw
aeygonf/ ,ckb0ü emusifjcif;? cufcJyifyef;jcif;rsm;ukd BuHKawGUcHpm;
zkdYrvkdaMumif; oifMum;ay;aeaomolrsm;&Sdonf/ odkYaomftrSefqkd&vQif
uREkfyfwkdYonf tjypf'kp½kduf\qkd;usKd;rsm;ukd cHpm;ae&aomajrcE¨mü
aexkdifaeMuaMumif; or®musrf;pmuoGefoifxm;onf/ tjypf'kp½kduf
onf usdefqJjcif;ukd 4if;\a&m*gb,ESifh aojcif;wkYdukdaqmif,lvmcjJh
onf/ ukd,fawmfonf þavmuü uREkfyfwdkY&ifqkdifcHpm;&aom emusif
rIrsm;ESihf qif;&J'ku©rsm;rS tcsdefumvwpfcktxd oufomaprnfjzpf
aomfvnf; þajrcE¨monf yuwdtemNidrf;jcif;ukdrl b,faomtcgwGif
rQ&&Sdrnfr[kwfyg/ touft&G,f&vmjcif;ESifhtwl xkdajrcE¨monf
tkdrif;&ifha&mfítm;enf;csnfheJYvmrnfjzpfonf/ opfvGifíbkef;toa&
ESihfjynfhpkHaomcE¨müomvQif uREkfyfwkdYonftjypf'kp½kdufESihf 4if;\usdefqJ
jcif;tusKd;tqufrsm;rS vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;vGufajrmufMuygvdrfhrnf/
aumif;uifcE¨mukd uREkfyfwkdY0wfqif&rnfhaeY&uf a&mufvmae
ygonf/ oifonf,kHMunfolwpfOD;jzpfvQif bk&m;ocif\ 0dnmOfawmf
onfoifhtxJü vma&mufudef;0yfawmfrlonf/ okdYaomfxkd0dnmOfawmf
onfrjynfhpkHaom½kyfcE¨mwpfckü udef;0yfaejcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf
jynfhpkHjcif;okdY,ckra&mufao;yg/ þukd,fcE¨mü uREkfyfwkdYnnf;wGm;
jrnfwrf;Muygaomfvnf; wpfaeYwGifuREkfyfwkdYonf topfaomaumif;
uifcE¨mtwGuf ,kd,Gif;ysufpD;aeaom þajrcE¨mudk pGefYvTwfoGm;Muyg
rnf[laom pdwfcsrIüuREkfyfwkdY&SifoefaeMuygonf/ aemifwGifvmrnfh
omíaumif;aomt&mtwGuf p&Howfjcif;ESihf tmrcHcsuftwGuf
bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\0dnmOfawmfukd uREkfyfwkdY\txJü oGwfoGif;ay;
xm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdY\txJü oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf&Sdaejcif;u
,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif104 105
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; þt&monfolwkdY
vufcH&&Sdxm;NyD;aomt&mjzpfaMumif; ajymjycJhonfukdowdjyKyg/
uREkfyfwkdYonf uREkfyfwkdY\,m,DckdvIH&mjzpfaom þajrcE¨mukdvufvTwf
qkH;½IH;Muygvdrfhrnf/ tcsKdUu obm0taMumif;t&if;rsm;aMumifh qkH;½IH;
MurnfjzpfNyD;? tcsKdUuowif;aumif;w&m;awmftwGuf rdrdwkdY\&yfwnf
rIrsm;aMumifh xkdajrcE¨mukd 4if;wkdYxHrScsufcsif;vk,lcH&aomaMumifh xkdajr
cE¨mukd qkH;½IH;Muygvdrfhrnf/ okdYaomf,kHMunfoltjzpfESihf uREfkyfü&Sdxm;
aomESpfodrfhjcif;rSm þajrcE¨mxufomíaumif;rGefaomcE¨monf
uREkfyfwkdYukd apmifhpm;aeonf[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ xkdcE¨monf
tkdjcif;r&Sd? emjcif;ESihfuif;aom bkef;toa&ESihfjynfhpkHonfh aumif;uif
cE¨mjzpfonf/
,ckavmavmq,fwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf ,m,Dajrtdrfüaexkdif
aeMuonf/ aorsKd;jzpfaom þajrcE¨m\tpdwftykdif;jzpfaom emusif
jcif;? cufcJyifyef;jcif;wkdYESihf uREkfyfwkdYnnf;wGm;jrnfwrf;Muonf (i,f4)/
uREkfyfwkdYwGif ½kyfykdif;qkdif&muefYowfrsufrsm;ESihf tm;enf;csufrsm;
&SdMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdYpdwfESvkH;\teuf½Idif;qkH;wpfae&mwGif þajrcE¨mukd
pGefYypfcGgcsí aojcif;uif;íbkef;toa&ESihfjynfhpkHaom cE¨mukd&&SdMurnfh
aeY&ufukd awmifhwaeygonf/
þ&Sif;vif;csufusrf;ukd zwf½IaeoltcsKdUonf emusifrIrsm;ESihf
xkacscHae&aom ukd,fcE¨mukd&Sdxm;Muonf/ oihf&JUu,fwif&Sif\
rsufarSmufawmfü emusifrIrsm;ESihf uif;a0;rnfhaeY&ufukd oifawmifhw
aeygonf/ ,ckb0ü emusifjcif;? cufcJyifyef;jcif;rsm;ukd BuHKawGUcHpm;
zkdYrvkdaMumif; oifMum;ay;aeaomolrsm;&Sdonf/ odkYaomftrSefqkd&vQif
uREkfyfwkdYonf tjypf'kp½kduf\qkd;usKd;rsm;ukd cHpm;ae&aomajrcE¨mü
aexkdifaeMuaMumif; or®musrf;pmuoGefoifxm;onf/ tjypf'kp½kduf
onf usdefqJjcif;ukd 4if;\a&m*gb,ESifh aojcif;wkYdukdaqmif,lvmcjJh
onf/ ukd,fawmfonf þavmuü uREkfyfwdkY&ifqkdifcHpm;&aom emusif
rIrsm;ESihf qif;&J'ku©rsm;rS tcsdefumvwpfcktxd oufomaprnfjzpf
aomfvnf; þajrcE¨monf yuwdtemNidrf;jcif;ukdrl b,faomtcgwGif
rQ&&Sdrnfr[kwfyg/ touft&G,f&vmjcif;ESifhtwl xkdajrcE¨monf
tkdrif;&ifha&mfítm;enf;csnfheJYvmrnfjzpfonf/ opfvGifíbkef;toa&
ESihfjynfhpkHaomcE¨müomvQif uREkfyfwkdYonftjypf'kp½kdufESihf 4if;\usdefqJ
jcif;tusKd;tqufrsm;rS vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;vGufajrmufMuygvdrfhrnf/
aumif;uifcE¨mukd uREkfyfwkdY0wfqif&rnfhaeY&uf a&mufvmae
ygonf/ oifonf,kHMunfolwpfOD;jzpfvQif bk&m;ocif\ 0dnmOfawmf
onfoifhtxJü vma&mufudef;0yfawmfrlonf/ okdYaomfxkd0dnmOfawmf
onfrjynfhpkHaom½kyfcE¨mwpfckü udef;0yfaejcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf
jynfhpkHjcif;okdY,ckra&mufao;yg/ þukd,fcE¨mü uREkfyfwkdYnnf;wGm;
jrnfwrf;Muygaomfvnf; wpfaeYwGifuREkfyfwkdYonf topfaomaumif;
uifcE¨mtwGuf ,kd,Gif;ysufpD;aeaom þajrcE¨mudk pGefYvTwfoGm;Muyg
rnf[laom pdwfcsrIüuREkfyfwkdY&SifoefaeMuygonf/ aemifwGifvmrnfh
omíaumif;aomt&mtwGuf p&Howfjcif;ESihf tmrcHcsuftwGuf
bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\0dnmOfawmfukd uREkfyfwkdY\txJü oGwfoGif;ay;
xm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdY\txJü oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf&Sdaejcif;u
,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif106 107
bk&m;ocifonf rdrdtpjyKcJhaomt&mukd NyD;qkH;onfhwdkif vkyfaqmif
oGm;rnf[laom uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfcs,kHMunfrIjzpfonf (i,f 5)/
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf bk&m;ocifuuRkEkfyfwdkYtxJü
vnf;aumif; uREkfyfwkdYtm;jzihfvnf;aumif; vkyfaqmifvkdaomtHhzG,f
trIawmf\ tptOD;jzpfonf/ þtrIawmfonf p&Hom&Sdao;onf/
uREkfyfwkdYonf tjypf'kp½kduf\tusKd;qufrS u,fwifjcif;cHxm;&
aomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdYonf Zmwda[mif;ESihf cE¨ma[mif;wkdYü qufí
½kef;uefaeMu&onf/ wpfaeYwGif ukd,fawmf&Sifonf rdrd\oefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmfukd uREkfyfwkdYtxJü oGwfoGif;ay;aomtcgü rdrdtpjyKcJh
aomt&mukd NyD;ajrmufapcJhygvdrfhrnf/ olonfqkd;npfaomZmwdyuwd
\uRefjyKjcif;ukd NzdKcGJcJhygvdrfhrnf/ pkHprf;aESmuf,Sufjcif;ESihf tjypfusL;
vGefvkdpdwftm;vkH;onf zsufqD;jcif;cHMu&vdrfhrnf/ ukd,fawmf&Sifonf
uREkfyfwkdY\tjypfobm0ukdz,f&Sm;í tjypf'kp½kduf\oufa&mufrIukd
rcH&aomcE¨m? tjypf'kp½kduf\usdefqJjcif;tusKd;tqufrsm;\ ouf
a&mufrIukd rcH&aombkef;toa&ESihf jynfhpkHonfhcE¨opfukd uREkfyfwkdY
tm;ay;oem;ygvdrfhfrnf/
tcef;i,f 6wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; 4if;
wkdYonfajrcE¨mü&SdaeorQ ocifbk&m;ESifha0;&mwGif &SdaeMuaMumif;
today;xm;onf/ þokdYajymqkd&mwGif ocifbk&m;onf ,kHMunfolrsm;
ESihf twlr&Sdyg[lí rqkdvkdyg/ olonf uREkfyfwkdYudkb,faomtcgwGifrQ
pGefYypfoGm;rnfr[kwfaMumif; uwday;xm;onf/ ukd,fawmf&Sif\
0dnmOfa&;rsufarSmufjyKjcif;onf tHhzG,faumif;ícGeftm;opfukd
jzpfapygonf/ okdYaomfwpfaeYwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\
rsufarSmufawmfokdY wkd;0if&ygvdrfhrnf/ þajrcE¨mrsm;onf bk&m;ocif
\rsufarSmufawmfukd rwkd;0ifEkdifyg/ xkdajrcE¨mrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYpGefYvTwf
cGgcsaomtcsdefüom rsufarSmufawmfukd wkkd;0ifEkdifMuvdrfhrnf/ xkdrsuf
arSmufawmfwGif uREkffyfwkdYonfukd,fawmfESihftwl&Sdí ukd,fawmfhukd
xm0&aysmfarGUoGm;Murnfjzpfonf/
uREkfyfwkdYonf þtHhzG,fuwdawmfrsm;ukd ,kHMunfjcif;jzihf vufcH
axG;ykdufMuonf/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrduwdjyKxm;aomt&mrsm;ukd
jynfhpkHaprnfhtaMumif; uREkfyfwkdY,kHMunfMuonf/ þtoufwmwGif
uREkfyfwkdYowådraMumifMuyg/ þajrcE¨monf wpfcgwpf&Hus½IH;aomf
vnf; uREkfyfwkdYonfbkef;toa&ESihfjynfhpkHaom cE¨mtopfukdtao
tcsm&&SdMurnf[k ,kHMunf&if;&SifoefaeMuonf/ &efolu uREkfyf wkdYukd
tNrJvkdpdwf"gwfusqif;apvkdygonf/ þvuf&Sdtoufwmukdom pl;pkdufzkdY
uREkfyfwkdYukdrMumcPpkHprf;aoG;aqmifaeygonf/ &Sifaygvku aum
&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfrsm;ukd jrifawGUzkdY
4if;wkdY\rsufvHk;rsm;ukdzGifhíarmhMunfh&efESihf xkduwdawmfrsm;\ ppfrSefrI
üvufawGU&SifoefMu&efpdefac:cJhonf/ a&m*gb,rsm;ESihf qif;&Jyifyef;
jcif;rsm;onf 4if;wkdY\ teD;wpf0kdufwGif&SdaecJhMuonfrSmrSefygonf/
olwkdYonf aojcif;w&m;ukdvnf; &ifqkdifjzwfoef;&ygrnf/ olwkdY\ajr
cE¨mrsm;onf tm;enf;csnfheJYvmMuygrnf/ odkYaomfþt&mtm;vkH;onf
,m,DomjzpfMuonf/ bk&m;ocifonf olwkdYtwGufykdíBuD;jrwfaom
t&mukd xm;&Sday;xm;ygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf olwkdYukdapmifhpm;ae
,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif106 107
bk&m;ocifonf rdrdtpjyKcJhaomt&mukd NyD;qkH;onfhwdkif vkyfaqmif
oGm;rnf[laom uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfcs,kHMunfrIjzpfonf (i,f 5)/
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf bk&m;ocifuuRkEkfyfwdkYtxJü
vnf;aumif; uREkfyfwkdYtm;jzihfvnf;aumif; vkyfaqmifvkdaomtHhzG,f
trIawmf\ tptOD;jzpfonf/ þtrIawmfonf p&Hom&Sdao;onf/
uREkfyfwkdYonf tjypf'kp½kduf\tusKd;qufrS u,fwifjcif;cHxm;&
aomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdYonf Zmwda[mif;ESihf cE¨ma[mif;wkdYü qufí
½kef;uefaeMu&onf/ wpfaeYwGif ukd,fawmf&Sifonf rdrd\oefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmfukd uREkfyfwkdYtxJü oGwfoGif;ay;aomtcgü rdrdtpjyKcJh
aomt&mukd NyD;ajrmufapcJhygvdrfhrnf/ olonfqkd;npfaomZmwdyuwd
\uRefjyKjcif;ukd NzdKcGJcJhygvdrfhrnf/ pkHprf;aESmuf,Sufjcif;ESihf tjypfusL;
vGefvkdpdwftm;vkH;onf zsufqD;jcif;cHMu&vdrfhrnf/ ukd,fawmf&Sifonf
uREkfyfwkdY\tjypfobm0ukdz,f&Sm;í tjypf'kp½kduf\oufa&mufrIukd
rcH&aomcE¨m? tjypf'kp½kduf\usdefqJjcif;tusKd;tqufrsm;\ ouf
a&mufrIukd rcH&aombkef;toa&ESihf jynfhpkHonfhcE¨opfukd uREkfyfwkdY
tm;ay;oem;ygvdrfhfrnf/
tcef;i,f 6wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; 4if;
wkdYonfajrcE¨mü&SdaeorQ ocifbk&m;ESifha0;&mwGif &SdaeMuaMumif;
today;xm;onf/ þokdYajymqkd&mwGif ocifbk&m;onf ,kHMunfolrsm;
ESihf twlr&Sdyg[lí rqkdvkdyg/ olonf uREkfyfwkdYudkb,faomtcgwGifrQ
pGefYypfoGm;rnfr[kwfaMumif; uwday;xm;onf/ ukd,fawmf&Sif\
0dnmOfa&;rsufarSmufjyKjcif;onf tHhzG,faumif;ícGeftm;opfukd
jzpfapygonf/ okdYaomfwpfaeYwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\
rsufarSmufawmfokdY wkd;0if&ygvdrfhrnf/ þajrcE¨mrsm;onf bk&m;ocif
\rsufarSmufawmfukd rwkd;0ifEkdifyg/ xkdajrcE¨mrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYpGefYvTwf
cGgcsaomtcsdefüom rsufarSmufawmfukd wkkd;0ifEkdifMuvdrfhrnf/ xkdrsuf
arSmufawmfwGif uREkffyfwkdYonfukd,fawmfESihftwl&Sdí ukd,fawmfhukd
xm0&aysmfarGUoGm;Murnfjzpfonf/
uREkfyfwkdYonf þtHhzG,fuwdawmfrsm;ukd ,kHMunfjcif;jzihf vufcH
axG;ykdufMuonf/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrduwdjyKxm;aomt&mrsm;ukd
jynfhpkHaprnfhtaMumif; uREkfyfwkdY,kHMunfMuonf/ þtoufwmwGif
uREkfyfwkdYowådraMumifMuyg/ þajrcE¨monf wpfcgwpf&Hus½IH;aomf
vnf; uREkfyfwkdYonfbkef;toa&ESihfjynfhpkHaom cE¨mtopfukdtao
tcsm&&SdMurnf[k ,kHMunf&if;&SifoefaeMuonf/ &efolu uREkfyf wkdYukd
tNrJvkdpdwf"gwfusqif;apvkdygonf/ þvuf&Sdtoufwmukdom pl;pkdufzkdY
uREkfyfwkdYukdrMumcPpkHprf;aoG;aqmifaeygonf/ &Sifaygvku aum
&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfrsm;ukd jrifawGUzkdY
4if;wkdY\rsufvHk;rsm;ukdzGifhíarmhMunfh&efESihf xkduwdawmfrsm;\ ppfrSefrI
üvufawGU&SifoefMu&efpdefac:cJhonf/ a&m*gb,rsm;ESihf qif;&Jyifyef;
jcif;rsm;onf 4if;wkdY\ teD;wpf0kdufwGif&SdaecJhMuonfrSmrSefygonf/
olwkdYonf aojcif;w&m;ukdvnf; &ifqkdifjzwfoef;&ygrnf/ olwkdY\ajr
cE¨mrsm;onf tm;enf;csnfheJYvmMuygrnf/ odkYaomfþt&mtm;vkH;onf
,m,DomjzpfMuonf/ bk&m;ocifonf olwkdYtwGufykdíBuD;jrwfaom
t&mukd xm;&Sday;xm;ygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf olwkdYukdapmifhpm;ae
,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif108 109
aombkef;toa&ESihf jynfhpkHaomcE¨mopfukd odrf;qnf; ay;xm;onf/
þtHhzG,f uwdawmfrsm;\tvif;atmufwGif uKREkfyfwkdYonf
Zmwdüaoí ocifa,½ItwGuf &Sifoefjcif;ukd toufwm\ &nfrSef;
csufyef;wkdiftjzpf jyKvkyfMu&rnf (i,f 9)/ þajrcE¨mrsm;ESihftwl
qufvufí&Sifoef&mrSm vG,fulrnfr[kwfaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdYukd
vIHUaqmfay;aom ukd,fawmf&Sif\ uwdawmfrsm;&Sdaeygonf/ uREkfyfwkdY
onf þajrcE¨mrsm;ü tpOftNrJaeoGm;Mu&rnfr[kwfyg/ okdYaomf
xkdajrcE¨mü uREkfyfwkdY&SdaeorQumvywfvkH; ocifbk&m;ukd pdwfauseyf
ap&efESihf *kPfBuD;ap&eftwGuf uREkfyfwkdYwwfEkdiforQukd vkyfaqmif&ef
rSmuREkfyfwkdY\ tBuD;rm;qkH;qE´jzpfonf/
þajrcE¨mü uREkfyfwkdYBuHKawGUcHpm;&aom emusifrIrsm;ESihf
qif;&J'ku©rsm;ukdtokH;jyKí &efolonfuREkfyfwkdYukd pdwf"gwfusqif;
atmifBudK;pm;vkyfaqmifygvdrfhrnf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;wGif &efolonf
a,mbukd bk&m;ociftm;pGefYvTwfausmckdif;oGm;apzkdY BudK;pm;&mü
a,mb\cE¨mukd,fü tvGefBuD;rm;aomqif;&J'ku©ESihf emusifapcJh
onf/ &efolonf uREkfyfwkdYukd pdwfysuftm;avsmhatmifvkyfaqmif&m
wGif þajrcE¨monf &efol\taumif;qkH;vufeufwefqmjzpfonf/
urÇmhorkdif;wpfavQmufvkH;wGif &efolonf½kyfcE¨memusifrIukd tcGihf
aumif;wpf&yftjzpftokH;cscJhonf/ olonfoefY&Sif;olwkdYukd ocif
a,½Itm; jiif;y,fMuzkdY vkyfaqmifBudK;yrf;&mü 4if;wkdYukdyEéufwkdifwGif
csnfaESmifí rD;½IdUjcif;? um;wkdifwifowfjcif;rsm;ukd jyKvkyfcJhonf/ ocif
c&pfawmf\ emrawmfukd uJh&JUapmfum;Muap&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&mü
&efolonf oefY&Sif;olwkdY\ ajrcE¨mukdn§if;yef;ESdyfpufcJhonf/ &efol
onf olwkYd\pdwf"gwfrsm;ukd csKd;zJhzsufqD;&eftcsKdUaomolrsm;ukd tBuD;
tus,fxdcdkufysufpD;apí tjcm;olrsm;ukd wkdufckdufxkd;ESufcJhonf/ tcsKdU
aomolrsm;onf &efol\tpDtrHrsm;wGif om;aumifjzpfoGm;cJhMuaomf
vnf; tjcm;olrsm;url awmifhcHívufeufcst½IH;ay;zdkY jiif;qefcJhMu
onf/ olwkdYonf rdrdwdkY\ajrcE¨mukd aojcif;üay;tyfjcif;jzihf tqkH;
wkkdifwnfMunfcJhMuonf/ rdrdwkdY\þajrcE¨mzsufqD;jcif;cH&vQif ykdí
aumif;aombkef;toa&ESihf jynfhpkHonfhaumif;uifcE¨mopfukd bk&m;
ocifu uwdjyKxm;aMumif; olwdkYod&Sdxm;cJhMuonf/ bk&m;ocifonf
rdrdtwGufykdíaumif;jrwfaom cE¨mukduwdjyKxm;aMumif;ukd ,kHMunf
&if;tzkd;tc rnfokdYyifay;&ay;& þajrcE¨mjzihf ocifa,½Iukd*kPfBuD;
apMuzdkY qufuyftyfESHxm;cJhMuonf/
ay;qyf&rnfhtzkd;tcrSm BuD;rm;rnfjzpfaomfvnf; uwdawmf
rSmomíyifBuD;jrwfaMumif;ukd &SifaygvkuuREkfyfwkdYtm; today;xm;
onf/ wpfaeYwGifuREkfyfwkdYonf ocifa,½I\ w&m;pD&ifjcif;yv’if
awmfa&SUü&yfí ocifc&pfawmftwGuf þavmuü touf&SifpOfü
jyKvkyfcJhMuaomtrIawmftwGuf uREkfyfwkdY\qkvm'frsm;ukd vufcH
Mu&rnhftaMumif; &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYukdtoday;xm;onf/ xm0&
umvtxd wefzkd;&Sdaeaomt&mtwGuf azmufjyefysufpD;wwfaom
tuREkfyfwkdY\ þajrcE¨mü rnfonfhyifyef;qif;&Jjcif;yifa&mufvmyg
ap uREkfyfwkdYonf xkdxm0&aumif;uifcE¨mopfukd pl;pkdufaeMu&rnf
jzpfaMumif; &Sifaygvku uREfkyfwkdYukdajymjyaeygonf/ uREkfyfwdkdYonf
xkdyifyef;qif;&Jjcif;ukd aMumuf&GHUaezdkYrvkdyg/ xkdokdYaMumuf&GHUaernfh
,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif108 109
aombkef;toa&ESihf jynfhpkHaomcE¨mopfukd odrf;qnf; ay;xm;onf/
þtHhzG,f uwdawmfrsm;\tvif;atmufwGif uKREkfyfwkdYonf
Zmwdüaoí ocifa,½ItwGuf &Sifoefjcif;ukd toufwm\ &nfrSef;
csufyef;wkdiftjzpf jyKvkyfMu&rnf (i,f 9)/ þajrcE¨mrsm;ESihftwl
qufvufí&Sifoef&mrSm vG,fulrnfr[kwfaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdYukd
vIHUaqmfay;aom ukd,fawmf&Sif\ uwdawmfrsm;&Sdaeygonf/ uREkfyfwkdY
onf þajrcE¨mrsm;ü tpOftNrJaeoGm;Mu&rnfr[kwfyg/ okdYaomf
xkdajrcE¨mü uREkfyfwkdY&SdaeorQumvywfvkH; ocifbk&m;ukd pdwfauseyf
ap&efESihf *kPfBuD;ap&eftwGuf uREkfyfwkdYwwfEkdiforQukd vkyfaqmif&ef
rSmuREkfyfwkdY\ tBuD;rm;qkH;qE´jzpfonf/
þajrcE¨mü uREkfyfwkdYBuHKawGUcHpm;&aom emusifrIrsm;ESihf
qif;&J'ku©rsm;ukdtokH;jyKí &efolonfuREkfyfwkdYukd pdwf"gwfusqif;
atmifBudK;pm;vkyfaqmifygvdrfhrnf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;wGif &efolonf
a,mbukd bk&m;ociftm;pGefYvTwfausmckdif;oGm;apzkdY BudK;pm;&mü
a,mb\cE¨mukd,fü tvGefBuD;rm;aomqif;&J'ku©ESihf emusifapcJh
onf/ &efolonf uREkfyfwkdYukd pdwfysuftm;avsmhatmifvkyfaqmif&m
wGif þajrcE¨monf &efol\taumif;qkH;vufeufwefqmjzpfonf/
urÇmhorkdif;wpfavQmufvkH;wGif &efolonf½kyfcE¨memusifrIukd tcGihf
aumif;wpf&yftjzpftokH;cscJhonf/ olonfoefY&Sif;olwkdYukd ocif
a,½Itm; jiif;y,fMuzkdY vkyfaqmifBudK;yrf;&mü 4if;wkdYukdyEéufwkdifwGif
csnfaESmifí rD;½IdUjcif;? um;wkdifwifowfjcif;rsm;ukd jyKvkyfcJhonf/ ocif
c&pfawmf\ emrawmfukd uJh&JUapmfum;Muap&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&mü
&efolonf oefY&Sif;olwkdY\ ajrcE¨mukdn§if;yef;ESdyfpufcJhonf/ &efol
onf olwkYd\pdwf"gwfrsm;ukd csKd;zJhzsufqD;&eftcsKdUaomolrsm;ukd tBuD;
tus,fxdcdkufysufpD;apí tjcm;olrsm;ukd wkdufckdufxkd;ESufcJhonf/ tcsKdU
aomolrsm;onf &efol\tpDtrHrsm;wGif om;aumifjzpfoGm;cJhMuaomf
vnf; tjcm;olrsm;url awmifhcHívufeufcst½IH;ay;zdkY jiif;qefcJhMu
onf/ olwkdYonf rdrdwdkY\ajrcE¨mukd aojcif;üay;tyfjcif;jzihf tqkH;
wkkdifwnfMunfcJhMuonf/ rdrdwkdY\þajrcE¨mzsufqD;jcif;cH&vQif ykdí
aumif;aombkef;toa&ESihf jynfhpkHonfhaumif;uifcE¨mopfukd bk&m;
ocifu uwdjyKxm;aMumif; olwdkYod&Sdxm;cJhMuonf/ bk&m;ocifonf
rdrdtwGufykdíaumif;jrwfaom cE¨mukduwdjyKxm;aMumif;ukd ,kHMunf
&if;tzkd;tc rnfokdYyifay;&ay;& þajrcE¨mjzihf ocifa,½Iukd*kPfBuD;
apMuzdkY qufuyftyfESHxm;cJhMuonf/
ay;qyf&rnfhtzkd;tcrSm BuD;rm;rnfjzpfaomfvnf; uwdawmf
rSmomíyifBuD;jrwfaMumif;ukd &SifaygvkuuREkfyfwkdYtm; today;xm;
onf/ wpfaeYwGifuREkfyfwkdYonf ocifa,½I\ w&m;pD&ifjcif;yv’if
awmfa&SUü&yfí ocifc&pfawmftwGuf þavmuü touf&SifpOfü
jyKvkyfcJhMuaomtrIawmftwGuf uREkfyfwkdY\qkvm'frsm;ukd vufcH
Mu&rnhftaMumif; &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYukdtoday;xm;onf/ xm0&
umvtxd wefzkd;&Sdaeaomt&mtwGuf azmufjyefysufpD;wwfaom
tuREkfyfwkdY\ þajrcE¨mü rnfonfhyifyef;qif;&Jjcif;yifa&mufvmyg
ap uREkfyfwkdYonf xkdxm0&aumif;uifcE¨mopfukd pl;pkdufaeMu&rnf
jzpfaMumif; &Sifaygvku uREfkyfwkdYukdajymjyaeygonf/ uREkfyfwdkdYonf
xkdyifyef;qif;&Jjcif;ukd aMumuf&GHUaezdkYrvkdyg/ xkdokdYaMumuf&GHUaernfh
,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif110 111
tpm; uREkfyfwkdY\ pdwfESvkH;ü aus;Zl;wifwwfjcif;? bk&m;ocifuqifh
ac:ívkyfaqmifapaom uREkfyfwkdY\þavmu&Sdwm0efrsm;ukd jznfh
qnf;vkyfaqmifjcif;wkdYESihftwl þtoufwm\wpfzuftvGef&Sd bk&m;
ocifuwdjyKxm;aom tHhzG,ft&mrsm;qDokdY ½IarQmfMu&rnf/
uREkfyfwkdYonf tm;enf;csnfheJUaeaom cE¨mrsm;ü trIawmf
aqmifaeMuygonf/ xkdtm;enf;csnfheJYaeaom cE¨mjzihfocifc&pfawmf
wefckd;awmfukd vufawGUjyoaeMuonf/ omíBuD;jrwfaomt&m
twGufuREkfyfwkdY arQmfvifhcsuf&SdaeMuaomaMuihf uREkfyfwkdYonf þcE¨m
ukdwG,fuyfraeouJhokdY þcE¨m\oufawmifhoufom&Sdjcif;ukd vGefuJ
pGmtav;rxm;Muyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\tjyif;jyqkH;pdwfqE´onf þ,m,D
ajrtdrftwGufr[kwf? aumif;uifbkH&Sd xm0&tdrfawmftwGufjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; þb0þtoufwmwGif qif;&J
'ku¨ukd 4iff;wkdY&ifqkdifBuHKawGUMurnfjzpfaMumif; today;cJhonf/ okdYaomf
4if;wkdYukdxm0&umvü&&Sdrnfh uwdawmfrsm;ukda&S;½Ií bk&m;
ocif\EkdifiHawmftwGuf 'ku©a0'emrsm;ESihf aojcif;w&m;ukd vkdvkd
vm;vm;onf;cH&ifqkdifMuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/ olwkdYonf þavmuü
aexkdifpOf vkHYv0D&d,&SdaomtrIawmftwGuf aphaqmfwkdufwGef;jcif;
wpfcktjzpf txuft&yfESifhqkdifaom t&mrsm;üvnf;aumif;? xm0&
umv &&Sdrnfhqkvmbfrsm;üvnf;aumif; tm½kHpkd;pkdufxm;Mu&ayrnf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYukdrdrd\rsufarSmufawmfü cE¨mtopf
rsm;ukday;rnf[laom uwday;xm;rItay:ü rnfonfhESpfodrfh
jcif;ukd oif&&Sdygoenf;/
þajrcE¨mtay:ü tjypf'kp½kdufu rnfonfh oufa&mufrIrsm;
ukdjyKvkyfygoenf;/
cufcJyifyef;jcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdifp&mrvkdyg[k bk&m;ocif\
EIwfuywfawmfu uwday;xm;ygovm;/ uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdifae
&aom qif;&J'ku©rsm;wGif rnfonfhESpfodrfhjcif;ukd oifawGU&Sd
ygoenf;/
uREkfyfwkdY\toufwmü emusifjcif;ESihfqif;&Jyifyef;jcif;ukd
bk&m;ocifu tb,faMumifhcGihfjyKaeonf[k oifxifyg
oenf;/ emusifjcif;ESihf qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;rsm;tm;jzihf bk&m;
ocifonf oihftoufwmü rnfonfht&mukd txajrmuf
jynfhpkHapcJhygoenf;/
bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY\ þajrcE¨mrsm;ü rMumcPtem
a&m*gNidrf;jcif;ukd ay;aomfvnf; þajrcE¨mrsm;onf vkH;vkH;
vsm;vsm; oufomaysmufuif;Muygovm;/ &Sif;jyyg/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
ocifbk&m;u olYukd,kHMunfukd;pm;aomolrsm;twGuf topf
aomcE¨mukd uwdjyKxm;jcif;aMumifh aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
oihf&JUajrcE¨mü ocifbk&m;ukd *kPfBuD;ap&efcGeftm;opfrsm;
oGef;avmif;ay;zkdY qkawmif;avQmufyg/ ocifbk&m;onf rdrd\
,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif110 111
tpm; uREkfyfwkdY\ pdwfESvkH;ü aus;Zl;wifwwfjcif;? bk&m;ocifuqifh
ac:ívkyfaqmifapaom uREkfyfwkdY\þavmu&Sdwm0efrsm;ukd jznfh
qnf;vkyfaqmifjcif;wkdYESihftwl þtoufwm\wpfzuftvGef&Sd bk&m;
ocifuwdjyKxm;aom tHhzG,ft&mrsm;qDokdY ½IarQmfMu&rnf/
uREkfyfwkdYonf tm;enf;csnfheJUaeaom cE¨mrsm;ü trIawmf
aqmifaeMuygonf/ xkdtm;enf;csnfheJYaeaom cE¨mjzihfocifc&pfawmf
wefckd;awmfukd vufawGUjyoaeMuonf/ omíBuD;jrwfaomt&m
twGufuREkfyfwkdY arQmfvifhcsuf&SdaeMuaomaMuihf uREkfyfwkdYonf þcE¨m
ukdwG,fuyfraeouJhokdY þcE¨m\oufawmifhoufom&Sdjcif;ukd vGefuJ
pGmtav;rxm;Muyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\tjyif;jyqkH;pdwfqE´onf þ,m,D
ajrtdrftwGufr[kwf? aumif;uifbkH&Sd xm0&tdrfawmftwGufjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; þb0þtoufwmwGif qif;&J
'ku¨ukd 4iff;wkdY&ifqkdifBuHKawGUMurnfjzpfaMumif; today;cJhonf/ okdYaomf
4if;wkdYukdxm0&umvü&&Sdrnfh uwdawmfrsm;ukda&S;½Ií bk&m;
ocif\EkdifiHawmftwGuf 'ku©a0'emrsm;ESihf aojcif;w&m;ukd vkdvkd
vm;vm;onf;cH&ifqkdifMuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/ olwkdYonf þavmuü
aexkdifpOf vkHYv0D&d,&SdaomtrIawmftwGuf aphaqmfwkdufwGef;jcif;
wpfcktjzpf txuft&yfESifhqkdifaom t&mrsm;üvnf;aumif;? xm0&
umv &&Sdrnfhqkvmbfrsm;üvnf;aumif; tm½kHpkd;pkdufxm;Mu&ayrnf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYukdrdrd\rsufarSmufawmfü cE¨mtopf
rsm;ukday;rnf[laom uwday;xm;rItay:ü rnfonfhESpfodrfh
jcif;ukd oif&&Sdygoenf;/
þajrcE¨mtay:ü tjypf'kp½kdufu rnfonfh oufa&mufrIrsm;
ukdjyKvkyfygoenf;/
cufcJyifyef;jcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdifp&mrvkdyg[k bk&m;ocif\
EIwfuywfawmfu uwday;xm;ygovm;/ uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdifae
&aom qif;&J'ku©rsm;wGif rnfonfhESpfodrfhjcif;ukd oifawGU&Sd
ygoenf;/
uREkfyfwkdY\toufwmü emusifjcif;ESihfqif;&Jyifyef;jcif;ukd
bk&m;ocifu tb,faMumifhcGihfjyKaeonf[k oifxifyg
oenf;/ emusifjcif;ESihf qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;rsm;tm;jzihf bk&m;
ocifonf oihftoufwmü rnfonfht&mukd txajrmuf
jynfhpkHapcJhygoenf;/
bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY\ þajrcE¨mrsm;ü rMumcPtem
a&m*gNidrf;jcif;ukd ay;aomfvnf; þajrcE¨mrsm;onf vkH;vkH;
vsm;vsm; oufomaysmufuif;Muygovm;/ &Sif;jyyg/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
ocifbk&m;u olYukd,kHMunfukd;pm;aomolrsm;twGuf topf
aomcE¨mukd uwdjyKxm;jcif;aMumifh aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
oihf&JUajrcE¨mü ocifbk&m;ukd *kPfBuD;ap&efcGeftm;opfrsm;
oGef;avmif;ay;zkdY qkawmif;avQmufyg/ ocifbk&m;onf rdrd\
,m,DwJjzpfaomþajrtdrf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif112
tBuHtpnfrsm;ukd txajrmufjynfhpkHapzdkY oif&ifqkdifae&aom
qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;ESihf ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKEkdif
aomaMumifh aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
,ckvuf&Sdqif;&Jyifyef;jcif;ukd BuHKawGUcHpm;ae&aomol
wpfa,mufa,mufukd oifodygovm;/ xkdyk*¾dKvftwGuf
qkawmif;ay;zdkY tcsdeftenf;i,f,lyg/ xkdyk*¾dKvfukd ukpm;ay;
zkdYawmif;avQmufyg/ txl;ojzihf qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;'ku©tm;jzihf
emrawmfukd *kPfBuD;ap&ef udk,fawmfxHü awmif;avQmufyg/
bk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmftwGuf oihf&JUþajrcE¨mukd vkdvkd
vm;vm;paw;EkdifzkdY cGeftm;oGef;avmif;ay;&ef awmif;avQmuf
yg/
1010
1010
10
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
2aum 5;11-20 ukdzwf½Iyg/
tcef;BuD; 4wGif &Sifaygvku rdrdwdkYonfor®mw&m;ukd xdrf
0SufarSmufvSefjcif;r&SdbJ? twdtvif;az:jya[majymjcif;trIawmfukd
bk&m;ocifxHrS vufcH&&Sdxm;MuaMumif; aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;ukd tod
ay;cJhonf (4;1-2)/ olwkdYonf þavmuü apvTwfxm;aom ocif
c&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;jzpfMuonf/ tcef;BuD; 1 \yxrtykdif;wGif
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefwpfyg;jzpf&jcif;onf vG,fulaomt&m
r[kwfaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYawGUjrifcJh&onf/ uREkfyfonf þajrcE¨mü oH
wrefjzpfMu&onf/ uREkfyfwkdYa0iSaomw&m;awmfukd rESpfoufaom
olrsm;\ ESdyfpufn§if;yef;jcif;ESihf uJh&JU½IHUcsjcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYcH&ayvdrfh
rnf/ odkYaomf? &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; 4if;wkdY\þ
ajrcE¨mtm;jzihf bk&m;ocifukd *kPfBuD;apMu&efpdefac:cJhonf/ þ
aemufwpfykdif;wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;
ocif\oHwrefjzpfjcif;twGuf vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;ukday;cJhonf/ olwkdY
o,faqmifoGm;&rnfh w&m;awmfukdvnf;aumif;? xkdw&m;awmfukd
rnfokdYa[majyma0iS&rnfukdvnf;aumif; ajymjycJhonf/
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif112
tBuHtpnfrsm;ukd txajrmufjynfhpkHapzdkY oif&ifqkdifae&aom
qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;ESihf ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKEkdif
aomaMumifh aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
,ckvuf&Sdqif;&Jyifyef;jcif;ukd BuHKawGUcHpm;ae&aomol
wpfa,mufa,mufukd oifodygovm;/ xkdyk*¾dKvftwGuf
qkawmif;ay;zdkY tcsdeftenf;i,f,lyg/ xkdyk*¾dKvfukd ukpm;ay;
zkdYawmif;avQmufyg/ txl;ojzihf qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;'ku©tm;jzihf
emrawmfukd *kPfBuD;ap&ef udk,fawmfxHü awmif;avQmufyg/
bk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmftwGuf oihf&JUþajrcE¨mukd vkdvkd
vm;vm;paw;EkdifzkdY cGeftm;oGef;avmif;ay;&ef awmif;avQmuf
yg/
1010
1010
10
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
2aum 5;11-20 ukdzwf½Iyg/
tcef;BuD; 4wGif &Sifaygvku rdrdwdkYonfor®mw&m;ukd xdrf
0SufarSmufvSefjcif;r&SdbJ? twdtvif;az:jya[majymjcif;trIawmfukd
bk&m;ocifxHrS vufcH&&Sdxm;MuaMumif; aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;ukd tod
ay;cJhonf (4;1-2)/ olwkdYonf þavmuü apvTwfxm;aom ocif
c&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;jzpfMuonf/ tcef;BuD; 1 \yxrtykdif;wGif
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefwpfyg;jzpf&jcif;onf vG,fulaomt&m
r[kwfaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYawGUjrifcJh&onf/ uREkfyfonf þajrcE¨mü oH
wrefjzpfMu&onf/ uREkfyfwkdYa0iSaomw&m;awmfukd rESpfoufaom
olrsm;\ ESdyfpufn§if;yef;jcif;ESihf uJh&JU½IHUcsjcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYcH&ayvdrfh
rnf/ odkYaomf? &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; 4if;wkdY\þ
ajrcE¨mtm;jzihf bk&m;ocifukd *kPfBuD;apMu&efpdefac:cJhonf/ þ
aemufwpfykdif;wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;
ocif\oHwrefjzpfjcif;twGuf vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;ukday;cJhonf/ olwkdY
o,faqmifoGm;&rnfh w&m;awmfukdvnf;aumif;? xkdw&m;awmfukd
rnfokdYa[majyma0iS&rnfukdvnf;aumif; ajymjycJhonf/
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif114 115
tcef;i,f 11wGif xkdtrIawmfukd aphaqmfwkdufwGef;ay;aom
t&mrSm bk&m;ociftm;aMumuf&GHUjcif;jzpfaMumif; owdjyKyg/ bk&m;
ociftm; aMumuf&GHUjcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYoabmaygufem;vnfMuaom
aMumihf vlwkdYukduREkfyfwkdY pnf;½kH;aoG;aqmifMujcif;jzpfonf/ þaMumuf&GHU
jcif;ukd Ncdrf;ajcmufí xdwfvefYaMumuf&GHUjcif; t"dyÜg,frsKd;jzihf em;rvnf
oihfyg/ bk&m;ocifukd aMumuf&GHUjcif;qkdonfrSm bk&m;ocifukd4if;\
Mueftifvu©PmESihf 4if;jyKvkyfcJhaom trItwGuf*kPfjyKjcif;ESihf
ukd;uG,fjcif;jzpfonf/ þtcef;BuD;\tpykdif;wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolwkdYtm; xkd*kPfjyKav;pm;rIESihf MunfndKukdif;½Idif;rIukd bk&m;
ocif\ EkdifiHawmftwGuf vkdvkdvm;vm;taocHjcif;jzihf oufaojyzkdY
pdefac:cJhonf/ þae&mü&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; ocif
bk&m;ukd vnf;aumif;? ocifbk&m;jyKcJhaom trIawmfukd vnf;aumif;
av;pm;MunfndKrIonf aysmufqkH;aeaomolrsm;ukd ocifc&pfawmf\
owif;aumif;or®mw&m;awmfqDokdY pnf;½kH;aoG;aqmif&eftwGuf
xkdaysmufqkH;aeaomolrsm;xHü ta&mufoGm;zkdY aphaqmfwkdufwGef;
ay;rnfjzpfaMumif; today;cJhonf/
bk&m;ocifukd *kPfjyKjcif;ESihf aMumuf&GHUjcif;onf w&m;a[m
jcif;ESihf oGefoifay;jcif;wkdYwGifom jyKvkyf&onfr[kwf? oefY&Sif;aom
toufwmukd &Sifoefjcif;tm;jzihfvnf; jyKvkyfjyo&onf/ uREkfyfwkdY
ajymorQaomt&m? uREkfyfwkdYvkyforQaomtvkyfu ocifa,½IESihf
ocifa,½IvkyfaqmifcJhaom trIawmfukdxif[yfjyoMuonf/ uREkfyf
wkdY&SifoefaexkdifykH? uREkfyfwkdYjyKrlusihfBuHykHtm;jzihf uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;
ocif\ om;orD;rsm;jzpfMuaMumif;ukd avmuDom;rsm;tm; jyoaeMu
ygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf oGm;av&m&mü bk&m;ocif\oHwrefrsm;
tjzpfESihf bk&m;ocifukd ukd,fpm;jyKMuonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolrsm;tm; rdrdonfrdrdjyKkvkyfcJhaom aumif;jrwfonfhtrIawmf
twGuf qkvm'fcsD;jr§ifhcH&rnfhtaMumif;ukd odaeaomaMumifh rdrd\
0dnmOfa&;&mwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ü tEÅ&m,fukdaocsmpGm owdxm;apmifh
MunfhaMumif; today;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\ odu©morm"dukd bk&m;ocif
uvnf;aumif;? aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;uvnf;aumif; od&Sdxm;cJhMu
onf (i,f 11)/
tcef;i,f 12wGif &Sifaygvku rdrdESihfrdrdvkyfazmfaqmifzuf
rsm;onf aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;xHü ukd,fhukd,fukd0g<um;zkdY BudK;pm;ae
Muonfr[kwfaMumif;? xkdokdYjyKvkyfrnfhtpm; bk&m;ocif\t[ef
taqmifuif; ½kd;om;aom aemufvkdufrsm;ESihf tapcHrsm;tjzpf BuddK;pm;
aeMuaMumif; azmfjycJhonf/ ukd,fhukd,fukd csD;ajr§mufzdkY BudK;pm;aomol
rsm;onf rdrdwkdY*kPfBuD;zdkY &SmBuHaeaomolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ olwkdYonf
vlwkdY\owdjyKrdjcif;ukd cHvkdMuonf/ tjcm;olrsm;\ txifBuD;av;pm;
rIukd cHvkdMuonf/ tcsKdUu tjcm;olrsm;\todtrSwfjyKay;jcif;ukd &&SdzkdY
vSnfhjzm;jcif;ukdyif tokH;jyKcJhMuygvdrfhrnf/ ukd,fhukd,fukd csD;usK;csD;ajr§muf
aomw&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf 4if;wkdY\pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;ESihf A[kokw
rsm;ukd vlwkdYtm½kHpkdufvmatmif qGJaqmifzkdYenf;pepfrsm;ukd tokH;jyKMu
ygvdrfhrnf/
tjcm;wpfzufwGif rdrdwkdYukd,fpm;jyKaeaom bk&m;ocifxHü
bkef;BuD;jcif; *kPfBuD;jcif;wkYdukd ,laqmifvmzdkY &SmBuHaomolrsm;&Sdonf/
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif114 115
tcef;i,f 11wGif xkdtrIawmfukd aphaqmfwkdufwGef;ay;aom
t&mrSm bk&m;ociftm;aMumuf&GHUjcif;jzpfaMumif; owdjyKyg/ bk&m;
ociftm; aMumuf&GHUjcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYoabmaygufem;vnfMuaom
aMumihf vlwkdYukduREkfyfwkdY pnf;½kH;aoG;aqmifMujcif;jzpfonf/ þaMumuf&GHU
jcif;ukd Ncdrf;ajcmufí xdwfvefYaMumuf&GHUjcif; t"dyÜg,frsKd;jzihf em;rvnf
oihfyg/ bk&m;ocifukd aMumuf&GHUjcif;qkdonfrSm bk&m;ocifukd4if;\
Mueftifvu©PmESihf 4if;jyKvkyfcJhaom trItwGuf*kPfjyKjcif;ESihf
ukd;uG,fjcif;jzpfonf/ þtcef;BuD;\tpykdif;wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolwkdYtm; xkd*kPfjyKav;pm;rIESihf MunfndKukdif;½Idif;rIukd bk&m;
ocif\ EkdifiHawmftwGuf vkdvkdvm;vm;taocHjcif;jzihf oufaojyzkdY
pdefac:cJhonf/ þae&mü&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; ocif
bk&m;ukd vnf;aumif;? ocifbk&m;jyKcJhaom trIawmfukd vnf;aumif;
av;pm;MunfndKrIonf aysmufqkH;aeaomolrsm;ukd ocifc&pfawmf\
owif;aumif;or®mw&m;awmfqDokdY pnf;½kH;aoG;aqmif&eftwGuf
xkdaysmufqkH;aeaomolrsm;xHü ta&mufoGm;zkdY aphaqmfwkdufwGef;
ay;rnfjzpfaMumif; today;cJhonf/
bk&m;ocifukd *kPfjyKjcif;ESihf aMumuf&GHUjcif;onf w&m;a[m
jcif;ESihf oGefoifay;jcif;wkdYwGifom jyKvkyf&onfr[kwf? oefY&Sif;aom
toufwmukd &Sifoefjcif;tm;jzihfvnf; jyKvkyfjyo&onf/ uREkfyfwkdY
ajymorQaomt&m? uREkfyfwkdYvkyforQaomtvkyfu ocifa,½IESihf
ocifa,½IvkyfaqmifcJhaom trIawmfukdxif[yfjyoMuonf/ uREkfyf
wkdY&SifoefaexkdifykH? uREkfyfwkdYjyKrlusihfBuHykHtm;jzihf uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;
ocif\ om;orD;rsm;jzpfMuaMumif;ukd avmuDom;rsm;tm; jyoaeMu
ygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf oGm;av&m&mü bk&m;ocif\oHwrefrsm;
tjzpfESihf bk&m;ocifukd ukd,fpm;jyKMuonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolrsm;tm; rdrdonfrdrdjyKkvkyfcJhaom aumif;jrwfonfhtrIawmf
twGuf qkvm'fcsD;jr§ifhcH&rnfhtaMumif;ukd odaeaomaMumifh rdrd\
0dnmOfa&;&mwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ü tEÅ&m,fukdaocsmpGm owdxm;apmifh
MunfhaMumif; today;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\ odu©morm"dukd bk&m;ocif
uvnf;aumif;? aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;uvnf;aumif; od&Sdxm;cJhMu
onf (i,f 11)/
tcef;i,f 12wGif &Sifaygvku rdrdESihfrdrdvkyfazmfaqmifzuf
rsm;onf aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;xHü ukd,fhukd,fukd0g<um;zkdY BudK;pm;ae
Muonfr[kwfaMumif;? xkdokdYjyKvkyfrnfhtpm; bk&m;ocif\t[ef
taqmifuif; ½kd;om;aom aemufvkdufrsm;ESihf tapcHrsm;tjzpf BuddK;pm;
aeMuaMumif; azmfjycJhonf/ ukd,fhukd,fukd csD;ajr§mufzdkY BudK;pm;aomol
rsm;onf rdrdwkdY*kPfBuD;zdkY &SmBuHaeaomolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ olwkdYonf
vlwkdY\owdjyKrdjcif;ukd cHvkdMuonf/ tjcm;olrsm;\ txifBuD;av;pm;
rIukd cHvkdMuonf/ tcsKdUu tjcm;olrsm;\todtrSwfjyKay;jcif;ukd &&SdzkdY
vSnfhjzm;jcif;ukdyif tokH;jyKcJhMuygvdrfhrnf/ ukd,fhukd,fukd csD;usK;csD;ajr§muf
aomw&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf 4if;wkdY\pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;ESihf A[kokw
rsm;ukd vlwkdYtm½kHpkdufvmatmif qGJaqmifzkdYenf;pepfrsm;ukd tokH;jyKMu
ygvdrfhrnf/
tjcm;wpfzufwGif rdrdwkdYukd,fpm;jyKaeaom bk&m;ocifxHü
bkef;BuD;jcif; *kPfBuD;jcif;wkYdukd ,laqmifvmzdkY &SmBuHaomolrsm;&Sdonf/
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif116 117
rdrdwkdY\rdbrsm;u rdrdwkdYukd*kPf,lapvkdaom om;orD;rsm;onf rdrd
wkdY\rdbrsm; *kPfwifhzkdYvkyfEkdiforQtm;vkH;ukd vkyfaqmifMuygvdrfhrnf/
bk&m;ocif\ ppfrSefaomtapcHrsm;onfvnf; rdrdwkdYvkyfaqmiforQ
wkdif;übk&m;ocifukd bkef;awmfxif&Sm;apzkdY jyKrlusihfBuHMuonf/ wref
awmfBuD;rsm;onf ukd,fhukd,fukd csD;ajr§mufzkdY? rdrdwkdYukd vlwkdif;utxif
BuD;av;pm;vmapzkdY trIawmfukdraqmifcJhMuyg/ olwkdYonf rdrdwkdY
vkyforQwkdif;ü bk&m;ocifukd*kPfwifhapaomenf;vrf;jzihf tapcHcJh
Muonf/ wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf bk&m;ocifukdvnf;aumif;? aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;ukdvn;faumif; rdrdwkdYvkyfaqmifrIrsm;tm;jzihf t&Suf
ruGJapcsifMuyg/
wrefawmfBuD;rsm;\ trIawmfukda0zef½Iwfcsaomolrsm;&SdcJh
Muonf/ þqefYusifolrsm;onf wrefawmfBuD;rsm;u oGm;av&mNrdKU
rsm;üay:aygufapcJhaom jyóemrsm;ukd vufn§dK;xkd;a0zefcJhMuonf/
olwkdYonfwrefawmfBuD;rsm;&ifqkdifjzwfoef;cJh&aom n§if;yef;ESdyfpuf
jcif;rsm;? wrefawmfBuD;rsm;\BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;u toD;tyGihf
tenf;i,fukdom zefwD;EkdifcJhonfhtcsdefrsm;ukd vufn§dK;xkd;a0zef
cJhMuonf/ þ&efolwkdYonf þuJhodkYaom ywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;ukd
tokH;jyKí wrefawmfBuD;rsm;\tcGihftmPmukd wkdufckdufykwfcwf
cJhMuonf/ ocifa,½Iukdvnf; tvm;wlyifjyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ ocifa,½I
ukd tjypfom;rsm;ESihf rdwfaqGzGJUjcif;twGuf pGyfpGJuJh&JUcJhMuouJhokdY
ewfqkd;pGJaeaom oltjzpfvnf; uJh&JUpGyfpGJcJhMuonf (róJ 11;19?
12;24 ukdMunfhyg)/ uREkfyfwkdYukdvnf; xkdenf;wl½IjrifokH;oyfMu
ygvdrfhrnf/
&Sifaygvku rdrd\trIawmfukd pdwfESvkH;tm;jzihfr[kwf? tjyif
yef;tm;jzifh pD&ifqkH;jzwfaeaomolrsm; þa'owpf0dkufü &SdMuaMumif;
ukd uREkfyfwkdYtm; ajymjyxm;onf/ xkdolwkdYonf wrefawmfBuD;rsm;\
trIawmf&Sd tjypftemtqm[k xif&aomt&mrsm;ukdom awGUjrif
cJhMuonf/ vlwkdYu wrefawmfBuD;rsm; a[majymaomw&m;a'oemukd
rESpfNrdKUcJhMuyg/ taMumif;rSm xkda'oemrsm;onf 4if;wkdY\tjypfrsm;ukd
azmfjyodjrifapcJhaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdvlrsm;pGmuvnf;
wrefawmfwkdYukdvnf;aumif;? wrefawmfBuD;rsm;\enf;vrf;rsm;ukd
vnf;aumif; rESpfoufcJhMuyg/ &Sifaygvku rdrd\pdwfqE´rSm þyk*¾dKvf
rsm;xHü ukd,fhukd,fukdcsD;rGrf;cH&atmif jyKvkyfzkdYr[kwfaMumif; aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolwkdYukd today;cJhonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;\ xifjrif,lqcsufonf
&SifaygvktwGuf ta&;rBuD;cJhyg/ &Sifaygvk\ pdwfqE´rSm bk&m;ocifu
olYukd*kPf,lonfhenf;vrf;jzihf trIawmfaqmifzkdYjzpfonf/ þtcsif;
t&mukd vkyfaqmif&mü vltcsKdU\jiif;y,fjcif;ukdcH&vQifyif xkdjiif;y,f
jcif;ukd vkdvkdvm;vm;vufcHcJhygvdrfhrnf/
þae&mü &Sifaygvkajymjyaeaomt&mukd em;vnfoabm
aygufzdkY uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf tb,frQta&;BuD;oenf;/ uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;
ocif\oHwrefrsm;jzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGmbk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYukd
*kPf,lonfhenf;vrf;jzihf ½dk;om;aompdwfESvkH;jzifh trIawmfaqmif&rnf
jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ tm½kHpl;pkdufrIonf ukd,fhtay:ür[kwf&ouJhokdY
tjcm;olrsm;u uREkfyfwkdYukd xifjrif,lqrItay:üvnf; r[kwf&yg/
rdrdwkdY\t½kduft&mukd rdrdwkdY*kPfwifhzkdY tokH;jyKvkdaomtapcHrsm;&SdzdkY
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif116 117
rdrdwkdY\rdbrsm;u rdrdwkdYukd*kPf,lapvkdaom om;orD;rsm;onf rdrd
wkdY\rdbrsm; *kPfwifhzkdYvkyfEkdiforQtm;vkH;ukd vkyfaqmifMuygvdrfhrnf/
bk&m;ocif\ ppfrSefaomtapcHrsm;onfvnf; rdrdwkdYvkyfaqmiforQ
wkdif;übk&m;ocifukd bkef;awmfxif&Sm;apzkdY jyKrlusihfBuHMuonf/ wref
awmfBuD;rsm;onf ukd,fhukd,fukd csD;ajr§mufzkdY? rdrdwkdYukd vlwkdif;utxif
BuD;av;pm;vmapzkdY trIawmfukdraqmifcJhMuyg/ olwkdYonf rdrdwkdY
vkyforQwkdif;ü bk&m;ocifukd*kPfwifhapaomenf;vrf;jzihf tapcHcJh
Muonf/ wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf bk&m;ocifukdvnf;aumif;? aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;ukdvn;faumif; rdrdwkdYvkyfaqmifrIrsm;tm;jzihf t&Suf
ruGJapcsifMuyg/
wrefawmfBuD;rsm;\ trIawmfukda0zef½Iwfcsaomolrsm;&SdcJh
Muonf/ þqefYusifolrsm;onf wrefawmfBuD;rsm;u oGm;av&mNrdKU
rsm;üay:aygufapcJhaom jyóemrsm;ukd vufn§dK;xkd;a0zefcJhMuonf/
olwkdYonfwrefawmfBuD;rsm;&ifqkdifjzwfoef;cJh&aom n§if;yef;ESdyfpuf
jcif;rsm;? wrefawmfBuD;rsm;\BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;u toD;tyGihf
tenf;i,fukdom zefwD;EkdifcJhonfhtcsdefrsm;ukd vufn§dK;xkd;a0zef
cJhMuonf/ þ&efolwkdYonf þuJhodkYaom ywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;ukd
tokH;jyKí wrefawmfBuD;rsm;\tcGihftmPmukd wkdufckdufykwfcwf
cJhMuonf/ ocifa,½Iukdvnf; tvm;wlyifjyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ ocifa,½I
ukd tjypfom;rsm;ESihf rdwfaqGzGJUjcif;twGuf pGyfpGJuJh&JUcJhMuouJhokdY
ewfqkd;pGJaeaom oltjzpfvnf; uJh&JUpGyfpGJcJhMuonf (róJ 11;19?
12;24 ukdMunfhyg)/ uREkfyfwkdYukdvnf; xkdenf;wl½IjrifokH;oyfMu
ygvdrfhrnf/
&Sifaygvku rdrd\trIawmfukd pdwfESvkH;tm;jzihfr[kwf? tjyif
yef;tm;jzifh pD&ifqkH;jzwfaeaomolrsm; þa'owpf0dkufü &SdMuaMumif;
ukd uREkfyfwkdYtm; ajymjyxm;onf/ xkdolwkdYonf wrefawmfBuD;rsm;\
trIawmf&Sd tjypftemtqm[k xif&aomt&mrsm;ukdom awGUjrif
cJhMuonf/ vlwkdYu wrefawmfBuD;rsm; a[majymaomw&m;a'oemukd
rESpfNrdKUcJhMuyg/ taMumif;rSm xkda'oemrsm;onf 4if;wkdY\tjypfrsm;ukd
azmfjyodjrifapcJhaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdvlrsm;pGmuvnf;
wrefawmfwkdYukdvnf;aumif;? wrefawmfBuD;rsm;\enf;vrf;rsm;ukd
vnf;aumif; rESpfoufcJhMuyg/ &Sifaygvku rdrd\pdwfqE´rSm þyk*¾dKvf
rsm;xHü ukd,fhukd,fukdcsD;rGrf;cH&atmif jyKvkyfzkdYr[kwfaMumif; aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolwkdYukd today;cJhonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;\ xifjrif,lqcsufonf
&SifaygvktwGuf ta&;rBuD;cJhyg/ &Sifaygvk\ pdwfqE´rSm bk&m;ocifu
olYukd*kPf,lonfhenf;vrf;jzihf trIawmfaqmifzkdYjzpfonf/ þtcsif;
t&mukd vkyfaqmif&mü vltcsKdU\jiif;y,fjcif;ukdcH&vQifyif xkdjiif;y,f
jcif;ukd vkdvkdvm;vm;vufcHcJhygvdrfhrnf/
þae&mü &Sifaygvkajymjyaeaomt&mukd em;vnfoabm
aygufzdkY uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf tb,frQta&;BuD;oenf;/ uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;
ocif\oHwrefrsm;jzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGmbk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYukd
*kPf,lonfhenf;vrf;jzihf ½dk;om;aompdwfESvkH;jzifh trIawmfaqmif&rnf
jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ tm½kHpl;pkdufrIonf ukd,fhtay:ür[kwf&ouJhokdY
tjcm;olrsm;u uREkfyfwkdYukd xifjrif,lqrItay:üvnf; r[kwf&yg/
rdrdwkdY\t½kduft&mukd rdrdwkdY*kPfwifhzkdY tokH;jyKvkdaomtapcHrsm;&SdzdkY
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif118 119
ukdbk&m;ocifpdwfr0ifpm;yg/ bk&m;ocifonf tjcm;olrsm;u rnfokdY
xifjrif,lqcH&rnfhta&;ukd *½krpkdufaomoHwrefrsm;ukd tvkd&Sdonf/
xkdokdYtm;jzifh olwdkYonfbk&m;ocifxHü bkef;BuD;jcif;ESihf*kPfBuD;jcif;
,laqmifvmzkdY toufwmrsm;ukd qufuyftyfESHEkdifMurnfjzpfonf/
vlwkdYu wrefawmfBuD;rsm;tm; rnfokdYxifjrif,lqMuonfh
taMumif; tjcm;oJvGefpukd tcef;i,f 13u uREkfyfwkdYukday;aumif;
ay;Ekdifygvdrfhrnf/
]]
igwkdYonf ol½l;jzpfvQifbk&m;ociftzkdY jzpfMu\/
pdwfaumif;aomoljzpfvQif oifwkdYtzkdYjzpfMu\/}} &SifaygvkESihftaygif;
tygrsm;onfpdwfrESHY½l;oGyfoGm;MuNyD[k ,kHMunfaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;&Sdae
aMumif;jzpfEkdifygovm;/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;u wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf owif;
aumif;w&m;ukd a[majymzkdY rdrdwkdY\toufukd vkdvkdvm;vm;tb,f
aMumihfpGefYvTwfvkdcJhMuonfukd em;rvnfEkdifcJhMuyg/
avmuDom;rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdYukdvn;faumif;? uREkfyfwkdYjyKvkyf
aeaomtrIawmfukdvnf;aumif; em;vnfoabmaygufMurnfr[kwf
yg/ uREkfyfwkdYtoif;awmfrS toif;0ifc&pf,mefrsm;uyif uREkfyfwkdYukd
em;rvnfaomtcsdefrsm; &Sdvmygvdrfhrnf/ vlwpfa,mufonf pdwfrl
rSefygvQuf vuf0g;uyfwkdifw&m;awmfESihf vlwkdYxHta&mufoGm;zkdY cyf
odrf;ukdtb,fhaMumihf pGefYvTwf&ygrnfenf;/ tcef;i,f 14 wGif
&Sifaygvku trIawmfjrwfü olYukdaphaqmfay;aomt&mukd aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; ajymjycJhonf/ ocifc&pfawmftay:ü xm;&Sdaom
&Sifaygvk\ cspfjcif;ESihf&SifaygvktxJü&Sdaeaom ocifc&pfawmf\
cspfjcif;wkdYu tvGeftm;BuD;aeMuaomaMumihf bk&m;ocif\trsuf
awmf&Sjcif;udkxm0&cHpm;jcif;pDokdY ra&rwGufEkdifaomvlrsm;oGm;aepOf
wGif &SifaygvkrSm'Dtwkdif; raeEkdifcJhyg/ ocifc&pfawmfonf tjypfom;
rsm;\ae&mukd,lí bk&m;ocif\trsufawmf&Sjcif;atmufü ukd,fpm;
taocHcJhaMumif;ukd &Sifaygvk,kHMunfcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocif
\om;orD;rsm;ESifh bk&m;ocif\oHwrefrsm;jzpfvmMurnfhtaMumif;
ocifc&pfawmftaocHcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ þokdYjzpf&jcif;onf tvGefBuD;
us,faom*kPfxl;ESihf tcGihfta&;wpfckr[kwfygvm;/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; vlwkdYukdavmuDtjrif?
tjyifyef;jzihf r½IrjrifoihfaMumif; today;cJhonf (i,f 16)/ okdYaomf
uREkfyfwkdYonf omoemvkyfief;rsm;ESihf bk&m;ocif\tapcHrsm;ukd
tjyifyef;jzihf rMumcPa0zefpD&ifMuonfr[kwfygvm;/ olwkdYü
aemufvkdufaxmufcHoltrsm;tjym;&SdvQif olwkdYonfbk&m;ocifESihf
oihfwihfaeMuonf[k uREkfyfwkdYxifrSwfwwfMuonf/ ocifa,½Iukd xkd
acwfumvrSvlwkdYu bmoma&;tBuD;tus,fajymif;vJvkdoltpGef;
a,mufwpfOD;tjzpfESihfodu©mcsí jiif;y,fcJhMuonf/ wrefawmfBuD;rsm;
ukdvnf;txifvGJí &ufpufMurf;MuKwfpGm jyKrlqufqHcJhMuonf/
twdwfwpfcsdefrSya&mzufrsm;ukdvnf; ½l;rkdufolrsm;tjzpfESihf
n§if;yef;cJhMuonf/ olwkdYonfvlwkdYukdpdwfrtDromjzpfaponfht&mrsm;
tm;a[majymcJhMuonf/ olwkdYukdavmuD½IaxmifhrS tajccHtpGef;a&muf
0g'Drsm;? ½l;rkdufolrsm;tjzpf½IjrifcJhMuonf/ okdYaomfbk&m;ocif\
tjrifwGif olwkdYonfol&Jaumif;rsm;? vlpGrf;aumif;rsm;jzpfvmcJhMuonf/
olwkdYonfavmuDom;rsm;u rdrdwkdYtm;rnfokdY½IjrifMuonfukd
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif118 119
ukdbk&m;ocifpdwfr0ifpm;yg/ bk&m;ocifonf tjcm;olrsm;u rnfokdY
xifjrif,lqcH&rnfhta&;ukd *½krpkdufaomoHwrefrsm;ukd tvkd&Sdonf/
xkdokdYtm;jzifh olwdkYonfbk&m;ocifxHü bkef;BuD;jcif;ESihf*kPfBuD;jcif;
,laqmifvmzkdY toufwmrsm;ukd qufuyftyfESHEkdifMurnfjzpfonf/
vlwkdYu wrefawmfBuD;rsm;tm; rnfokdYxifjrif,lqMuonfh
taMumif; tjcm;oJvGefpukd tcef;i,f 13u uREkfyfwkdYukday;aumif;
ay;Ekdifygvdrfhrnf/
]]
igwkdYonf ol½l;jzpfvQifbk&m;ociftzkdY jzpfMu\/
pdwfaumif;aomoljzpfvQif oifwkdYtzkdYjzpfMu\/}} &SifaygvkESihftaygif;
tygrsm;onfpdwfrESHY½l;oGyfoGm;MuNyD[k ,kHMunfaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;&Sdae
aMumif;jzpfEkdifygovm;/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;u wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf owif;
aumif;w&m;ukd a[majymzkdY rdrdwkdY\toufukd vkdvkdvm;vm;tb,f
aMumihfpGefYvTwfvkdcJhMuonfukd em;rvnfEkdifcJhMuyg/
avmuDom;rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdYukdvn;faumif;? uREkfyfwkdYjyKvkyf
aeaomtrIawmfukdvnf;aumif; em;vnfoabmaygufMurnfr[kwf
yg/ uREkfyfwkdYtoif;awmfrS toif;0ifc&pf,mefrsm;uyif uREkfyfwkdYukd
em;rvnfaomtcsdefrsm; &Sdvmygvdrfhrnf/ vlwpfa,mufonf pdwfrl
rSefygvQuf vuf0g;uyfwkdifw&m;awmfESihf vlwkdYxHta&mufoGm;zkdY cyf
odrf;ukdtb,fhaMumihf pGefYvTwf&ygrnfenf;/ tcef;i,f 14 wGif
&Sifaygvku trIawmfjrwfü olYukdaphaqmfay;aomt&mukd aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; ajymjycJhonf/ ocifc&pfawmftay:ü xm;&Sdaom
&Sifaygvk\ cspfjcif;ESihf&SifaygvktxJü&Sdaeaom ocifc&pfawmf\
cspfjcif;wkdYu tvGeftm;BuD;aeMuaomaMumihf bk&m;ocif\trsuf
awmf&Sjcif;udkxm0&cHpm;jcif;pDokdY ra&rwGufEkdifaomvlrsm;oGm;aepOf
wGif &SifaygvkrSm'Dtwkdif; raeEkdifcJhyg/ ocifc&pfawmfonf tjypfom;
rsm;\ae&mukd,lí bk&m;ocif\trsufawmf&Sjcif;atmufü ukd,fpm;
taocHcJhaMumif;ukd &Sifaygvk,kHMunfcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocif
\om;orD;rsm;ESifh bk&m;ocif\oHwrefrsm;jzpfvmMurnfhtaMumif;
ocifc&pfawmftaocHcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ þokdYjzpf&jcif;onf tvGefBuD;
us,faom*kPfxl;ESihf tcGihfta&;wpfckr[kwfygvm;/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; vlwkdYukdavmuDtjrif?
tjyifyef;jzihf r½IrjrifoihfaMumif; today;cJhonf (i,f 16)/ okdYaomf
uREkfyfwkdYonf omoemvkyfief;rsm;ESihf bk&m;ocif\tapcHrsm;ukd
tjyifyef;jzihf rMumcPa0zefpD&ifMuonfr[kwfygvm;/ olwkdYü
aemufvkdufaxmufcHoltrsm;tjym;&SdvQif olwkdYonfbk&m;ocifESihf
oihfwihfaeMuonf[k uREkfyfwkdYxifrSwfwwfMuonf/ ocifa,½Iukd xkd
acwfumvrSvlwkdYu bmoma&;tBuD;tus,fajymif;vJvkdoltpGef;
a,mufwpfOD;tjzpfESihfodu©mcsí jiif;y,fcJhMuonf/ wrefawmfBuD;rsm;
ukdvnf;txifvGJí &ufpufMurf;MuKwfpGm jyKrlqufqHcJhMuonf/
twdwfwpfcsdefrSya&mzufrsm;ukdvnf; ½l;rkdufolrsm;tjzpfESihf
n§if;yef;cJhMuonf/ olwkdYonfvlwkdYukdpdwfrtDromjzpfaponfht&mrsm;
tm;a[majymcJhMuonf/ olwkdYukdavmuD½IaxmifhrS tajccHtpGef;a&muf
0g'Drsm;? ½l;rkdufolrsm;tjzpf½IjrifcJhMuonf/ okdYaomfbk&m;ocif\
tjrifwGif olwkdYonfol&Jaumif;rsm;? vlpGrf;aumif;rsm;jzpfvmcJhMuonf/
olwkdYonfavmuDom;rsm;u rdrdwkdYtm;rnfokdY½IjrifMuonfukd
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif120 121
*½krpkdufaomppfrSefonfh tapcHrsm;ozG,f &yfwnfcJhMuonf/ olwkdY
onfbk&m;ociftay:üxm;&Sdaom rdrdwkdY&Sdcspfjcif;arwåm\
xdef;csKyfjcif;ESihfaphaqmfjcif;ukd cHcJhMu&onf/
tcef;i,f 17 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdYocifc&pfawmfxHü a&mufvmMuaomtcgwGif topfaomzef
qif;jcif;jzpfcJhMuonfhtaMumif;ukd today;cJhonf/ ocifc&pfawmfü
&SdaeMuaomolrsm;onf tjypfvGefusL;jcif;toufwmü &Sifoefjcif;wGif
aoqkH;cJhMuNyDjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtxJwGif toufaomtoufwmwpfck
&SdaeNyD; avmuDusihfBuHrIvrf;a[mif;rsm;ü aoMuzdkYqifhac:jcif; cHMu&
onf/ bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmfonf uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfESvkH;ukd jyKjyif
ajymif;vJay;NyD;? tjrifopfjzihf ½IjrifwwfzkdYpGrf;aqmifay;onf/ bk&m;
ocif\enf;vrf;rsm;onf avmuDom;rsm;\ enf;vrf;rsm;ESihftvGef
uJGJjym;jcm;em;aomaMumifh uREkfyfwkdYukdtjrifrSm;í ½l;rkdufolrsm;tjzpf
okH;oyfMuygvdrfhrnf/ þt&mrsm;tm;vkH;onf ocifc&pfawmfü
vnf;aumif;? um;wkdifxufü ocifc&pfawmfvkyfaqmifcJhaomtrIü
vnf;aumif; rdrdwkdY\,kHMunfcsufukd ykHtyfxm;olrsm;\ toufwmü
bk&m;ocifvIyf&Sm;vkyfaqmifrI\ &vm'fyifjzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\om;awmfukd uREkfyfwdkYtwGuf taocHzdkY
apvTwfcJhcsdefwGif olYukdoluREkfyfwkdY\aumif;uifbkHHpH tzbk&m;tjzpf
uREkfyfwkdYESihf qufqH&if;ESD;EkdifzdkY xkdokdYapvTwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ukd,fawmf
onf jyefvnfoifhjrwfjcif;trIawmfukd uREkfyfwkdYüay;tyfxm;onf (i,f
18)/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif olonfuREkfyfwdkYukd rdrd\txHawmfyg;
okdY qGJ,lodrf;oGif;cJhaomaMumihf uREkfyfwdkYonf tjcm;olrsm;ukd ukd,fawmf
xHodkYqGJ,lodrf;oGif;EkdifMujcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf a,mufsm;? rdef;r?
uav;oli,frsm;ukd 4if;wkdY\zefqif;&SifESihf u,fwif&Siftm;ykdíeufeJ
aomoduRrf;jcif;xJü aqmif,loGm;&ef[laom &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdif
wpfckESihftwl ocifc&pfawmfukdukd,fpm;jyKxm;Muonfh oHwrefrsm;
jzpfonf/
tjypfom;rsm;ukd bk&m;ocifESihfjyefvnfqufqH&if;ESD;apEkdifzdkY
ocifc&pfawmf<uqif;vmcJhonf[laom owif;aumif;ESihftwl
apvTwfxm;aom oHwrefrsm;tjzpfESihf bk&m;ocifuuREkfyfwkdYukd
qifhac:cJhonf/ ocifc&pfawmfonf tjypf'kp½kduf\tzkd;tcukd
ay;qyfzkdY <uqif;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf (i,f 19)/ ocifc&pfawmfvkyf
aqmifcJhaomtrI? ocifc&pfawmfay;cJhaomtjypfvTwfjcif;wkdYtm;jzihf
uREkfyfwkdYrSm tjypfvTwfjcif;ukdcH&í crnf;awmfbk&m;ocifESihf ppfrSef
aomqufqH&if;ESD;rIxJü oGwfoGif;cH&onf/ bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyf
wkdYukd topfaomtoufwmay;zdkY rdrd\oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfukd
apvTwfcJhonf/ xkd0dnmOfawmfonf aemufxyfa&muf&SdvmMurnfh
u,fwif&Sif\rsufarSmufawmfü xm0&touftwGuf tmrcHcsuf?
aumif;uifbkHü bkef;toa&ESihf jynfhpkHaomcE¨mopf? tjypf\usdefqJ
jcif;cH þavmuüuREkfyfwkdY &SifoefcsdefüBuHKawGU&rnfh ppfaMumpkHprf;
jcif;rsm;ukd &ifqkdifEkdifzkdY vkdtyfaomt&mrsm;tm;vkH;wkdYtwGuf bk&m;
ocif\tmrcHcsufwpfckjzpfonf/
uREkfyfwkdY bk&m;ocif\tapcHrsm;jzpfvmEkdifzkdY bk&m;ocifonf
rdrd\om;awmfukd taocH&efapvTwfcJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif120 121
*½krpkdufaomppfrSefonfh tapcHrsm;ozG,f &yfwnfcJhMuonf/ olwkdY
onfbk&m;ociftay:üxm;&Sdaom rdrdwkdY&Sdcspfjcif;arwåm\
xdef;csKyfjcif;ESihfaphaqmfjcif;ukd cHcJhMu&onf/
tcef;i,f 17 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdYocifc&pfawmfxHü a&mufvmMuaomtcgwGif topfaomzef
qif;jcif;jzpfcJhMuonfhtaMumif;ukd today;cJhonf/ ocifc&pfawmfü
&SdaeMuaomolrsm;onf tjypfvGefusL;jcif;toufwmü &Sifoefjcif;wGif
aoqkH;cJhMuNyDjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtxJwGif toufaomtoufwmwpfck
&SdaeNyD; avmuDusihfBuHrIvrf;a[mif;rsm;ü aoMuzdkYqifhac:jcif; cHMu&
onf/ bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmfonf uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfESvkH;ukd jyKjyif
ajymif;vJay;NyD;? tjrifopfjzihf ½IjrifwwfzkdYpGrf;aqmifay;onf/ bk&m;
ocif\enf;vrf;rsm;onf avmuDom;rsm;\ enf;vrf;rsm;ESihftvGef
uJGJjym;jcm;em;aomaMumifh uREkfyfwkdYukdtjrifrSm;í ½l;rkdufolrsm;tjzpf
okH;oyfMuygvdrfhrnf/ þt&mrsm;tm;vkH;onf ocifc&pfawmfü
vnf;aumif;? um;wkdifxufü ocifc&pfawmfvkyfaqmifcJhaomtrIü
vnf;aumif; rdrdwkdY\,kHMunfcsufukd ykHtyfxm;olrsm;\ toufwmü
bk&m;ocifvIyf&Sm;vkyfaqmifrI\ &vm'fyifjzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\om;awmfukd uREkfyfwdkYtwGuf taocHzdkY
apvTwfcJhcsdefwGif olYukdoluREkfyfwkdY\aumif;uifbkHHpH tzbk&m;tjzpf
uREkfyfwkdYESihf qufqH&if;ESD;EkdifzdkY xkdokdYapvTwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ukd,fawmf
onf jyefvnfoifhjrwfjcif;trIawmfukd uREkfyfwkdYüay;tyfxm;onf (i,f
18)/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif olonfuREkfyfwdkYukd rdrd\txHawmfyg;
okdY qGJ,lodrf;oGif;cJhaomaMumihf uREkfyfwdkYonf tjcm;olrsm;ukd ukd,fawmf
xHodkYqGJ,lodrf;oGif;EkdifMujcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf a,mufsm;? rdef;r?
uav;oli,frsm;ukd 4if;wkdY\zefqif;&SifESihf u,fwif&Siftm;ykdíeufeJ
aomoduRrf;jcif;xJü aqmif,loGm;&ef[laom &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdif
wpfckESihftwl ocifc&pfawmfukdukd,fpm;jyKxm;Muonfh oHwrefrsm;
jzpfonf/
tjypfom;rsm;ukd bk&m;ocifESihfjyefvnfqufqH&if;ESD;apEkdifzdkY
ocifc&pfawmf<uqif;vmcJhonf[laom owif;aumif;ESihftwl
apvTwfxm;aom oHwrefrsm;tjzpfESihf bk&m;ocifuuREkfyfwkdYukd
qifhac:cJhonf/ ocifc&pfawmfonf tjypf'kp½kduf\tzkd;tcukd
ay;qyfzkdY <uqif;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf (i,f 19)/ ocifc&pfawmfvkyf
aqmifcJhaomtrI? ocifc&pfawmfay;cJhaomtjypfvTwfjcif;wkdYtm;jzihf
uREkfyfwkdYrSm tjypfvTwfjcif;ukdcH&í crnf;awmfbk&m;ocifESihf ppfrSef
aomqufqH&if;ESD;rIxJü oGwfoGif;cH&onf/ bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyf
wkdYukd topfaomtoufwmay;zdkY rdrd\oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfukd
apvTwfcJhonf/ xkd0dnmOfawmfonf aemufxyfa&muf&SdvmMurnfh
u,fwif&Sif\rsufarSmufawmfü xm0&touftwGuf tmrcHcsuf?
aumif;uifbkHü bkef;toa&ESihf jynfhpkHaomcE¨mopf? tjypf\usdefqJ
jcif;cH þavmuüuREkfyfwkdY &SifoefcsdefüBuHKawGU&rnfh ppfaMumpkHprf;
jcif;rsm;ukd &ifqkdifEkdifzkdY vkdtyfaomt&mrsm;tm;vkH;wkdYtwGuf bk&m;
ocif\tmrcHcsufwpfckjzpfonf/
uREkfyfwkdY bk&m;ocif\tapcHrsm;jzpfvmEkdifzkdY bk&m;ocifonf
rdrd\om;awmfukd taocH&efapvTwfcJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
122
txJü oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfukd oGwfoGif;ay;í xm0&toufESihf
arQmfvifhcsufwkdYukd ay;cJhonf/ rlvtajctaeü jyefvnfjyKjyifxm;&Sd
jcif; tHhzG,fw&m;awmfukd xkwfazmfa[majymzkdYbk&m;ocifonf uREkfyf
wkdYukdrdrdoHwrefrsm;tjzpf qifhac:xm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdYrSwpfqifh bk&m;
ocifonf vlom;rsm;ukd qGJaqmifonfhtvm; uREkfyfwkdYonf ocif
c&pfawmf\tcGihftmPmü oGm;a&mufaoma[majymMuaMumif; &Sif
aygvkuajymjyxm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf ocifc&pfawmf\
]]oifwkdYonf
&efNidrf;í bk&m;ocifESihfjyefvnfoihfjrwfMuavmh}} [lonfh wefckd;tm
Pm&Sdaomw&m;awmfESihftwl a[majymMuonf (i,f 20)/ þpum;
vkH;rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdYtjypfvTwfjcif;cH&í oefYpifaq;aMumjcif;
cH&rnfhtaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYay;qyf&rnfh tjypfa<u;rsm;ukd rdrdtay:ü
,laqmifcJhaom yuwdjynhfpkHí tjypftemtqmESihfuif;aom u,fwif
&Sif\pum;vkH;rsm;jzpfonf/ þw&m;awmfonf avmuDom;rsm;u Mum;
emzkdYvkdtyfaom w&m;awmfjzpfonf/ olwdkYonfbmoma&;ESihf aumif;rI
ukokdvfrsm;rSwpfqifh rdrdwkdY\ukd,fwkdifBudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIjzihf bk&m;ocif
xHa&mufzkdYBudK;pm;aeMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ukd,fykdifBudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI
rsm;ESihf oufqkdifrIr&SdbJ? ,kHMunfjcif;tm;jzihfvufcH&rnfholrsm;xHü
vufaqmifwpfyg;tjzpfESihf a&muf&Sdvmonfhbk&m;ocif\tjypfvTwf
jcif;ESihf bk&m;ocifESihfrSefuefaom qufqH&if;ESD;rItaMumif;w&m;awmf
ukd a[majymzdkY bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYukdqifhac:xm;ygonf/
þtrIawmfukd uREkfyfwkdY&&Sdxm;Muaomfvnf; þw&m;awmfukd
uREkfyfwkdYtm;vkH;wpfykHpHwnf; ra[majymMuaMumif;ukd em;vnfxm;&ef
ta&;BuD;onf/ þw&m;awmfukd bk&m;ocifu uREkfyftm;pGrf;aqmif
ay;xm;onfhtwkdif; pmtkyfrsm;ü a&;om;pDukH;&aomtcGihfaumif;ukd
uREkfyf&&Sdxm;onf/ tjcm;olrsm;rSmrl þw&m;awmfukd toif;awmf
rsm;? or®musrf;pmavhvmjcif;twef;rsm;ü ykHrSefajymMum;jcif;jzihf
vltrsm;xHü a[majym&aomtcGihfaumif;ukd &&Sdxm;Muonf/ okdYaomf
oHwrefwpfyg;jzpfjcif;wGif EIwfuywfawmfukd a&;om;jcif;? oGefoif
jcif;? a[majymjcif;xufykdaomt&mrsm;&Sdonf/ þw&m;awmfukd rddrdwkdY
tvkyfvkyf&m vkyfief;cGifrsm;ü &,l&SifoefMurnfholrsm;ukd urÇmwpf0Srf;
ü tonf;toefvkdtyfaeygonf/ ocifa,½I\emrawmfü rdrdwdkY\
tdrfeD;csif;rsm;ü u½kPmw&m;ukd vufawGUjyojcif;jzihf a&muf&SdMurnfh
olrsm;ukd uREkfyfwdkYvkdtyfaeonf/ þw&m;awmfukd vufawGUvkyfaqmif
rIrsKd;jzifh a[majymzkdYvkdtyfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYajymcsifonfht&mwkdif;ukd
a[majymEkdifMuaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&HwGifvlwkdY em;vnfoabmayguf
aomt&mrSm ukd,fawmf\emrawmfü jyKvkyfaomMuifem ½kdif;yif;jcif;
vkyf&yf jzpfonf/ pm;a&;aomufa&;tcuftcJjzpfaeaom rdom;pkxHü
xrif;wpfeyfudk toifhawmfqkH;tcsdefüay;rQjcif;onf bk&m;ocifh
cspfjcif;arwåm\w&m;awmfukd tvGefvufawGUusaomenf;vrf;jzihf
jyo&ma&mufonf/
vGefcJhaomtcsdefü uREkfyfjzpfzkdYvkdtyfonf[k cHpm;cJhaom {0H
a*vdq&mwpfyg;jzpfrvmcJhjcif;twGuf uREkfyf\pdwfESvkH;ü aomu
a&mufcJh&onf/ þt&mESihfywfoufí ocifbk&m;xHüuREkfyfawmif;
avQmufcJhonf/ xkdaeYübk&m;ocifu uREkfyftm;
]]
0def; .. urÇmwpf0Srf;
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
123
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
122
txJü oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfukd oGwfoGif;ay;í xm0&toufESihf
arQmfvifhcsufwkdYukd ay;cJhonf/ rlvtajctaeü jyefvnfjyKjyifxm;&Sd
jcif; tHhzG,fw&m;awmfukd xkwfazmfa[majymzkdYbk&m;ocifonf uREkfyf
wkdYukdrdrdoHwrefrsm;tjzpf qifhac:xm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdYrSwpfqifh bk&m;
ocifonf vlom;rsm;ukd qGJaqmifonfhtvm; uREkfyfwkdYonf ocif
c&pfawmf\tcGihftmPmü oGm;a&mufaoma[majymMuaMumif; &Sif
aygvkuajymjyxm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf ocifc&pfawmf\
]]oifwkdYonf
&efNidrf;í bk&m;ocifESihfjyefvnfoihfjrwfMuavmh}} [lonfh wefckd;tm
Pm&Sdaomw&m;awmfESihftwl a[majymMuonf (i,f 20)/ þpum;
vkH;rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdYtjypfvTwfjcif;cH&í oefYpifaq;aMumjcif;
cH&rnfhtaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYay;qyf&rnfh tjypfa<u;rsm;ukd rdrdtay:ü
,laqmifcJhaom yuwdjynhfpkHí tjypftemtqmESihfuif;aom u,fwif
&Sif\pum;vkH;rsm;jzpfonf/ þw&m;awmfonf avmuDom;rsm;u Mum;
emzkdYvkdtyfaom w&m;awmfjzpfonf/ olwdkYonfbmoma&;ESihf aumif;rI
ukokdvfrsm;rSwpfqifh rdrdwkdY\ukd,fwkdifBudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIjzihf bk&m;ocif
xHa&mufzkdYBudK;pm;aeMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ukd,fykdifBudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI
rsm;ESihf oufqkdifrIr&SdbJ? ,kHMunfjcif;tm;jzihfvufcH&rnfholrsm;xHü
vufaqmifwpfyg;tjzpfESihf a&muf&Sdvmonfhbk&m;ocif\tjypfvTwf
jcif;ESihf bk&m;ocifESihfrSefuefaom qufqH&if;ESD;rItaMumif;w&m;awmf
ukd a[majymzdkY bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYukdqifhac:xm;ygonf/
þtrIawmfukd uREkfyfwkdY&&Sdxm;Muaomfvnf; þw&m;awmfukd
uREkfyfwkdYtm;vkH;wpfykHpHwnf; ra[majymMuaMumif;ukd em;vnfxm;&ef
ta&;BuD;onf/ þw&m;awmfukd bk&m;ocifu uREkfyftm;pGrf;aqmif
ay;xm;onfhtwkdif; pmtkyfrsm;ü a&;om;pDukH;&aomtcGihfaumif;ukd
uREkfyf&&Sdxm;onf/ tjcm;olrsm;rSmrl þw&m;awmfukd toif;awmf
rsm;? or®musrf;pmavhvmjcif;twef;rsm;ü ykHrSefajymMum;jcif;jzihf
vltrsm;xHü a[majym&aomtcGihfaumif;ukd &&Sdxm;Muonf/ okdYaomf
oHwrefwpfyg;jzpfjcif;wGif EIwfuywfawmfukd a&;om;jcif;? oGefoif
jcif;? a[majymjcif;xufykdaomt&mrsm;&Sdonf/ þw&m;awmfukd rddrdwkdY
tvkyfvkyf&m vkyfief;cGifrsm;ü &,l&SifoefMurnfholrsm;ukd urÇmwpf0Srf;
ü tonf;toefvkdtyfaeygonf/ ocifa,½I\emrawmfü rdrdwdkY\
tdrfeD;csif;rsm;ü u½kPmw&m;ukd vufawGUjyojcif;jzihf a&muf&SdMurnfh
olrsm;ukd uREkfyfwdkYvkdtyfaeonf/ þw&m;awmfukd vufawGUvkyfaqmif
rIrsKd;jzifh a[majymzkdYvkdtyfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYajymcsifonfht&mwkdif;ukd
a[majymEkdifMuaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&HwGifvlwkdY em;vnfoabmayguf
aomt&mrSm ukd,fawmf\emrawmfü jyKvkyfaomMuifem ½kdif;yif;jcif;
vkyf&yf jzpfonf/ pm;a&;aomufa&;tcuftcJjzpfaeaom rdom;pkxHü
xrif;wpfeyfudk toifhawmfqkH;tcsdefüay;rQjcif;onf bk&m;ocifh
cspfjcif;arwåm\w&m;awmfukd tvGefvufawGUusaomenf;vrf;jzihf
jyo&ma&mufonf/
vGefcJhaomtcsdefü uREkfyfjzpfzkdYvkdtyfonf[k cHpm;cJhaom {0H
a*vdq&mwpfyg;jzpfrvmcJhjcif;twGuf uREkfyf\pdwfESvkH;ü aomu
a&mufcJh&onf/ þt&mESihfywfoufí ocifbk&m;xHüuREkfyfawmif;
avQmufcJhonf/ xkdaeYübk&m;ocifu uREkfyftm;
]]
0def; .. urÇmwpf0Srf;
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
123
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif124 125
{0Ha*vdjyKvkyfjcif;twGuf rif;vkyfEkdifwJht&mu c&pf,mefawGukd
olwkdYjzpfoifhjzpfxkdufwJhtwkdif;jzpfzkdY ulnDay;wmjzpfw,f}} [kajym
aompum;ukd uREkfyfrarhyg/ þt&mum; bk&m;ocifuREkfyftm; ay;
xm;aom tcef;u@jzpfonf/ oHwrefrsm;tjzpfESihf uREkfyfwkdYonf
bk&m;ocifukd enf;rsKd;pkHjzihf ukd,fpm;jyKaeMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf xkdoH
wreftvkyfukd vlwkdYa&SUüukd,fukd,fukd csD;rGrf;ajr§mufyifh&eftwGuf
r[kwfbJ? bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmfESihf emrawmf*kPfBuD;jcif;twGuf
rnfokdYrnfykHvkyfaqmif&rnfhtaMumif; ocifbk&m;xHü&SmBuHí xkdtvkyf
ukdpdwfESvkH;t<uif;rJhjzihf vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
oifonfudk,fhukd,fukd csD;ajr§mufívlwkdYu oihfukdtxifBuD;ap
&efvkyfaqmifcJhzl;ygovm;/ þae&mü&Sifaygvku oihftwGuf
rnfonfh pdefac:rIukd aqmif,lvmay;ygoenf;/
ocifbk&m;twGuf oiftrIawmfaqmifjcif;\aemufuG,fü
&Sdaom oihf&JUpdwf&if;pdwfxm;um;tb,fenf;/
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefwpfyg;tjzpfESihf bk&m;ocifu
oihfukdrnfonfhtcef;u@ (okdY) trIawmfukday;tyfxm;
oenf;/
bk&m;ocifuoihfukd *kPf,l0ifh<um;aernfhenf;vrf;jzihf oihf&JU
trIawmfukd oihfvkyfaqmifaecJhygovm;/
olwpfyg;ukd avmuDpHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;jzihf wkdif;wmpD&ifjcif;ESihf
pyfvsOf;í þusrf;csufu uREkfyfwkdYtm;rnfonfht&mukd
oGefoifay;aeygoenf;/
ocifc&pfawmf\ emrawmfütjcm;olrsm;xH owif;aumif;jzihf
a&muf&dS&ef bk&m;ocif\ cspfjcif;arwåmuoihfukd rnfonfh
twkdif;twmtxd aphaqmfygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
bk&m;ocif\ oHwrefwpfyg;tjzpfESihf oihf&JUtcef;u@ukd
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odjrifEkdifapzkdY awmif;avQmufyg/
ocifbk&m;u oihftm;olt&Suf&p&mr&Sdaom tapcHwpf
a,muftjzpf jyKvkyfpGrf;aqmifay;rnfhtaMumif; awmif;
avQmufyg/ oifhtoufwmü oifukdifwG,fajz&Sif;zkdY vkdtyfonfh
tykdif;u@rsm;ukd xkwfazmfjyoay;zkdY awmif;avQmufyg/
bk&m;ocifu oihfukdrdrd\oHwrefwpfyg;jzpfapcsifaom tcGifh
aumif;twGufvnf;aumif;? oifh&JUtjypf'kp½kduftm;vkH;ukd
rdrdtay:ü ,lwifoGm;jcif;twGufvnf;aumif; aus;Zl;wif
csD;rGrf;yg/
oifjzpfoihfaom oHwrefwpfyg;jzpfEkdifzkdY pGrf;aqmifay;&ef
oihftxJü oGwfoGif;ay;xm;onfh oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf
twGufukd,fawmfukd aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif124 125
{0Ha*vdjyKvkyfjcif;twGuf rif;vkyfEkdifwJht&mu c&pf,mefawGukd
olwkdYjzpfoifhjzpfxkdufwJhtwkdif;jzpfzkdY ulnDay;wmjzpfw,f}} [kajym
aompum;ukd uREkfyfrarhyg/ þt&mum; bk&m;ocifuREkfyftm; ay;
xm;aom tcef;u@jzpfonf/ oHwrefrsm;tjzpfESihf uREkfyfwkdYonf
bk&m;ocifukd enf;rsKd;pkHjzihf ukd,fpm;jyKaeMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf xkdoH
wreftvkyfukd vlwkdYa&SUüukd,fukd,fukd csD;rGrf;ajr§mufyifh&eftwGuf
r[kwfbJ? bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmfESihf emrawmf*kPfBuD;jcif;twGuf
rnfokdYrnfykHvkyfaqmif&rnfhtaMumif; ocifbk&m;xHü&SmBuHí xkdtvkyf
ukdpdwfESvkH;t<uif;rJhjzihf vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
oifonfudk,fhukd,fukd csD;ajr§mufívlwkdYu oihfukdtxifBuD;ap
&efvkyfaqmifcJhzl;ygovm;/ þae&mü&Sifaygvku oihftwGuf
rnfonfh pdefac:rIukd aqmif,lvmay;ygoenf;/
ocifbk&m;twGuf oiftrIawmfaqmifjcif;\aemufuG,fü
&Sdaom oihf&JUpdwf&if;pdwfxm;um;tb,fenf;/
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefwpfyg;tjzpfESihf bk&m;ocifu
oihfukdrnfonfhtcef;u@ (okdY) trIawmfukday;tyfxm;
oenf;/
bk&m;ocifuoihfukd *kPf,l0ifh<um;aernfhenf;vrf;jzihf oihf&JU
trIawmfukd oihfvkyfaqmifaecJhygovm;/
olwpfyg;ukd avmuDpHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;jzihf wkdif;wmpD&ifjcif;ESihf
pyfvsOf;í þusrf;csufu uREkfyfwkdYtm;rnfonfht&mukd
oGefoifay;aeygoenf;/
ocifc&pfawmf\ emrawmfütjcm;olrsm;xH owif;aumif;jzihf
a&muf&dS&ef bk&m;ocif\ cspfjcif;arwåmuoihfukd rnfonfh
twkdif;twmtxd aphaqmfygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
bk&m;ocif\ oHwrefwpfyg;tjzpfESihf oihf&JUtcef;u@ukd
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odjrifEkdifapzkdY awmif;avQmufyg/
ocifbk&m;u oihftm;olt&Suf&p&mr&Sdaom tapcHwpf
a,muftjzpf jyKvkyfpGrf;aqmifay;rnfhtaMumif; awmif;
avQmufyg/ oifhtoufwmü oifukdifwG,fajz&Sif;zkdY vkdtyfonfh
tykdif;u@rsm;ukd xkwfazmfjyoay;zkdY awmif;avQmufyg/
bk&m;ocifu oihfukdrdrd\oHwrefwpfyg;jzpfapcsifaom tcGifh
aumif;twGufvnf;aumif;? oifh&JUtjypf'kp½kduftm;vkH;ukd
rdrdtay:ü ,lwifoGm;jcif;twGufvnf;aumif; aus;Zl;wif
csD;rGrf;yg/
oifjzpfoihfaom oHwrefwpfyg;jzpfEkdifzkdY pGrf;aqmifay;&ef
oihftxJü oGwfoGif;ay;xm;onfh oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf
twGufukd,fawmfukd aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
ocifc&pfawmf\ oHwrefrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
1111
1111
11
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
2aum 6;1-10 ukdzwf½Iyg/
tcef;BuD; 6 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
bk&m;ocif\ tapcHrsm;jzpfjcif;ESihf EkdifiHawmfütrIawmfaqmifolcsif;
rsm;jzpfjcif;taMumif;ukd ajymjycJhonf/ þtcef;BuD;wGif wrefawmf
BuD;u aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; EkdifiHawmfütrIawmfaqmifolcsif;
rsm;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm 4if;wkdYvkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ukd
today;xm;onf/ xkdokdYtwlwuGvufwGJtrIawmfaqmifMuonfESihf
trQ pdefac:rIrsm;ESihf wm0efrsm;vnf;&Sdvmygvdrfhrnf/ 4if;wkdY\ vkyf
aqmifcsufrsm;ESihf pdwfoabmxm;rsm;onf ocifc&pfawmfüwnfaom
4if;wkdY\nDtpfukdarmifESrrsm;\trIawmfukd oufa&mufrIjzpfapyg
vdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfü trIawmfaqmifolcsif;rsm;tjzpf
twlwuGvufwGJvkyfaqmifjcif;ESihf pyfvsOf;írdrda&;om;jyKpkxm;aom
þpmapmif\ þtykdif;wGif&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;twGuf
tBuHjyKcsuftcsKdUukdazmfjyxm;onf/
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
1111
1111
11
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
2aum 6;1-10 ukdzwf½Iyg/
tcef;BuD; 6 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
bk&m;ocif\ tapcHrsm;jzpfjcif;ESihf EkdifiHawmfütrIawmfaqmifolcsif;
rsm;jzpfjcif;taMumif;ukd ajymjycJhonf/ þtcef;BuD;wGif wrefawmf
BuD;u aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; EkdifiHawmfütrIawmfaqmifolcsif;
rsm;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm 4if;wkdYvkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ukd
today;xm;onf/ xkdokdYtwlwuGvufwGJtrIawmfaqmifMuonfESihf
trQ pdefac:rIrsm;ESihf wm0efrsm;vnf;&Sdvmygvdrfhrnf/ 4if;wkdY\ vkyf
aqmifcsufrsm;ESihf pdwfoabmxm;rsm;onf ocifc&pfawmfüwnfaom
4if;wkdY\nDtpfukdarmifESrrsm;\trIawmfukd oufa&mufrIjzpfapyg
vdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfü trIawmfaqmifolcsif;rsm;tjzpf
twlwuGvufwGJvkyfaqmifjcif;ESihf pyfvsOf;írdrda&;om;jyKpkxm;aom
þpmapmif\ þtykdif;wGif&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;twGuf
tBuHjyKcsuftcsKdUukdazmfjyxm;onf/
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif128 129
aus;Zl;awmfukdtusKd;rJhrcHMuESihf
tcef;i,f 1wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfukd tusKd;rJhrcH,loihfaMumif; ajymjyjcif;ESihf
tpjyKxm;onf/ &Sifaygvkajymqkdvkdaomt&mukd em;vnfoabmayguf
zdkY&eftwGuf tcef;i,f 2ukd uREkfyfwkdYMunfh½IzkdYvkdtyfonf/ &Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd ,kHMunfolrsm;tm;bk&m;ocifu olwkdYudkrnfokdYMum;odcJhí
rdrd\u,fwifjcif;udk,laqmifvmjcif;jzifh olwkdYxHodkYrnfokdYa&mufvmcJh
aMumif;ukd þae&mwGiftoday;xm;onf/ olwkdYonfbk&m;ocifxHrS
tHhzG,faumif;BuD;r*Fvmwpfyg;ukd vufcH&&SdcJhMuonf/ olwkdYonftjypf
vTwfjcif;ukdcH&í bk&m;ocif\rdom;pkxJü arG;pm;jcif;ukdcHcJhMu&onf/
olwkdYonf ocifa,½I\aus;Zl;awmfukd vufcH&&Sdolrsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; bk&m;ocifxHrSa&muf&Sdvm
aomþaus;Zl;awmfESihf aumif;BuD;r*Fvmukd vspfvsL½Ijcif; (okdY) tvGJ
okH;pm;jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;ukdrvkyfMuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/
ocifbk&m;u oihftwGufvkyfaqmifoGm;cJhaomt&mukd tcsdef
,lípOf;pm;Munfhyg/ olonf oifhtjypfrsm;tm; cGihfvTwfcJhonfukd
pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ ocifa,½Iü oif&Sdxm;aomarQmfvifhcsufukd pOf;pm;
okH;oyfMunfhyg/ þb0üvnf;aumif;? aemufb0üvnf;aumif;&Sdae
onfhoihf&JUaumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;ukd pOf;pm;okH;oyfMunfhyg/ <u,f0pGm
aumif;BuD;ay;cH&xm;aom uREkfyfwkdYonf þu,fwif&maeY&ufü tjcm;
olrsm;ukd owif;aumif;w&m;jzihf a&muf&SdMuzkdY bk&m;ociftay:ü
wm0ef&SdaeMuonf/
&Sifaygvku tHhzG,fþu,fwif&maeY&ufumvtaMumif;ukd
a[&Sm, 49;8 ukd ukd;um;&if;,kHMunfolwkdYtm; today;xm;onf/
]]ESpfoufzG,faomtcsdefü oif\pum;ukdigem;axmifNyD/
u,fwif&mumvü oihfukdrpNyD/}}
bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\rsufESmomay;rIESihftwl uREkfyfwkdYxH
a&mufvmcJhonf/ udk,fawmfonf u,fwifjcif;twGuf uREkfyfwkdY\
atmf[pfikda<u;oHukdMum;cHí rdrd\vufawmfukdqefYwef;u,fwifcJh
onf/ bk&m;ocif\þrsufESmomay;rIESihf u,fwifawmfrljcif;
taMumif;ukd od&jcif;onftvGefxl;jcm;aomtcGihfaumif;wpfckr[kwf
ygvm;/ þonfrSm uREkfyfwkdYvspfvsL½Iír&aom ay;urf;pGefYBuJrIwpfck
jzpfonf/ ,cktcsdefonf ocifbk&m;xHrSvmaom þu,fwifjcif;ESihf
rsufESmomay;jcif;ukd vufcH&,lrnfhtcsdefjzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifxHrS aumif;BuD;rsm;pGmukd cHpm;&aomfvnf;
xkdaumif;BuD;rsm;ukd bk&m;ociftm; *kPfwifhap&eftokH;rjyKaomol
rsm;pGm&SdaeMuonf/ olwkdYonfbk&m;ocifxHrS 0dnmOfvufaqmifrsm;
pGmukd vufcH&&Sdxm;Muaomfvnf; xkdt&mrsm;ukdaysmufqkH;aeaom
olrsm; (okdY) ,kHMunfolcsif;wkdYtm; ulnDaz;r&eftokH;rjyKMuyg/ olwkdY
onf tjypfvGefusL;jcif;? uRefb0rSu,fwifjcif;ukd cHxm;Mu&aomf
vnf; ,ciftusihfa[mif;rsm;qDokdY jyefoGm;aeMuonf/ þaumif;BuD;
r*Fvmrsm;ukd ukd,fawmhftwGufvnf;aumif;? ukd,fawmf\EkdifiHawmf
twGufvnf;aumif; tusKd;&Sd&SdtokH;rcsvQif rnfonfhae&mütokH;cs&
rnfenf;/ &Sifaygvku ,kHMunfolwkdYtm; þaumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;ukd
bk&m;ocif\ bkef;awmftwGuf tokH;csMuzkdYpdefac:cJhhonf/
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif128 129
aus;Zl;awmfukdtusKd;rJhrcHMuESihf
tcef;i,f 1wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfukd tusKd;rJhrcH,loihfaMumif; ajymjyjcif;ESihf
tpjyKxm;onf/ &Sifaygvkajymqkdvkdaomt&mukd em;vnfoabmayguf
zdkY&eftwGuf tcef;i,f 2ukd uREkfyfwkdYMunfh½IzkdYvkdtyfonf/ &Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd ,kHMunfolrsm;tm;bk&m;ocifu olwkdYudkrnfokdYMum;odcJhí
rdrd\u,fwifjcif;udk,laqmifvmjcif;jzifh olwkdYxHodkYrnfokdYa&mufvmcJh
aMumif;ukd þae&mwGiftoday;xm;onf/ olwkdYonfbk&m;ocifxHrS
tHhzG,faumif;BuD;r*Fvmwpfyg;ukd vufcH&&SdcJhMuonf/ olwkdYonftjypf
vTwfjcif;ukdcH&í bk&m;ocif\rdom;pkxJü arG;pm;jcif;ukdcHcJhMu&onf/
olwkdYonf ocifa,½I\aus;Zl;awmfukd vufcH&&Sdolrsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; bk&m;ocifxHrSa&muf&Sdvm
aomþaus;Zl;awmfESihf aumif;BuD;r*Fvmukd vspfvsL½Ijcif; (okdY) tvGJ
okH;pm;jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;ukdrvkyfMuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/
ocifbk&m;u oihftwGufvkyfaqmifoGm;cJhaomt&mukd tcsdef
,lípOf;pm;Munfhyg/ olonf oifhtjypfrsm;tm; cGihfvTwfcJhonfukd
pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ ocifa,½Iü oif&Sdxm;aomarQmfvifhcsufukd pOf;pm;
okH;oyfMunfhyg/ þb0üvnf;aumif;? aemufb0üvnf;aumif;&Sdae
onfhoihf&JUaumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;ukd pOf;pm;okH;oyfMunfhyg/ <u,f0pGm
aumif;BuD;ay;cH&xm;aom uREkfyfwkdYonf þu,fwif&maeY&ufü tjcm;
olrsm;ukd owif;aumif;w&m;jzihf a&muf&SdMuzkdY bk&m;ociftay:ü
wm0ef&SdaeMuonf/
&Sifaygvku tHhzG,fþu,fwif&maeY&ufumvtaMumif;ukd
a[&Sm, 49;8 ukd ukd;um;&if;,kHMunfolwkdYtm; today;xm;onf/
]]ESpfoufzG,faomtcsdefü oif\pum;ukdigem;axmifNyD/
u,fwif&mumvü oihfukdrpNyD/}}
bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\rsufESmomay;rIESihftwl uREkfyfwkdYxH
a&mufvmcJhonf/ udk,fawmfonf u,fwifjcif;twGuf uREkfyfwkdY\
atmf[pfikda<u;oHukdMum;cHí rdrd\vufawmfukdqefYwef;u,fwifcJh
onf/ bk&m;ocif\þrsufESmomay;rIESihf u,fwifawmfrljcif;
taMumif;ukd od&jcif;onftvGefxl;jcm;aomtcGihfaumif;wpfckr[kwf
ygvm;/ þonfrSm uREkfyfwkdYvspfvsL½Iír&aom ay;urf;pGefYBuJrIwpfck
jzpfonf/ ,cktcsdefonf ocifbk&m;xHrSvmaom þu,fwifjcif;ESihf
rsufESmomay;jcif;ukd vufcH&,lrnfhtcsdefjzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifxHrS aumif;BuD;rsm;pGmukd cHpm;&aomfvnf;
xkdaumif;BuD;rsm;ukd bk&m;ociftm; *kPfwifhap&eftokH;rjyKaomol
rsm;pGm&SdaeMuonf/ olwkdYonfbk&m;ocifxHrS 0dnmOfvufaqmifrsm;
pGmukd vufcH&&Sdxm;Muaomfvnf; xkdt&mrsm;ukdaysmufqkH;aeaom
olrsm; (okdY) ,kHMunfolcsif;wkdYtm; ulnDaz;r&eftokH;rjyKMuyg/ olwkdY
onf tjypfvGefusL;jcif;? uRefb0rSu,fwifjcif;ukd cHxm;Mu&aomf
vnf; ,ciftusihfa[mif;rsm;qDokdY jyefoGm;aeMuonf/ þaumif;BuD;
r*Fvmrsm;ukd ukd,fawmhftwGufvnf;aumif;? ukd,fawmf\EkdifiHawmf
twGufvnf;aumif; tusKd;&Sd&SdtokH;rcsvQif rnfonfhae&mütokH;cs&
rnfenf;/ &Sifaygvku ,kHMunfolwkdYtm; þaumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;ukd
bk&m;ocif\ bkef;awmftwGuf tokH;csMuzkdYpdefac:cJhhonf/
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
vkum 19;11-27 wGif rddrd\tapcHwpfOD;csif;tm; rdrdr&Sdcsdefü
tusKd;&Sd&SdtokH;jyKMuzdkY aiGaMu;yrmPtwkdif;twmwpfckpDay;tyfcJh
onfhtrwfwpfa,muftaMumif;ukd ocifa,½IuajymjycJhonf/ tapcH
rsm;teufrSwpfOD;u rdrd\ocifr&SdcsdefwGif ay;tyfxm;aomaiGaMu;ukd
tokH;rjyK (okdY) ryGm;rsm;apbJajrwGif jr§Kyfxm;cJhonf/ ,aeYwGifxkd
twkdif;jyKrlMuaomolrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ olwkdYonfbk&m;ocifxHrS aumif;
BuD;r*Fvmukd <u,f0pGmvufcH&&Sdxm;aomfvnf; xkdt&mrsm;ukdocifh\
bkef;awmftwGuf tokH;rjyKMuyg/ ukd,fawmfjyefvnf<uqif;vmaom
tcgwGif oihftm;ay;tyfxm;aom t&mrsm;ukdukd,fawmf\bkef;awmf
twGuf tokH;jyKaeaMumif;ukd ukd,fawmfawGUjrifygrnfvm;/ oihftm;
ay;tyfxm;aom pGrf;&nfvufaqmifrsm;ESihf yifukdtpGrf;tprsm;ukd
opöm&Sd&SdtokH;jyKaeaMumif; ukd,fawmfawGUjrif&ygrnfvm;/ xkdokdYr[kwf
bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfukd tusKd;rJhcHcJhjcif;twGuf tjypf&Sdaeyg
rnfvm;/
olwpfyg;xdrdívJp&mrsm;
þtcef;BuD;ü &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm;ay;cJh
onfh 'kwd,pdefac:csufrSm owif;aumif;w&m;tzkdYtvkdYiSg t&m
cyfodrf;ü pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpfp&mrsm;ukd rjyKvkyfrdMuzkdY *½kpkdufMu
&efjzpfonf/ tcef;i,f 3wGif omoemvkyfief;onf xdrdívJp&mtqD;
twm;rsm;aMumifh *kPfodu©mn§dK;EGrf;EkdifaMumif; &Sifaygvkuaum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; today;cJhonf/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtcsdef,líjyKvkyf
cJhaom wynfhawmfjyKvkyfarG;xkwfjcif; trIawmfonftjcm;olrsm;tm;
tjypfusL;vGefMuzkdY zefwD;aomolwpfOD;aMumifh ysufqD;oGm;Ekdifygonf/
vlwkdYonfuREkfyfwkdY\toufwmukd Munfh½IaeMuygonf/ ukd,fawmf&Sif\
opöm&SdaomtapcHrsm;onf rdrdwkdYjyKvkyfaeaom omoemvkyfief;\
*kPfodu©mukd rn§dK;EGrf;apzkdY *½kwpkduf&SifoefMu&rnfjzpfonf/ tjcm;
,kHMunfolwpfOD;\ qkd;0g;nHhzsif;aomtoufwm ykHOyrmaMumifh ajrmuf
jrm;pGmaomvlwkdYonf ,kHMunfjcif;ukd pGefYcGgoGm;cJhMuonf/ trIawmf
aqmifolcsif;tjzpfESihf uREkfyfwkdYonf EkdifiHawmftzkdYtvkdYiSgtwlwuG
vufwGJvkyfaqmifaeMuonf/ uREkfyf\qkd;0g;nHhzsif;aom ykHOyrmtm;jzihf
tjcm;olrsm;ukd pdwfysufoGm;apvQif uREkfyfaemifw&zkdYvkdtyfNyD;? touf
wm&SifoefykHukd ajymif;vJzdkYvkdygvdrfhrnf/ a&mif;&if;,kHMunfolrsm;ü
vnf;aumif;? xkd,kHMunfolrsm;tm;jzihfvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocifvkyf
aqmifaeaomt&mukd uREkfyfwkdYrwm;qD;? raESmuf,Sufaomtoufwm
jzihf&SifoefMuzdkY &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYukdpdefac:xm;onf/ þt&mukd
jyKvkyf&mwGif uREkfyfwkdY\nDtpfukdarmifESrrsm;tm; axmuf½IíuREkfyfwkdY
ay;qyf&SifoefzdkY vdktyfygonf/ odkYaomf uREkfyfwkdYonftzGJUwpfzGJUtjzpf
ESihfvIyf&Sm;vkyfaqmifaeMuaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif;? tzGJU0ifwpfOD; 'ku©
qif;&JBuHKawGU&vQif tzGJU0iftm;vkH;qif;&J'ku©a&muf&aMumif;ukdvnf
aumif; owd&aezdkYvkdtyfonf/
t&m&müoifhukdoifrSefuefaMumif;jyoavmh
&SifaygvkESihfwrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf olwpfyg;ukdxdcdkufusL;vGef
aprnfhtpm;? t&m&müukd,fhukd,fukd csD;usL;jcif;cH&ef ykHOyrmaumif;jzihf
trIawmfaqmifolcsif; 131130
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
vkum 19;11-27 wGif rddrd\tapcHwpfOD;csif;tm; rdrdr&Sdcsdefü
tusKd;&Sd&SdtokH;jyKMuzdkY aiGaMu;yrmPtwkdif;twmwpfckpDay;tyfcJh
onfhtrwfwpfa,muftaMumif;ukd ocifa,½IuajymjycJhonf/ tapcH
rsm;teufrSwpfOD;u rdrd\ocifr&SdcsdefwGif ay;tyfxm;aomaiGaMu;ukd
tokH;rjyK (okdY) ryGm;rsm;apbJajrwGif jr§Kyfxm;cJhonf/ ,aeYwGifxkd
twkdif;jyKrlMuaomolrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ olwkdYonfbk&m;ocifxHrS aumif;
BuD;r*Fvmukd <u,f0pGmvufcH&&Sdxm;aomfvnf; xkdt&mrsm;ukdocifh\
bkef;awmftwGuf tokH;rjyKMuyg/ ukd,fawmfjyefvnf<uqif;vmaom
tcgwGif oihftm;ay;tyfxm;aom t&mrsm;ukdukd,fawmf\bkef;awmf
twGuf tokH;jyKaeaMumif;ukd ukd,fawmfawGUjrifygrnfvm;/ oihftm;
ay;tyfxm;aom pGrf;&nfvufaqmifrsm;ESihf yifukdtpGrf;tprsm;ukd
opöm&Sd&SdtokH;jyKaeaMumif; ukd,fawmfawGUjrif&ygrnfvm;/ xkdokdYr[kwf
bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfukd tusKd;rJhcHcJhjcif;twGuf tjypf&Sdaeyg
rnfvm;/
olwpfyg;xdrdívJp&mrsm;
þtcef;BuD;ü &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm;ay;cJh
onfh 'kwd,pdefac:csufrSm owif;aumif;w&m;tzkdYtvkdYiSg t&m
cyfodrf;ü pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpfp&mrsm;ukd rjyKvkyfrdMuzkdY *½kpkdufMu
&efjzpfonf/ tcef;i,f 3wGif omoemvkyfief;onf xdrdívJp&mtqD;
twm;rsm;aMumifh *kPfodu©mn§dK;EGrf;EkdifaMumif; &Sifaygvkuaum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; today;cJhonf/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtcsdef,líjyKvkyf
cJhaom wynfhawmfjyKvkyfarG;xkwfjcif; trIawmfonftjcm;olrsm;tm;
tjypfusL;vGefMuzkdY zefwD;aomolwpfOD;aMumifh ysufqD;oGm;Ekdifygonf/
vlwkdYonfuREkfyfwkdY\toufwmukd Munfh½IaeMuygonf/ ukd,fawmf&Sif\
opöm&SdaomtapcHrsm;onf rdrdwkdYjyKvkyfaeaom omoemvkyfief;\
*kPfodu©mukd rn§dK;EGrf;apzkdY *½kwpkduf&SifoefMu&rnfjzpfonf/ tjcm;
,kHMunfolwpfOD;\ qkd;0g;nHhzsif;aomtoufwm ykHOyrmaMumifh ajrmuf
jrm;pGmaomvlwkdYonf ,kHMunfjcif;ukd pGefYcGgoGm;cJhMuonf/ trIawmf
aqmifolcsif;tjzpfESihf uREkfyfwkdYonf EkdifiHawmftzkdYtvkdYiSgtwlwuG
vufwGJvkyfaqmifaeMuonf/ uREkfyf\qkd;0g;nHhzsif;aom ykHOyrmtm;jzihf
tjcm;olrsm;ukd pdwfysufoGm;apvQif uREkfyfaemifw&zkdYvkdtyfNyD;? touf
wm&SifoefykHukd ajymif;vJzdkYvkdygvdrfhrnf/ a&mif;&if;,kHMunfolrsm;ü
vnf;aumif;? xkd,kHMunfolrsm;tm;jzihfvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocifvkyf
aqmifaeaomt&mukd uREkfyfwkdYrwm;qD;? raESmuf,Sufaomtoufwm
jzihf&SifoefMuzdkY &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYukdpdefac:xm;onf/ þt&mukd
jyKvkyf&mwGif uREkfyfwkdY\nDtpfukdarmifESrrsm;tm; axmuf½IíuREkfyfwkdY
ay;qyf&SifoefzdkY vdktyfygonf/ odkYaomf uREkfyfwkdYonftzGJUwpfzGJUtjzpf
ESihfvIyf&Sm;vkyfaqmifaeMuaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif;? tzGJU0ifwpfOD; 'ku©
qif;&JBuHKawGU&vQif tzGJU0iftm;vkH;qif;&J'ku©a&muf&aMumif;ukdvnf
aumif; owd&aezdkYvkdtyfonf/
t&m&müoifhukdoifrSefuefaMumif;jyoavmh
&SifaygvkESihfwrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf olwpfyg;ukdxdcdkufusL;vGef
aprnfhtpm;? t&m&müukd,fhukd,fukd csD;usL;jcif;cH&ef ykHOyrmaumif;jzihf
trIawmfaqmifolcsif; 131130
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif132 133
&SifoefcJhMuonf/ þt&monfueOD;ü &SifaygvkajymcJhonfht&mESifh
qefYusihfaeoa,mifxifrSwf&onf/
]]igwkdYonf oifwkdYa&SUü wpfzefukd,fhukdukd,fcsD;rGrf;Muonf
r[kwf/ pdwfoabmukdraxmuf? taoG;tqif;udkaxmufí
0g<um;aomolwkdY\pum;ukd oifwkdYonfacsyEkdifrnfhtaMumif;?
igwkdYaMumifh*kPf,lEkdifaomtcGihfta&;ukdomay;Mu\}} (5;12)/
tcef;BuD; 5wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrd
onfukd,fhukd,fukd csD;rGrf;zkdY rBudK;pm;aMumif;ajymcJhaomfvnf; tcef;BuD;
6wGif rdrdonf t&m&müukd,fhukd,fukd csD;rGrf;aeaMumif;olwkdYukd
ajymjycJhonf/ þajymqkdcsufESpfcsuf\ uGJjym;jcm;em;csufukd þae&mü
od&Sdxm;zdkYvkdtyfonf/ wpfukd,faumif;qefaom pdwfxm;rsm;jzihf
ukd,fhukd,fukd csD;rGrf;aomolrsm;&SdMuonf/ xkdolwkdY\pdwfqE´rSm vlwkdYu
owdxm;rdí 4if;wkdYukd txifBuD;vmrnfh enf;vrf;jzihf trIawmfaqmif
&efjzpfonf/ xkdolwkdYonf wpfukd,faumif;qefaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;
twGuf omoemawmfukd tokH;csaomrmeaxmifvTm;onfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;
jzpfMuonf/
tcef;i,f 10 (t*Fvdyfusrf;pmtcef;i,f 4)ü &Sifaygvkajym
jyaeaomt&monf þuJhokdYaom csD;rGrf;jcif;rsKd;r[kwfyg/ þtcef;i,f
onf olwpfyg;a&SUü xdrdívJp&mjzpfjcif; usrf;abmiftoGm;tvmxHü
awGU&aomusrf;ykd'fjzpfonf/ þae&mü &Sifaygvkajymjyaeaom csD;rGrf;
jcif;onf vlwkdYuuREkfyfwkdYtoufwmü ykHOyrmaumif;rsm;ukd awGUjrifí
ocifbk&m;ukd½IarQmfMurnfhenf;vrf;jzihf uREkfyfwkdYtoufwmudk&Sifoef
jcif;ESihf oufqkdifonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfqE´onf vlwkdYuuREkfyfwkdYukd owd
xm;rdMuzkdYr[kwf&yg/ xkdtpm;bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmftwGuf uREkfyfwkdY
txJü ocifa,½IESihfocifa,½I\0dnmOfawmfukd olwkdYowdxm;rd&yg
vdrfhrnf/
uREkfyfwkdYtm;vkH;onf csD;usL;xkdufaomtoufwmjzihf &Sifoef
Mu&rnfjzpfonf/ vlwkdYuuREkfyfwkdYukd ,kHMunfolrsm;tjzpfESihf apmifh
MunfhaeMuygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYaMumihf rnfolYukdrQbk&m;ociftm; ausm
ckdif;roGm;apcsifyg/ &Sifaygvku rdrdqkdvkdxm;aomt&mukd vmrnfh
tcef;i,ftenf;i,fwGif om"ujzifh&Sif;jyxm;onf/ &Sifaygvku rdrd
wkdYonf bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfukd tusKd;rJhrcHMuaMumif; oufao
jy&ef rdrd\ukd,fawGU tawGUtBuHKESihf rdrdvkyfazmfrsm;\tawGUtBuHKukd
tokH;jyKcJhonf/ qif;&J'ku©cHjcif;ESihf yifyef;cHjcif;tm;vkH;wGiftqkH;wkdif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;twGuf ykHOyrmrsm;jzpfMuzkdY &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolrsm;ukd wkdufwGef;cJhonf (i,f 4)/ wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf
½kdufESufxkd;Budwfjcif;? axmifcscH&jcif;? 4if;wkdY\w&m;a'oemukd qefY
usifMuaomolwkdYu txdu½kPf;rsm;ukdjzpfapjcif;? ponfwkdYukd
&ifqkdifcJhMu&onf/ t&mtm;vkH;tpOfajyacsmarGUaecsdefü tjcm;ol
rsm;\a&SUwGif oufaoaumif;wpfyg;jzpf&jcif;onf wpfrsKd;jzpfí? cufcJ
aomtcsdefumvrsm;ü oufaojzpf&jcif;onf tvGefjcm;em;aom t&m
jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; tcsdefwkdif;üykHOyrm
aumif;rsm;jzpfMuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/ ,kHMunfolrsm;qif;&J'ku©BuHKawGU&
aomfvnf; ocifbk&m;ukdqufícsD;rGrf;NyD;? ocifbk&m;twGuf quf
vuf&SifoefaeMuonfukd avmuDom;rsm;uawGUjrifjcif;onf tpGrf;
xufaomoufaowpfyg;jzpfonf/ avmuDom;rsm;u þtcsif;
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif132 133
&SifoefcJhMuonf/ þt&monfueOD;ü &SifaygvkajymcJhonfht&mESifh
qefYusihfaeoa,mifxifrSwf&onf/
]]igwkdYonf oifwkdYa&SUü wpfzefukd,fhukdukd,fcsD;rGrf;Muonf
r[kwf/ pdwfoabmukdraxmuf? taoG;tqif;udkaxmufí
0g<um;aomolwkdY\pum;ukd oifwkdYonfacsyEkdifrnfhtaMumif;?
igwkdYaMumifh*kPf,lEkdifaomtcGihfta&;ukdomay;Mu\}} (5;12)/
tcef;BuD; 5wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrd
onfukd,fhukd,fukd csD;rGrf;zkdY rBudK;pm;aMumif;ajymcJhaomfvnf; tcef;BuD;
6wGif rdrdonf t&m&müukd,fhukd,fukd csD;rGrf;aeaMumif;olwkdYukd
ajymjycJhonf/ þajymqkdcsufESpfcsuf\ uGJjym;jcm;em;csufukd þae&mü
od&Sdxm;zdkYvkdtyfonf/ wpfukd,faumif;qefaom pdwfxm;rsm;jzihf
ukd,fhukd,fukd csD;rGrf;aomolrsm;&SdMuonf/ xkdolwkdY\pdwfqE´rSm vlwkdYu
owdxm;rdí 4if;wkdYukd txifBuD;vmrnfh enf;vrf;jzihf trIawmfaqmif
&efjzpfonf/ xkdolwkdYonf wpfukd,faumif;qefaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;
twGuf omoemawmfukd tokH;csaomrmeaxmifvTm;onfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;
jzpfMuonf/
tcef;i,f 10 (t*Fvdyfusrf;pmtcef;i,f 4)ü &Sifaygvkajym
jyaeaomt&monf þuJhokdYaom csD;rGrf;jcif;rsKd;r[kwfyg/ þtcef;i,f
onf olwpfyg;a&SUü xdrdívJp&mjzpfjcif; usrf;abmiftoGm;tvmxHü
awGU&aomusrf;ykd'fjzpfonf/ þae&mü &Sifaygvkajymjyaeaom csD;rGrf;
jcif;onf vlwkdYuuREkfyfwkdYtoufwmü ykHOyrmaumif;rsm;ukd awGUjrifí
ocifbk&m;ukd½IarQmfMurnfhenf;vrf;jzihf uREkfyfwkdYtoufwmudk&Sifoef
jcif;ESihf oufqkdifonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfqE´onf vlwkdYuuREkfyfwkdYukd owd
xm;rdMuzkdYr[kwf&yg/ xkdtpm;bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmftwGuf uREkfyfwkdY
txJü ocifa,½IESihfocifa,½I\0dnmOfawmfukd olwkdYowdxm;rd&yg
vdrfhrnf/
uREkfyfwkdYtm;vkH;onf csD;usL;xkdufaomtoufwmjzihf &Sifoef
Mu&rnfjzpfonf/ vlwkdYuuREkfyfwkdYukd ,kHMunfolrsm;tjzpfESihf apmifh
MunfhaeMuygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYaMumihf rnfolYukdrQbk&m;ociftm; ausm
ckdif;roGm;apcsifyg/ &Sifaygvku rdrdqkdvkdxm;aomt&mukd vmrnfh
tcef;i,ftenf;i,fwGif om"ujzifh&Sif;jyxm;onf/ &Sifaygvku rdrd
wkdYonf bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfukd tusKd;rJhrcHMuaMumif; oufao
jy&ef rdrd\ukd,fawGU tawGUtBuHKESihf rdrdvkyfazmfrsm;\tawGUtBuHKukd
tokH;jyKcJhonf/ qif;&J'ku©cHjcif;ESihf yifyef;cHjcif;tm;vkH;wGiftqkH;wkdif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;twGuf ykHOyrmrsm;jzpfMuzkdY &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolrsm;ukd wkdufwGef;cJhonf (i,f 4)/ wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf
½kdufESufxkd;Budwfjcif;? axmifcscH&jcif;? 4if;wkdY\w&m;a'oemukd qefY
usifMuaomolwkdYu txdu½kPf;rsm;ukdjzpfapjcif;? ponfwkdYukd
&ifqkdifcJhMu&onf/ t&mtm;vkH;tpOfajyacsmarGUaecsdefü tjcm;ol
rsm;\a&SUwGif oufaoaumif;wpfyg;jzpf&jcif;onf wpfrsKd;jzpfí? cufcJ
aomtcsdefumvrsm;ü oufaojzpf&jcif;onf tvGefjcm;em;aom t&m
jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; tcsdefwkdif;üykHOyrm
aumif;rsm;jzpfMuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/ ,kHMunfolrsm;qif;&J'ku©BuHKawGU&
aomfvnf; ocifbk&m;ukdqufícsD;rGrf;NyD;? ocifbk&m;twGuf quf
vuf&SifoefaeMuonfukd avmuDom;rsm;uawGUjrifjcif;onf tpGrf;
xufaomoufaowpfyg;jzpfonf/ avmuDom;rsm;u þtcsif;
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif134 135
t&mukd jrifawGUMuzkdYvkdtyfonf/ jyif;xefaomikda<u;jrnfwrf;rIrsm;ukd
ausmfjzwf&ef uREkfyfwkdY\,kHMunfcsufu uREkfyfwkdYukdpGrf;aqmifay;Ekdif
aMumif;ukd olwkdYjrifawGUzkdYvkdtyfonf/
uREkfyfonfpdwf"gwfusqif;jcif;ukd ESpftwefMumcHpm;cJh&onf/
þt&mrS vGwfajrmufzkdY uREkfyfqkawmif;cJhaomfvnf; þt&m\ykHyef;
vu©Pmukd uREkfyftoufwmüqufvufí owdjyKrdcJhonf/ þtcsdef
tcgonf bk&m;ocif\wefckd;awmftm; vufawGUoufaojyzkdY tcGihf
aumif;wpfckjzpfaeaMumif;ukd vGefcJhaomESpftenf;i,fü em;vnf
oabmaygufcJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf uREkffyf\pdwfcHpm;csufrsm; xkHxkdif;
av;wGJírnfonfht&mukdrQ rcHpm;Ekdifonfhtcsdefrsm;qDokdY uREkfyfukd
ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf/ uREkfyfrnfokdYwkefYjyef&rSef;rodatmif cHpm;&aom
tcsdefrsm;ukd &ifqkdifausmfjzwfEkdifzdkY bk&m;ocifonfuREkfyfukd cGeftm;
opfrsm;oGef;avmif;ay;cJhonf/ uREkfyfa[mzkdY? ajymzdkYr&SdovkdcHpm;&onfh
tcsdefrsm;wGif bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyftm;rdrd\vlwkdYa&SUü&yfírdrd\
EIwfuywfawmfor®mw&m;udk a[majymEkdifzkdYpGrf;tm;rsm;ukday;cJhonf/
þjyif;xefaom pdwfusa&m*gukd umvtwefMum&ifqkdif&mwGif bk&m;
ocifonf uREkfyftm;rdrd\aus;Zl;awmfESihfatmifEkdifjcif;ukday;cJhonf/
bk&m;ocifonfuREkfyfwkdYukd tcuftcJ'ku©rsm;ESihfuif;a0;aom touf
wmukduwdray;cJhyg/ tcuftcJ'ku©rsm;ukdom uwday;cJhygonf
(a,m[ef 16;33ukdMunfhyg)/ bk&m;ocifu rdrd\aus;Zl;awmfonf
vkHavmufvQuf&SdonfhtaMumif;ukd avmuDom;rsm;xHü oufaojyzdkY
uREkfyfwkdYukd tokH;jyK&efuREkfyfwkdYtxJrStcsKdUukd ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;
tm;&ifqkdifapygvdrfhrnf/
oifonfcufcJaomumvwpfckukd &ifqkdifjzwfoef;ae&vQif
oifonf xkdt&mukdtvGefxl;jcm;aom enf;vrf;jzifhocifc&pfawmf\
oufaowpfyg;jzpfzdkY tcGihfxl;wpfcktjzpf rSwf,l&rnfjzpfonf/ oif
&ifqkdifae&aom tcuftcJtajctaeu oihfukdbk&m;ociftm; *kPf
n§dK;EGrf;aponfhtjzpfrsKd;ukdvnf;aumif;? tjcm;nDtpfukdrsm;a&SUü xdrdí
NydKvJp&mtjzpfrsKd;ukdvnf;aumif; jzpfaprnfhtcGihfukdray;ygESihf/ ukd,f
awmf&Sif\tHhzG,fcspfjcif;arwåmESihf wefckd;awmfukdvlwkdYtm;ñTefjyay;
EkdifzkdYoif&ifqkdif&aom tajctaeukdtcGihfta&;wpfcktjzpf &Ijrifyg/
bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYukdxm;&Sdaomtajctaewkdif;ü bk&m;ocif\
ppfrSefaomtapcHrsm;jzpfaejcif;twGuf csD;rGrf;cH&zkdY&Sifoefaexkdif&ef
rSmuREkfyfwkdY\ pdwfqE´jzpf&rnf/
EkdifiHawmftzdkYtvkdYiSg uREkfyfwkdY\BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;ü tdyf
ysufnrsm;pGmukd &ifqkdifjzwfoef;&onfhtcsdefrsm;&Sdvmygvdrfhrnf/
þtrIawmfjrwfwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf &SifaygvkuJhokdYqmavmifrGwfodyf
jcif;ukd &ifqkdifaumif;&ifqkdif&ygvdrfhrnf (i,f 5)/ ,kHMunfjcif;jzifh
&SifoefavQmufvSrf;zkdY vcaumif;aom tvkyfrsm;ukdyifpGefYvTwfaumif;
pGefYvTwf&ygvdrfhrnf/ owif;aumif;a[majymjcif;trIawmfonf vG,ful
vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ ocifbk&m;ukd emcHjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? usOf;
ajrmif;aom ajzmifhrwfjcif;vrf;ay:ü avQmufvSrf;jcif;aMumifhvnf;
aumif; a&mufvmonfh tcuftcJrsm;ukd trIawmfaqmifaeaom
olrsm;u em;vnfxm;Muygonf/ trIawmfaMumihfjzpfay:vmaom
zdtm;rsm;ESihf pdwfzdpD;rIrsm;ukd trIawmfaqmifaeaomolrsm;u
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif134 135
t&mukd jrifawGUMuzkdYvkdtyfonf/ jyif;xefaomikda<u;jrnfwrf;rIrsm;ukd
ausmfjzwf&ef uREkfyfwkdY\,kHMunfcsufu uREkfyfwkdYukdpGrf;aqmifay;Ekdif
aMumif;ukd olwkdYjrifawGUzkdYvkdtyfonf/
uREkfyfonfpdwf"gwfusqif;jcif;ukd ESpftwefMumcHpm;cJh&onf/
þt&mrS vGwfajrmufzkdY uREkfyfqkawmif;cJhaomfvnf; þt&m\ykHyef;
vu©Pmukd uREkfyftoufwmüqufvufí owdjyKrdcJhonf/ þtcsdef
tcgonf bk&m;ocif\wefckd;awmftm; vufawGUoufaojyzkdY tcGihf
aumif;wpfckjzpfaeaMumif;ukd vGefcJhaomESpftenf;i,fü em;vnf
oabmaygufcJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf uREkffyf\pdwfcHpm;csufrsm; xkHxkdif;
av;wGJírnfonfht&mukdrQ rcHpm;Ekdifonfhtcsdefrsm;qDokdY uREkfyfukd
ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf/ uREkfyfrnfokdYwkefYjyef&rSef;rodatmif cHpm;&aom
tcsdefrsm;ukd &ifqkdifausmfjzwfEkdifzdkY bk&m;ocifonfuREkfyfukd cGeftm;
opfrsm;oGef;avmif;ay;cJhonf/ uREkfyfa[mzkdY? ajymzdkYr&SdovkdcHpm;&onfh
tcsdefrsm;wGif bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyftm;rdrd\vlwkdYa&SUü&yfírdrd\
EIwfuywfawmfor®mw&m;udk a[majymEkdifzkdYpGrf;tm;rsm;ukday;cJhonf/
þjyif;xefaom pdwfusa&m*gukd umvtwefMum&ifqkdif&mwGif bk&m;
ocifonf uREkfyftm;rdrd\aus;Zl;awmfESihfatmifEkdifjcif;ukday;cJhonf/
bk&m;ocifonfuREkfyfwkdYukd tcuftcJ'ku©rsm;ESihfuif;a0;aom touf
wmukduwdray;cJhyg/ tcuftcJ'ku©rsm;ukdom uwday;cJhygonf
(a,m[ef 16;33ukdMunfhyg)/ bk&m;ocifu rdrd\aus;Zl;awmfonf
vkHavmufvQuf&SdonfhtaMumif;ukd avmuDom;rsm;xHü oufaojyzdkY
uREkfyfwkdYukd tokH;jyK&efuREkfyfwkdYtxJrStcsKdUukd ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;
tm;&ifqkdifapygvdrfhrnf/
oifonfcufcJaomumvwpfckukd &ifqkdifjzwfoef;ae&vQif
oifonf xkdt&mukdtvGefxl;jcm;aom enf;vrf;jzifhocifc&pfawmf\
oufaowpfyg;jzpfzdkY tcGihfxl;wpfcktjzpf rSwf,l&rnfjzpfonf/ oif
&ifqkdifae&aom tcuftcJtajctaeu oihfukdbk&m;ociftm; *kPf
n§dK;EGrf;aponfhtjzpfrsKd;ukdvnf;aumif;? tjcm;nDtpfukdrsm;a&SUü xdrdí
NydKvJp&mtjzpfrsKd;ukdvnf;aumif; jzpfaprnfhtcGihfukdray;ygESihf/ ukd,f
awmf&Sif\tHhzG,fcspfjcif;arwåmESihf wefckd;awmfukdvlwkdYtm;ñTefjyay;
EkdifzkdYoif&ifqkdif&aom tajctaeukdtcGihfta&;wpfcktjzpf &Ijrifyg/
bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYukdxm;&Sdaomtajctaewkdif;ü bk&m;ocif\
ppfrSefaomtapcHrsm;jzpfaejcif;twGuf csD;rGrf;cH&zkdY&Sifoefaexkdif&ef
rSmuREkfyfwkdY\ pdwfqE´jzpf&rnf/
EkdifiHawmftzdkYtvkdYiSg uREkfyfwkdY\BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;ü tdyf
ysufnrsm;pGmukd &ifqkdifjzwfoef;&onfhtcsdefrsm;&Sdvmygvdrfhrnf/
þtrIawmfjrwfwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf &SifaygvkuJhokdYqmavmifrGwfodyf
jcif;ukd &ifqkdifaumif;&ifqkdif&ygvdrfhrnf (i,f 5)/ ,kHMunfjcif;jzifh
&SifoefavQmufvSrf;zkdY vcaumif;aom tvkyfrsm;ukdyifpGefYvTwfaumif;
pGefYvTwf&ygvdrfhrnf/ owif;aumif;a[majymjcif;trIawmfonf vG,ful
vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ ocifbk&m;ukd emcHjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? usOf;
ajrmif;aom ajzmifhrwfjcif;vrf;ay:ü avQmufvSrf;jcif;aMumifhvnf;
aumif; a&mufvmonfh tcuftcJrsm;ukd trIawmfaqmifaeaom
olrsm;u em;vnfxm;Muygonf/ trIawmfaMumihfjzpfay:vmaom
zdtm;rsm;ESihf pdwfzdpD;rIrsm;ukd trIawmfaqmifaeaomolrsm;u
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif136
em;vnfxm;Muygonf/ trIawmfaMumifhjzpfay:vmaom zdtm;rsm;ESihf
pdwfzdpD;rIrsm;rSm tvGefjyif;xefEkdifygonf/ þtajctaewGifvnf;
&Sifaygvku rdrd\toufwmykHOyrmukd vkdufavQmufMuzkdY aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; pdefac:cJhonf/ ocifc&pfawmf\ wefckd;awmfü
xkd0efxkyfrsm;ukd xrf;&GufMuzdkY &SifaygvkuolwkdYukdpdefac:cJhonf/
trIawmfjrwfu uREkfyftoufwmrS 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ukd EIwf,l
oGm;onfhtcsdefrsm;&SdcJhaMumif;ukd uREkfyf0efcH&ygvdrfhrnf/ trIawmf
jrwf\0efxkyf0efykd;ESihf zdpD;rIatmufü0dnmOfawmf\toD;ukd oufao
jyovkdcJhaomfvnf; rjyoEkdifcJhonfhtcsdefrsm;&SdcJhaMumif;ukd uREkfyf0efcH
ygonf/ owif;aumif;twGuf oufaojzpfjcif;onf w&m;a[majym
jcif;? oGefoifay;jcif;oufoufr[kwfyg/ oufaowpfyg;jzpfjcif;qkd
onfrSm trIawmfjrwf\zdpD;rIatmufürnfokdY &Sifoefonf[laomt&m
ESihfvnf; oufqkdifonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonfaumif;rGefusepGma[majym
aumif;a[majymMurnfjzpfaomfvnf; vlwkdYay;aomzdpD;rIESihf trIawmf
uay;aom0efxkwf0efykd;rsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;aomenf;vrf;aMumifh
vlwkdYtwGuf xdrdíNydKvJp&mjzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifMuonf/ csD;rGrf;xkdufaom
toufwmjzihf &SifoefzkdYqkdvQif uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdif&aom ppfaMumpkHprf;
jcif;rsm;ukd aumif;aumif;rGefrGef&ifqkdif ajz&Sif;zkdYvkdygvdrfhrnf/
tcef;i,f 6wGif &Sifaygvku EkdifiHawmftwGuf&ifqkdifBuHKawGU
cH&aomppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;tm;jzihf bk&m;ocifuolYtoufwmü
azmfaqmifay;cJhonfh aumif;jrwfaomtrltusihftcsKdUukd pwiftrnf
wyfajymjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wdkY
tcsif;csif;qufqH&if;ESD;rIüvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocifu4if;wkdYu
qifhac:íjzpfapvkdaom ykHOyrmrsm;jzpfvmEkdifMu&eftwGuf vnf;
aumif; þaumif;jrwfaomtrltusihfrsKd;ukd wkd;yGm;apMu&ef bk&m;
ocif\a&SUawmfü wm0ef&SdMuaMumif; today;cJhonf/ þaus;Zl;awmf
vu©Pmrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYwpfck;pD oD;oefYavhvmoGm;Murnfjzpfonf/
pdwfESvkH;pifMu,fjcif;
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYonfocif
c&pfawmf\tapcHrsm;jzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGmoefY&Sif;pifMu,faom
toufwmjzihf &SifoefMu&rnfhtMumif; today;cJhonf/ pdwfESvkH;
pifMu,fjcif;qkdonfrSm tjcm;olrsm;tay:üxm;&Sdaom 4if;wdkY\pdwf
&if;pdwfxm;ESihf oufqkdifonf/ olwkdY\pdwf&if;pdwfxm;rsm;onf ½dk;om;
ajzmifhrwf&rnfjzpfonf/ 4if;wkdY\qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;wGif olawmf
aumif;[efaqmifjcif;rsm;ukd z,fxkwf&Sif;vif;ítcsif;csif; ½kd;om;
,Ofaus;aomtrltusihfjzihfvnf;aumif;? *kPfodu©m&SdpGmjzihfvnf;
aumif; qufqHMu&rnfjzpfonf/
tcsif;csif;odwwfem;vnfjcif;
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; 4if;wkdYonftcsif;csif;
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf axmufxm;em;vnfMu&rnfhtaMumif;
ajymcJhonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm 4if;wkYdonfrdrdwdkY\enf;vrf;ESihf vdktifukdom
a&SUwef;rwifbJ? tcsif;csif;em;axmifay;MuzdkY vkdtyfonf/ 4if;wkdY
trIawmfaqmifolcsif; 137
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif136
em;vnfxm;Muygonf/ trIawmfaMumifhjzpfay:vmaom zdtm;rsm;ESihf
pdwfzdpD;rIrsm;rSm tvGefjyif;xefEkdifygonf/ þtajctaewGifvnf;
&Sifaygvku rdrd\toufwmykHOyrmukd vkdufavQmufMuzkdY aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; pdefac:cJhonf/ ocifc&pfawmf\ wefckd;awmfü
xkd0efxkyfrsm;ukd xrf;&GufMuzdkY &SifaygvkuolwkdYukdpdefac:cJhonf/
trIawmfjrwfu uREkfyftoufwmrS 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ukd EIwf,l
oGm;onfhtcsdefrsm;&SdcJhaMumif;ukd uREkfyf0efcH&ygvdrfhrnf/ trIawmf
jrwf\0efxkyf0efykd;ESihf zdpD;rIatmufü0dnmOfawmf\toD;ukd oufao
jyovkdcJhaomfvnf; rjyoEkdifcJhonfhtcsdefrsm;&SdcJhaMumif;ukd uREkfyf0efcH
ygonf/ owif;aumif;twGuf oufaojzpfjcif;onf w&m;a[majym
jcif;? oGefoifay;jcif;oufoufr[kwfyg/ oufaowpfyg;jzpfjcif;qkd
onfrSm trIawmfjrwf\zdpD;rIatmufürnfokdY &Sifoefonf[laomt&m
ESihfvnf; oufqkdifonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonfaumif;rGefusepGma[majym
aumif;a[majymMurnfjzpfaomfvnf; vlwkdYay;aomzdpD;rIESihf trIawmf
uay;aom0efxkwf0efykd;rsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;aomenf;vrf;aMumifh
vlwkdYtwGuf xdrdíNydKvJp&mjzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifMuonf/ csD;rGrf;xkdufaom
toufwmjzihf &SifoefzkdYqkdvQif uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdif&aom ppfaMumpkHprf;
jcif;rsm;ukd aumif;aumif;rGefrGef&ifqkdif ajz&Sif;zkdYvkdygvdrfhrnf/
tcef;i,f 6wGif &Sifaygvku EkdifiHawmftwGuf&ifqkdifBuHKawGU
cH&aomppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;tm;jzihf bk&m;ocifuolYtoufwmü
azmfaqmifay;cJhonfh aumif;jrwfaomtrltusihftcsKdUukd pwiftrnf
wyfajymjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wdkY
tcsif;csif;qufqH&if;ESD;rIüvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocifu4if;wkdYu
qifhac:íjzpfapvkdaom ykHOyrmrsm;jzpfvmEkdifMu&eftwGuf vnf;
aumif; þaumif;jrwfaomtrltusihfrsKd;ukd wkd;yGm;apMu&ef bk&m;
ocif\a&SUawmfü wm0ef&SdMuaMumif; today;cJhonf/ þaus;Zl;awmf
vu©Pmrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYwpfck;pD oD;oefYavhvmoGm;Murnfjzpfonf/
pdwfESvkH;pifMu,fjcif;
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYonfocif
c&pfawmf\tapcHrsm;jzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGmoefY&Sif;pifMu,faom
toufwmjzihf &SifoefMu&rnfhtMumif; today;cJhonf/ pdwfESvkH;
pifMu,fjcif;qkdonfrSm tjcm;olrsm;tay:üxm;&Sdaom 4if;wdkY\pdwf
&if;pdwfxm;ESihf oufqkdifonf/ olwkdY\pdwf&if;pdwfxm;rsm;onf ½dk;om;
ajzmifhrwf&rnfjzpfonf/ 4if;wkdY\qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;wGif olawmf
aumif;[efaqmifjcif;rsm;ukd z,fxkwf&Sif;vif;ítcsif;csif; ½kd;om;
,Ofaus;aomtrltusihfjzihfvnf;aumif;? *kPfodu©m&SdpGmjzihfvnf;
aumif; qufqHMu&rnfjzpfonf/
tcsif;csif;odwwfem;vnfjcif;
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; 4if;wkdYonftcsif;csif;
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf axmufxm;em;vnfMu&rnfhtaMumif;
ajymcJhonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm 4if;wkYdonfrdrdwdkY\enf;vrf;ESihf vdktifukdom
a&SUwef;rwifbJ? tcsif;csif;em;axmifay;MuzdkY vkdtyfonf/ 4if;wkdY
trIawmfaqmifolcsif; 137
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif138 139
onf rdrdwdkY\teD;ywf0ef;usifrS vlwkdY\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd ukd,fcsif;pm
ay;í4if;wkdYukd cGeftm;ay;Ekdif&ef &SmBuHMu&rnfjzpfonf/ olwkdYonf
c&pf,mef,kHMunfcsufukd em;vnfoabmaygufí bk&m;ocif\tvdk
awmfukdod&SdcHpm;em;vnfzdkYvnf;vkdtyfonf/
pdwf&Snfjcif;ESihfaus;Zl;jyKjcif;
xkdYaemuf&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; tcsif;csif;
pdwf&Snfonf;cHMu&rnfhtaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ qdkvkdonfrSm wpfOD;ESihf
wpfOD;\rwlnDrIrsm;ukd onf;cHítqifrajyjzpfonfhtcsdefüyif wpfOD;
ukdwpfOD;ulnDyHhykd;ay;Mu&rnfjzpfonf/ aus;Zl;jyKjcif;qkdonfrSm oem;
jcif;*½kPm? El;nHhodrfarGUjcif;vkyf&yfrsm;ESihftwl vufurf;ulnDay;jcif;
ESihfoufqkdifonf/ aus;Zl;jyKjcif;qkdonfrSm vlwkdYukdwnfaqmufay;í
cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;aom vufawGUvkyfaqmifajymqkdrIrsm;jzihf oufao
jy&aomt&mjzpfonf/
or®mw&m;ukda[mjcif;
qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;ü pdwfESvkH;pifMu,fjcif;\ tpdwftykdif;
wpfckrSmpum;ajym&mü ½kd;om;ajzmifhrwfjcif;jzpfonf/ rsufESmcsKdaoG;í
ajr§mufyifhajymqkdjcif;ESihf ½kd;om;rIr&SdaomcsD;usL;pum;rsm;onf ukd,f
cE¨mawmfukdrwnfaqmufay;yg/ a&&SnfwnfwHhaomqufqH&if;ESD;rI
rsm;onf or®mw&m;(trSefw&m;)ay:wGif tajccHonf/ tjcm;olrsm;\
ajymqkdcsufrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdY,kHMunfí&onf[k od&SdaomtcsdefwGif
qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;rSm BuD;xGm;vmMuonf/ ½dk;om;rIr&Sdjcif;onf vdyfjym
rvkHjcif;(vkHNcHKrIr&Sdjcif;)ukdom zefwD;ay;onf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolwkdYtm; or®mw&m;ukdajymqkdjcif;jzihf wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD;trIjyK
MuzkdY ajymqkdcJhonf/
ajzmifhrwfjcif;tusihfvufeufrsm;
tcef;i,f 7 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm;
vufESpfzufvkH;wGif ajzmifhrwfjcif;tusihfvufeufrsm;ukd qGJukdifíbk&m;
ocif\wefckd;awmfü trIawmfaqmifaomolrsm;jzpfMuzkdY vkdtyfaMumif;
ajymjycJhonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm 4if;wkdYonfoefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ cGef
tm;üvnf;aumif;? emcHjcif;toufwm\ wefckd;tpGrf;üvnf;aumif;
0dnmOfa&;vufeufrsm;ESihf &efolukdwkdufckdufzdkYvkdtyfonf ({zuf 6;10
-18)/ olwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\cGeftm;Avü trIawmfaqmifzkdYr[kwfyg/ bk&m;
ocif\enf;vrf;rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdY\enf;vrf;rsm;ESihfrwlyg/ aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\vlYÓPfynmukdtokH;jyKvQif bk&m;ocif\
tvkyfukd[efYwm;aESmuf,Suf&momusí tjcm;olrsm;\a&SUwGif xdrdí
NydKvJp&mrsm;omjzpfMuygvdrfhrnf/ aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;onf c&pf
awmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmfü pdwf0rf;uGJjcif;ukd rjzpfapMurnfhtaMumif;
bk&m;ocif\wefckd;awmfüvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocif\ajzmifhrwfjcif;ü
vnf;aumif; trIawmfukd aqmifMuzdkY&Sifaygvkupdefac:cJhonf/ uREkfyf
wkdYwpfOD;csif;pDonf rdrdwkdY\tjrifütrSef[k,lqaomt&mukd jyKvkyf
MuvQif c&pfawmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmfrSm wpfppDuGJoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ uREkfyf
wkdY\ukd,fykdiftpDtpOfrsm;ukd ab;csxm;íocifbk&m;ukd &SmBuHMuaom
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif138 139
onf rdrdwdkY\teD;ywf0ef;usifrS vlwkdY\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd ukd,fcsif;pm
ay;í4if;wkdYukd cGeftm;ay;Ekdif&ef &SmBuHMu&rnfjzpfonf/ olwkdYonf
c&pf,mef,kHMunfcsufukd em;vnfoabmaygufí bk&m;ocif\tvdk
awmfukdod&SdcHpm;em;vnfzdkYvnf;vkdtyfonf/
pdwf&Snfjcif;ESihfaus;Zl;jyKjcif;
xkdYaemuf&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; tcsif;csif;
pdwf&Snfonf;cHMu&rnfhtaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ qdkvkdonfrSm wpfOD;ESihf
wpfOD;\rwlnDrIrsm;ukd onf;cHítqifrajyjzpfonfhtcsdefüyif wpfOD;
ukdwpfOD;ulnDyHhykd;ay;Mu&rnfjzpfonf/ aus;Zl;jyKjcif;qkdonfrSm oem;
jcif;*½kPm? El;nHhodrfarGUjcif;vkyf&yfrsm;ESihftwl vufurf;ulnDay;jcif;
ESihfoufqkdifonf/ aus;Zl;jyKjcif;qkdonfrSm vlwkdYukdwnfaqmufay;í
cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;aom vufawGUvkyfaqmifajymqkdrIrsm;jzihf oufao
jy&aomt&mjzpfonf/
or®mw&m;ukda[mjcif;
qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;ü pdwfESvkH;pifMu,fjcif;\ tpdwftykdif;
wpfckrSmpum;ajym&mü ½kd;om;ajzmifhrwfjcif;jzpfonf/ rsufESmcsKdaoG;í
ajr§mufyifhajymqkdjcif;ESihf ½kd;om;rIr&SdaomcsD;usL;pum;rsm;onf ukd,f
cE¨mawmfukdrwnfaqmufay;yg/ a&&SnfwnfwHhaomqufqH&if;ESD;rI
rsm;onf or®mw&m;(trSefw&m;)ay:wGif tajccHonf/ tjcm;olrsm;\
ajymqkdcsufrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdY,kHMunfí&onf[k od&SdaomtcsdefwGif
qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;rSm BuD;xGm;vmMuonf/ ½dk;om;rIr&Sdjcif;onf vdyfjym
rvkHjcif;(vkHNcHKrIr&Sdjcif;)ukdom zefwD;ay;onf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolwkdYtm; or®mw&m;ukdajymqkdjcif;jzihf wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD;trIjyK
MuzkdY ajymqkdcJhonf/
ajzmifhrwfjcif;tusihfvufeufrsm;
tcef;i,f 7 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm;
vufESpfzufvkH;wGif ajzmifhrwfjcif;tusihfvufeufrsm;ukd qGJukdifíbk&m;
ocif\wefckd;awmfü trIawmfaqmifaomolrsm;jzpfMuzkdY vkdtyfaMumif;
ajymjycJhonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm 4if;wkdYonfoefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ cGef
tm;üvnf;aumif;? emcHjcif;toufwm\ wefckd;tpGrf;üvnf;aumif;
0dnmOfa&;vufeufrsm;ESihf &efolukdwkdufckdufzdkYvkdtyfonf ({zuf 6;10
-18)/ olwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\cGeftm;Avü trIawmfaqmifzkdYr[kwfyg/ bk&m;
ocif\enf;vrf;rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdY\enf;vrf;rsm;ESihfrwlyg/ aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\vlYÓPfynmukdtokH;jyKvQif bk&m;ocif\
tvkyfukd[efYwm;aESmuf,Suf&momusí tjcm;olrsm;\a&SUwGif xdrdí
NydKvJp&mrsm;omjzpfMuygvdrfhrnf/ aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;onf c&pf
awmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmfü pdwf0rf;uGJjcif;ukd rjzpfapMurnfhtaMumif;
bk&m;ocif\wefckd;awmfüvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocif\ajzmifhrwfjcif;ü
vnf;aumif; trIawmfukd aqmifMuzdkY&Sifaygvkupdefac:cJhonf/ uREkfyf
wkdYwpfOD;csif;pDonf rdrdwkdY\tjrifütrSef[k,lqaomt&mukd jyKvkyf
MuvQif c&pfawmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmfrSm wpfppDuGJoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ uREkfyf
wkdY\ukd,fykdiftpDtpOfrsm;ukd ab;csxm;íocifbk&m;ukd &SmBuHMuaom
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif140 141
tcg &vm'frSmbk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmfü pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrI&Sdjcif;yif
jzpfonf/
ocifbk&m;ESihfuREkfyfwkdYtwlwuG avQmufvSrf;&Sifoefjcif;ukd
vlwkdYu tNrJem;vnfay;Murnfr[kwfouJhokdY csD;usL;*kPfjyKMurnfvnf;
r[kwfyg/ *kPfa&mifxGef;ajymifonfh tcsdef&SdrnfjzpfouJhokdY *kPfoa&
n§dK;? t&SufcGJcH&aomtcsdefvnf;&Sdygvdrfhrnf/ aumif;aomt&m&SdouJh
okdYqkd;0g;aomt&mvnf; &Sdygvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfwkdY\&nf&G,f&if;rsm;rSm
½kd;om;ajzmifhrSefaomfvnf; vlwkdYuuREkfyfwkdYukdta,mifaqmifrsm; ozG,f
qufvufí½Ijrifaumif;½IjrifMuygvdrfhrnf (i,f 8)/ olwkdYonfuREkfyfwkdY
ukdvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdY\w&m;a'oemukdvnf;aumif; ausmckdif;
aumif;ausmckdif;Muygvdrfhrnf (i,f 9)/
uREkfyfwkdY\toufwmukd aojcif;w&m;ESihfvufvu©Pmazmf
xm;&ygvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf rdrd\twåpdwfüvnf;aumif;? avmuD
t&mrsm;üvnf;aumif; aoqkH;Mu&rnf/ uREkfyfwkdY\qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;
üvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdY\&nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifrsm;üvnf;aumif;? uREkfyf
wkdYBudKufESpfoufaomt&mrsm;üvnf;aumif; aoqHk;zkdYvkdtyfonf/ okdYrS
omvQif uREkfyfwkdYonf þt&mtm;jzihf touf&Sifjcif;ukd&&SdMurnf
jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf xkd;Budwf½kdufESufjcif;ukdcH&aomfvnf; bk&m;
ocif\vufawmfonf uREkfyfwkdYtay:ü &SdaeaomaMumihf uREkfyfwkdYrSm
vkHNcHKpdwfcspGmapmifha&SmufcH&í aumif;BuD;ay;jcif;ukdcH&ygvdrfhrnf/
uREkfyfwkdYü eufeJjyif;xefaom 0rf;enf;ylaqG;jcif;tcsdefrsm;&Sd
rnfjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdYpdwfESvkH;\ euf½Idif;aomtwGif;wpfae&m
wGifocifbk&m;\ 0rf;ajrmufjcif;jynfhvQHaeygvdrfhrnf (i,f10)/
þb0wGif uREkfyfwkdYrnfonfht&mukdrQ rykdifqkdifaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdY
ocifa,½I\ emrawmfüay;rQaom u,fwifjcif;w&m;awmftm;jzihf
vltajrmuftjrm;ukd csrf;omapMuygvdrfhrnf/ þavmu\ypönf;
Opömtenf;i,fukdom uREkfyfwkdYykdifqkdifMuaomfvnf; xm0&umvwkdif
wefzdk;xkdufaomtvkH;pkHwkdYukd ykdifqkdifxm;Muonf/
&Sifaygvkonf þae&mwGifrnfonfht&mukdrQ xdefcsefrxm;yg/
rdrd\ukd,fykdiftawGUtBuHKrsm;ukd ykHOyrmwpfcktjzpf tokH;jyKíc&pf
,meftoufwmonf vG,fulaomtoufwmr[kwfaMumif; aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolrsm;ukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;jyocJhonf/ qif;&Jjcif;'ku©rsm;?
ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;ESihf txifvGJcH&jcif;rsm;&SdvmrnfhtaMumif;ukd
olwkdYtm;ajymjycJhonf/ bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfukd tusKd;rJhcHjcif;
tm; 4if;wkdY\&nfrSef;csufyef;wkdiftjzpf rjyKvkyfMurnfhtaMumif;
&Sifaygvku olwkdYukdtrIawmfaqmifcsif;wkdY[k ac:cJhonf/ xkdtpm;
&SifaygvkESihf tjcm;wrefawmfBuD;rsm;u vkyfaqmifaecJhMuonfhtwkdif;
aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkYüay;tyfxm;aomt&mrsm;ukd bk&m;
ocif\EkdifiHawmftzkdYtvkdiSg tokH;jyK&rnfjzpfonf/ aum&dE
oK,kHMunf
olrsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;a&SUü xdrdívJp&mrjzpfrnfhtaMumif;ukd rdrd
wkdY\pl;pkdufrItjzpfjyKvkyfxm;&ayrnf/ vkyfaqmifrIwkdif;ESihf ajymqkdrI
wkdif;onf ocifa,½Iukd ñTefjyaeaomenf;vrf;jzihf rdrdwkdY\toufwm
ukd &SifoefaexkdifMu&ayrnf/
&efolonf toif;awmftwGif;ü pdwf0rf;uGJjcif;ukd tvGefESpf
oufvSygonf/ olonfuREkfyfwdkYtcsif;csif; wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD;qefYusif
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif140 141
tcg &vm'frSmbk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmfü pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrI&Sdjcif;yif
jzpfonf/
ocifbk&m;ESihfuREkfyfwkdYtwlwuG avQmufvSrf;&Sifoefjcif;ukd
vlwkdYu tNrJem;vnfay;Murnfr[kwfouJhokdY csD;usL;*kPfjyKMurnfvnf;
r[kwfyg/ *kPfa&mifxGef;ajymifonfh tcsdef&SdrnfjzpfouJhokdY *kPfoa&
n§dK;? t&SufcGJcH&aomtcsdefvnf;&Sdygvdrfhrnf/ aumif;aomt&m&SdouJh
okdYqkd;0g;aomt&mvnf; &Sdygvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfwkdY\&nf&G,f&if;rsm;rSm
½kd;om;ajzmifhrSefaomfvnf; vlwkdYuuREkfyfwkdYukdta,mifaqmifrsm; ozG,f
qufvufí½Ijrifaumif;½IjrifMuygvdrfhrnf (i,f 8)/ olwkdYonfuREkfyfwkdY
ukdvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdY\w&m;a'oemukdvnf;aumif; ausmckdif;
aumif;ausmckdif;Muygvdrfhrnf (i,f 9)/
uREkfyfwkdY\toufwmukd aojcif;w&m;ESihfvufvu©Pmazmf
xm;&ygvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf rdrd\twåpdwfüvnf;aumif;? avmuD
t&mrsm;üvnf;aumif; aoqkH;Mu&rnf/ uREkfyfwkdY\qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;
üvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdY\&nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifrsm;üvnf;aumif;? uREkfyf
wkdYBudKufESpfoufaomt&mrsm;üvnf;aumif; aoqHk;zkdYvkdtyfonf/ okdYrS
omvQif uREkfyfwkdYonf þt&mtm;jzihf touf&Sifjcif;ukd&&SdMurnf
jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf xkd;Budwf½kdufESufjcif;ukdcH&aomfvnf; bk&m;
ocif\vufawmfonf uREkfyfwkdYtay:ü &SdaeaomaMumihf uREkfyfwkdYrSm
vkHNcHKpdwfcspGmapmifha&SmufcH&í aumif;BuD;ay;jcif;ukdcH&ygvdrfhrnf/
uREkfyfwkdYü eufeJjyif;xefaom 0rf;enf;ylaqG;jcif;tcsdefrsm;&Sd
rnfjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdYpdwfESvkH;\ euf½Idif;aomtwGif;wpfae&m
wGifocifbk&m;\ 0rf;ajrmufjcif;jynfhvQHaeygvdrfhrnf (i,f10)/
þb0wGif uREkfyfwkdYrnfonfht&mukdrQ rykdifqkdifaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdY
ocifa,½I\ emrawmfüay;rQaom u,fwifjcif;w&m;awmftm;jzihf
vltajrmuftjrm;ukd csrf;omapMuygvdrfhrnf/ þavmu\ypönf;
Opömtenf;i,fukdom uREkfyfwkdYykdifqkdifMuaomfvnf; xm0&umvwkdif
wefzdk;xkdufaomtvkH;pkHwkdYukd ykdifqkdifxm;Muonf/
&Sifaygvkonf þae&mwGifrnfonfht&mukdrQ xdefcsefrxm;yg/
rdrd\ukd,fykdiftawGUtBuHKrsm;ukd ykHOyrmwpfcktjzpf tokH;jyKíc&pf
,meftoufwmonf vG,fulaomtoufwmr[kwfaMumif; aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolrsm;ukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;jyocJhonf/ qif;&Jjcif;'ku©rsm;?
ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;ESihf txifvGJcH&jcif;rsm;&SdvmrnfhtaMumif;ukd
olwkdYtm;ajymjycJhonf/ bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfukd tusKd;rJhcHjcif;
tm; 4if;wkdY\&nfrSef;csufyef;wkdiftjzpf rjyKvkyfMurnfhtaMumif;
&Sifaygvku olwkdYukdtrIawmfaqmifcsif;wkdY[k ac:cJhonf/ xkdtpm;
&SifaygvkESihf tjcm;wrefawmfBuD;rsm;u vkyfaqmifaecJhMuonfhtwkdif;
aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkYüay;tyfxm;aomt&mrsm;ukd bk&m;
ocif\EkdifiHawmftzkdYtvkdiSg tokH;jyK&rnfjzpfonf/ aum&dE
oK,kHMunf
olrsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;a&SUü xdrdívJp&mrjzpfrnfhtaMumif;ukd rdrd
wkdY\pl;pkdufrItjzpfjyKvkyfxm;&ayrnf/ vkyfaqmifrIwkdif;ESihf ajymqkdrI
wkdif;onf ocifa,½Iukd ñTefjyaeaomenf;vrf;jzihf rdrdwkdY\toufwm
ukd &SifoefaexkdifMu&ayrnf/
&efolonf toif;awmftwGif;ü pdwf0rf;uGJjcif;ukd tvGefESpf
oufvSygonf/ olonfuREkfyfwdkYtcsif;csif; wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD;qefYusif
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif142 143
,SOfNydKifaejcif;ukdvnf;aumif;? wpfOD;\BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIukd tjcm;
wpfOD;u zsufqD;aeonfhtjzpfukdvnf;aumif; tvGefESpfoufvSygonf/
okdYaomf? &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYonf EkdifiHawmfü trIawmfaqmifcsif;rsm;
jzpfMuonf[k today;xm;onf/ uRekfyfwkdY\ajymifajrmufrIt&SdqkH;
pum;vkH;rsm;? vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;? pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;jzihf ocif
c&pfawmf\ ukd,fcE¨mawmfukdwnfaqmufaeMuí wpfOD;\BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfrIukdwpfOD;ucGeftm;ay;aeMuygonf/ bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmf
onf qD;wm;aESmuf,Sufjcif;ukdrcH&bJ? uREkfyfwkdYtm;jzihf csJUxGifcH&
onfhenf;vrf;jzihf &SifoefEkdif&ef bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYtm; aus;Zl;
awmfukd oGefavmif;ay;ygapaomf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfukd tusKd;rJhcHjcif;qkdonfrSm rnfonfh
t&mukd qkdvkdoenf;/
bk&m;ocifu oifhukday;xm;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESihf pGrf;&nf
qkaus;Zl;rsm;ukd oifrnfokdYtokH;jyKaecJhygoenf;/
oihf&JUtoufwmESihf omoemvkyfief;ukd pOf;pm;okH;oyf&ef
tcsdef,lyg/ oifonfwpfenfenf;jzihf tjcm;wpfOD;wpfa,muf
twGuf xdrdíNydKvJp&mjzpfaecJhygovm;/
oifonf ocifbk&m;\ ÓPfynmESihfcGeftm;Avü ,kHMunf
ukd;pm;&rnfhtpm; oihf&JUÓPfynmESihfcGeftm;Avü ,kHMunf
ukd;pm;aeygovm;/ þt&monf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmftrI
ukdrnfokdY [efYwm;aESmuf,SufcJhygoenf;/
bk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmfwnfaqmufjcif;trIü uREkfyfwkdY\
oufaojzpfjcif;ta&;ygykHtaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdYoif,l&
ygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
tjcm;olrsm;twGuf xdrdíNydKvJp&mjzpfaeonfh oihftoufwm
rStpdwftykdif;rsm;ukdjyoay;zkdY ocifbk&m;ukdawmif;avQmuf
yg/
bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfukd tusKd;rJhrcHrdapzdkY pGrf;aqmifay;
&ef qkawmif;yg/ oifhukday;xm;aomt&mrsm;tm; xda&muf
pGmtokH;jyKEkdif&ef pGrf;aqmifay;zkdY ocifbk&m;xHü awmif;
avQmufyg/
oifwpfa,mufwnf; trIawmfraqmif&Guf&jcif;twGuf ocif
bk&m;ukd aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/ c&pfawmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmfukd
wnfaqmufaeMuonfh oifwkdY\tokdif;t0kdif;rSnDtpfukd
armifESrrsm;twGuf ocifbk&m;ukd aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif142 143
,SOfNydKifaejcif;ukdvnf;aumif;? wpfOD;\BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIukd tjcm;
wpfOD;u zsufqD;aeonfhtjzpfukdvnf;aumif; tvGefESpfoufvSygonf/
okdYaomf? &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYonf EkdifiHawmfü trIawmfaqmifcsif;rsm;
jzpfMuonf[k today;xm;onf/ uRekfyfwkdY\ajymifajrmufrIt&SdqkH;
pum;vkH;rsm;? vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;? pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;jzihf ocif
c&pfawmf\ ukd,fcE¨mawmfukdwnfaqmufaeMuí wpfOD;\BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfrIukdwpfOD;ucGeftm;ay;aeMuygonf/ bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmf
onf qD;wm;aESmuf,Sufjcif;ukdrcH&bJ? uREkfyfwkdYtm;jzihf csJUxGifcH&
onfhenf;vrf;jzihf &SifoefEkdif&ef bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYtm; aus;Zl;
awmfukd oGefavmif;ay;ygapaomf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfukd tusKd;rJhcHjcif;qkdonfrSm rnfonfh
t&mukd qkdvkdoenf;/
bk&m;ocifu oifhukday;xm;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESihf pGrf;&nf
qkaus;Zl;rsm;ukd oifrnfokdYtokH;jyKaecJhygoenf;/
oihf&JUtoufwmESihf omoemvkyfief;ukd pOf;pm;okH;oyf&ef
tcsdef,lyg/ oifonfwpfenfenf;jzihf tjcm;wpfOD;wpfa,muf
twGuf xdrdíNydKvJp&mjzpfaecJhygovm;/
oifonf ocifbk&m;\ ÓPfynmESihfcGeftm;Avü ,kHMunf
ukd;pm;&rnfhtpm; oihf&JUÓPfynmESihfcGeftm;Avü ,kHMunf
ukd;pm;aeygovm;/ þt&monf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmftrI
ukdrnfokdY [efYwm;aESmuf,SufcJhygoenf;/
bk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmfwnfaqmufjcif;trIü uREkfyfwkdY\
oufaojzpfjcif;ta&;ygykHtaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdYoif,l&
ygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
tjcm;olrsm;twGuf xdrdíNydKvJp&mjzpfaeonfh oihftoufwm
rStpdwftykdif;rsm;ukdjyoay;zkdY ocifbk&m;ukdawmif;avQmuf
yg/
bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfukd tusKd;rJhrcHrdapzdkY pGrf;aqmifay;
&ef qkawmif;yg/ oifhukday;xm;aomt&mrsm;tm; xda&muf
pGmtokH;jyKEkdif&ef pGrf;aqmifay;zkdY ocifbk&m;xHü awmif;
avQmufyg/
oifwpfa,mufwnf; trIawmfraqmif&Guf&jcif;twGuf ocif
bk&m;ukd aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/ c&pfawmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmfukd
wnfaqmufaeMuonfh oifwkdY\tokdif;t0kdif;rSnDtpfukd
armifESrrsm;twGuf ocifbk&m;ukd aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
trIawmfaqmifolcsif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
1212
1212
12
xkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufygxkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufyg
xkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufygxkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufyg
xkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufyg
2aum 6;11-18 ukdzwf½Iyg/
tcef;BuD; 6 \aemufqkH;tykdif;ukd &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolrsm;tay:üxm;&Sdaom rdrd\cspfjcif;arwåmtaMumif;ukd
azmfjyjcif;jzihf tpjyKcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku olwkdYtay:ürnfodkY vGwf
vGwfvyfvyf yGihfyGifhvif;vif; ajymqkdcJhonfukdvnf;aumif;? rdrd\ pdwfES
vkH;ukd olwkdYtay:ürnfokdY zGihf[xm;cJhonfukdvnf;aumif; jyefvnf
today;cJhonf/ yxrtcef;BuD; 6 cef;wGif &Sifaygvku trIawmfü
&ifqkdifBuHKawGUcJh&aom rdrd\qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ESihf ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;
ukd olwkdYxHüa0iSajymjycJhonf/ olwkdYukd,kHMunfjcif;ü &J0ifhpGmjzihf &Sifoef
Mu&ef pdefac:cJhonf/ aumif;uifbkHü olwkdYtwGuf omíBuD;rm;aom
aumif;BuD;r*Fvmukd odrf;qnf;ay;xm;onfhtjzpfudk odxm;&if;
ukd,fawmf&SiftwGuf rdrdwdkY\toufwmrsm;ukd ay;qyf&SifoefMuzdkY
pdefac:cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku olwkYdukdEIwfxGufpum;vkH;rsm;tm;jzihfom
today;ajymjycJhonfr[kwf? rddrd\toufwmESihf ykHOyrmrsm;tm;jzihf
vnf; olwkdYukdtoday;a[majymcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku rdrdajymqkdcJhonfh
twkdif;&SifoefcJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHü owif;aumif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
1212
1212
12
xkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufygxkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufyg
xkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufygxkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufyg
xkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufyg
2aum 6;11-18 ukdzwf½Iyg/
tcef;BuD; 6 \aemufqkH;tykdif;ukd &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolrsm;tay:üxm;&Sdaom rdrd\cspfjcif;arwåmtaMumif;ukd
azmfjyjcif;jzihf tpjyKcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku olwkdYtay:ürnfodkY vGwf
vGwfvyfvyf yGihfyGifhvif;vif; ajymqkdcJhonfukdvnf;aumif;? rdrd\ pdwfES
vkH;ukd olwkdYtay:ürnfokdY zGihf[xm;cJhonfukdvnf;aumif; jyefvnf
today;cJhonf/ yxrtcef;BuD; 6 cef;wGif &Sifaygvku trIawmfü
&ifqkdifBuHKawGUcJh&aom rdrd\qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ESihf ppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;rsm;
ukd olwkdYxHüa0iSajymjycJhonf/ olwkdYukd,kHMunfjcif;ü &J0ifhpGmjzihf &Sifoef
Mu&ef pdefac:cJhonf/ aumif;uifbkHü olwkdYtwGuf omíBuD;rm;aom
aumif;BuD;r*Fvmukd odrf;qnf;ay;xm;onfhtjzpfudk odxm;&if;
ukd,fawmf&SiftwGuf rdrdwdkY\toufwmrsm;ukd ay;qyf&SifoefMuzdkY
pdefac:cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku olwkYdukdEIwfxGufpum;vkH;rsm;tm;jzihfom
today;ajymjycJhonfr[kwf? rddrd\toufwmESihf ykHOyrmrsm;tm;jzihf
vnf; olwkdYukdtoday;a[majymcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku rdrdajymqkdcJhonfh
twkdif;&SifoefcJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHü owif;aumif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif146 147
w&m; awmfukda[majym&ef rsm;pGmaomqif;&J'ku©ukd&ifqkdifcJh&onf/
þpmapmifukd zwf½Iaeaomolrsm;teuf trsm;pkrSm &Sifaygvk\
omoemvkyfief;tm;jzihf u,fwifjcif;ukd &&SdcJhMuolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;twGuf t&mcyfodrf;udk
jyKvkyfcJhaomfvnf; aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfü olYukdvufrcHaomolrsm;
&SdaeqJjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvkonf u,fwifjcif;ESihf 0dnmOfa&;&m&ihfusuf
jcif;ukd olwkdYxHü ,laqmifvmpOfu qif;&J'ku©BuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&aomf
vnf; aum&dE
oKNrdKUrSvlrsm;pGmu xkdarwåmapwemukd rwkefYjyefcJhMuyg/
xkdyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf rdrdwkdY\cspfjcif;arwåmtm; &Sifaygvkukday;&ef jiif;qef
aecJhMuygonf (i,f 12)/ þyk*¾dKvftcsKdUonf &SifaygvkkESihf jyóem
trSefjzpfcJhMuonf/ þtxifvGJrSm;aerIrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&ef&Sifaygvk
þpmapmifukd a&;om;cJh&onf/
olwpfyg;ukd cspfjcif;ESihfxkdcspfjcif;twGuf jyefvnfcspfjcif; rcH&
jcif;ukd &Sifaygvkem;vnfoabmaygufcJhonf/ ocifa,½Iukd,fwkdif
vnf;þtcsif;t&mukd trIawmfaqmif&GufpOftcgu &ifqkdifBuHKawGU
cH&onf/ tcef;i,f 13 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm;
4if;wkdY\pdwfESvkH;rsm;ukd rdrdtwGufzGihf[MuzdkY awmif;yefcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; rdrdESihfjyefvnfoihfjrwfvmzkdY
þtqD;twm;taESmuft,Sufrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;MuzdkYqifhac:cJhonf/
,aeYwGif wpfpkHwpfa,muftay:ü oihfpdwfESvkH;ukd wm;qD;
ydwfyifxm;ygovm;/ xkdolwkdYxHü oihf&JUpdwfESvkH;ukdwpfzefzGihf[ay;zkdY
pGefYpm;vkdpdwfrsm;&Sdygovm;/ xkdolwkdYtay:ü oihf&JUcspfjcif;arwåmukd
jyefvnftopfjyKjyifvkdygovm;/ aocsmaomt&mwpfck&Sdonf/ oif
omvkdvkdvm;vm;&SdaevQif bk&m;ocifonf þt&mukdtxajrmufapzkdY
twGuf wwfpGrf;Ekdifygonf/ bk&m;ocifukd emcHyg/ vkdtyfaom ukpm;
jcif;ukd ,laqmifvmcGifhbk&m;ocifukday;yg/
þusrf;ykd'fwGif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf wrefawmfaygvk
tay:ü 4if;wkdY\pdwfESvkH;rsm;ukd wm;qD;ydwfyifxm;aomfvnf; r,kH
Munfolrs;tay:ü zGihf[xm;MuonfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aeonf/
tcef;i,f 14 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; r,kHMunf
olrsm;ESihf wGJzufíxrf;ykd;txlxrf;jcif;taMumif;ukd ajymjycJhonf/
jrnf;wpfaumifESifhwGJzufíxrf;ykd;twlxrf;um v,fxGefaeaom
EGm;wpfaumifukd pdwful;,OfMunfhyg/ EGm;onfykdíoefrmaom aMumihf
jrnf;u&ifabmif wef;rvkdufEkdifjzpfum tcsif;csif;qefYusif aESmuf,Suf
aeovkdom jzpfaeygvdrfhrnf/ EGm;onfjrnf;ukd tm;tifukefcrf;apí
tarmpkdYNyD; aoapaumif;aoapygvdrfhrnf/ þwd&pämefrsm;onf
cGeftm;csif;rrQMuaomaMumihf tvkyfvnf;wGifrnfr[kwfyg/
tvm;wltajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'oonf c&pf,meftoufwm
ESihfvnf; vufawGUoufqkdifrI&SdaMumif; &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYukd ajymjyae
ygonf/ ,kHMunfolrsm;onf tcsdef&Sdoa&GU r,kHMunfolrsm;ESihf
aygif;oif;qufqHaeMuvQif rnfonfht&mjzpfvmrnfenf;/ 4if;wkdY\
0dnmOfa&;avQmufvSrf;rIonf xdckdufroGm;aybl;vm;/ r,kHMunfol
wpfa,mufukd oihf&JUtdrfaxmifzuftjzpf oifa&G;cs,fvkdufaomtcg
rnfonfht&m jzpfysufoenf;/ oihf&JU0dnmOfa&;avQmufvSrf;jcif;ü
'ku©ra&mufaybl;vm;/ oifonfr,kHMunfolwpfa,mufESihf pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;wpfckukd wnfaxmifaumif; wnfaxmifygvdrfhrnf/ ,kHMunfol
xkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufyg
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif146 147
w&m; awmfukda[majym&ef rsm;pGmaomqif;&J'ku©ukd&ifqkdifcJh&onf/
þpmapmifukd zwf½Iaeaomolrsm;teuf trsm;pkrSm &Sifaygvk\
omoemvkyfief;tm;jzihf u,fwifjcif;ukd &&SdcJhMuolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;twGuf t&mcyfodrf;udk
jyKvkyfcJhaomfvnf; aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfü olYukdvufrcHaomolrsm;
&SdaeqJjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvkonf u,fwifjcif;ESihf 0dnmOfa&;&m&ihfusuf
jcif;ukd olwkdYxHü ,laqmifvmpOfu qif;&J'ku©BuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&aomf
vnf; aum&dE
oKNrdKUrSvlrsm;pGmu xkdarwåmapwemukd rwkefYjyefcJhMuyg/
xkdyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf rdrdwkdY\cspfjcif;arwåmtm; &Sifaygvkukday;&ef jiif;qef
aecJhMuygonf (i,f 12)/ þyk*¾dKvftcsKdUonf &SifaygvkkESihf jyóem
trSefjzpfcJhMuonf/ þtxifvGJrSm;aerIrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&ef&Sifaygvk
þpmapmifukd a&;om;cJh&onf/
olwpfyg;ukd cspfjcif;ESihfxkdcspfjcif;twGuf jyefvnfcspfjcif; rcH&
jcif;ukd &Sifaygvkem;vnfoabmaygufcJhonf/ ocifa,½Iukd,fwkdif
vnf;þtcsif;t&mukd trIawmfaqmif&GufpOftcgu &ifqkdifBuHKawGU
cH&onf/ tcef;i,f 13 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm;
4if;wkdY\pdwfESvkH;rsm;ukd rdrdtwGufzGihf[MuzdkY awmif;yefcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; rdrdESihfjyefvnfoihfjrwfvmzkdY
þtqD;twm;taESmuft,Sufrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;MuzdkYqifhac:cJhonf/
,aeYwGif wpfpkHwpfa,muftay:ü oihfpdwfESvkH;ukd wm;qD;
ydwfyifxm;ygovm;/ xkdolwkdYxHü oihf&JUpdwfESvkH;ukdwpfzefzGihf[ay;zkdY
pGefYpm;vkdpdwfrsm;&Sdygovm;/ xkdolwkdYtay:ü oihf&JUcspfjcif;arwåmukd
jyefvnftopfjyKjyifvkdygovm;/ aocsmaomt&mwpfck&Sdonf/ oif
omvkdvkdvm;vm;&SdaevQif bk&m;ocifonf þt&mukdtxajrmufapzkdY
twGuf wwfpGrf;Ekdifygonf/ bk&m;ocifukd emcHyg/ vkdtyfaom ukpm;
jcif;ukd ,laqmifvmcGifhbk&m;ocifukday;yg/
þusrf;ykd'fwGif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf wrefawmfaygvk
tay:ü 4if;wkdY\pdwfESvkH;rsm;ukd wm;qD;ydwfyifxm;aomfvnf; r,kH
Munfolrs;tay:ü zGihf[xm;MuonfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aeonf/
tcef;i,f 14 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; r,kHMunf
olrsm;ESihf wGJzufíxrf;ykd;txlxrf;jcif;taMumif;ukd ajymjycJhonf/
jrnf;wpfaumifESifhwGJzufíxrf;ykd;twlxrf;um v,fxGefaeaom
EGm;wpfaumifukd pdwful;,OfMunfhyg/ EGm;onfykdíoefrmaom aMumihf
jrnf;u&ifabmif wef;rvkdufEkdifjzpfum tcsif;csif;qefYusif aESmuf,Suf
aeovkdom jzpfaeygvdrfhrnf/ EGm;onfjrnf;ukd tm;tifukefcrf;apí
tarmpkdYNyD; aoapaumif;aoapygvdrfhrnf/ þwd&pämefrsm;onf
cGeftm;csif;rrQMuaomaMumihf tvkyfvnf;wGifrnfr[kwfyg/
tvm;wltajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'oonf c&pf,meftoufwm
ESihfvnf; vufawGUoufqkdifrI&SdaMumif; &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYukd ajymjyae
ygonf/ ,kHMunfolrsm;onf tcsdef&Sdoa&GU r,kHMunfolrsm;ESihf
aygif;oif;qufqHaeMuvQif rnfonfht&mjzpfvmrnfenf;/ 4if;wkdY\
0dnmOfa&;avQmufvSrf;rIonf xdckdufroGm;aybl;vm;/ r,kHMunfol
wpfa,mufukd oihf&JUtdrfaxmifzuftjzpf oifa&G;cs,fvkdufaomtcg
rnfonfht&m jzpfysufoenf;/ oihf&JU0dnmOfa&;avQmufvSrf;jcif;ü
'ku©ra&mufaybl;vm;/ oifonfr,kHMunfolwpfa,mufESihf pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;wpfckukd wnfaxmifaumif; wnfaxmifygvdrfhrnf/ ,kHMunfol
xkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufyg
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif148 149
wpfOD;tjzpfESihf oifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfykHvkyfenf;onf r,kHMunfolwpfOD;\
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfykHvkyfenf;ESihf tvGefuGJjym;ygonf/ trIawmfvkyfief;ü
yg0ifvIyf&Sm;&ef r,kHMunfolwpfa,mufukd oihftoif;awmfxJodkY
ac:aqmifvmaomtcg rnfonfht&mjzpfysufoenf;/ toif;awmf
'ku©a&mufrnf r[kwfygvm;/ tcsKdUaomtajctaersm;wGif r,kHMunfol
rsm;ESihf ab;csif;,SOfvQuf tvkyfwGJvkyf&jcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdY ra&Smif&Sm;
Ekdifyg/ okdYaomfþae&mü &Sifaygvkajymjyaeaomt&mrSm 0dnmOfa&;&m
udpö&yfrsm;ü wpfpdwfwpf0rf;wnf;jzpfjcif;\ tusKd;&vm'frsm;ukd
jzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 14 wGif &Sifaygvku
]]
w&m;aomtrIonf rw&m;
aomtrIukd tb,fokdYvufcHEkdifrnfenf;}} [k ar;cJhonf/ tvif;ESihf
arSmifrkdufonf rnfokdYqufqHEkdifrnfenf;/ trSefqkd&vQif wpfckESihfwpfck
qefYusifbufukdomvkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/ tcef;i,f 15 wGif
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ocifc&pfawmfESihf aAvsmv
wkdYMum;wGif vkdufavsmnDaxGrItrSefr&SdaMumif; jyefvnftoday;cJhonf/
aAvsmv[laom a[NAJpum;vkH;onf
]]
wefzkd;r&Sd? tokH;r0ifjcif; (okdY)
raumif;rI'kp&dkuf}} [líqkdvkdonf/ okdYaomf þpum;vkH;\tp pum;vkH;
ukd tBuD;jzihfa&;om;xm;aomaMumihf 4if;onfyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muf
ukd wdwdusus&nfñTef;xm;[ef&Sdonf/ or®musrf;&Sif;vif;csufa&;om;
jyKpkoltrsm;pku ]]aAvsmv}} onf wefzkd;r&SdtokH;r0ifjcif;ESihf
raumif;rI'kp&dkufwkdY\tzjzpfaom pmwefukdþae&mwGif &nfñTef;
xm;onf[k oabmwlxm;Muonf/ pmwefonf ocifa,½Ic&pfESihf
rnfokdYwlnDEkdifrnfenf;/ pmwefonf ocifa,½I\&yfwnfcsufrsm;
tm;vkH;ukdqefYusifí &yfwnfaomoljzpfonf/ pmwefonfocifa,½I
ajymqkdvkyfaqmifcJhaomt&mtm;vkH;\ &efoljzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk
uaemufwpfqihfwufí aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; pmwef\om;orD;
rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\ om;orD;ESifhrnfokdYrQ oufqkdifrIr&SdaMumif;ukd
today;cJhonf/ ppfyJG umvwpfckwGif &efolukdoifESihfvma&mufyl;aygif;
íwkdufyGJ0if&ef oifawmif;qkdonf[k pdwful;Munfhyg/ &efoluoihf&JU
awmif;qkdrIukdoabmwlvufcHcJhvQifyif 4if;onfxkdtcGihfta&;ukd
oihftm;wkdufckdufzkdYom tokH;jyKcJhygvdrhfrnf/ ,kHMunfolrsm;jzpfMuonfh
tm;avsmfpGm uREkfyfwkdYü uREkfyfwkdYukdzsufqD;zkdY vGwfaeonfhppfrSefaom
&efolwpfOD;&Sdxm;Muonf (1ay 5;8 ukdMunfhyg)/ pmwefonf
ocifc&pfawmf\trIudpörsm;ukd zsufqD;&efr,kHMunfolrsm;ukd tNrJtokH;
jyKonf/
þtajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'oonf toif;awmf\jzpfwnfrI
tajctaewGifvnf; rSefuefvQuf&Sdonf/ bk&m;ocif\ AdrmefawmfESihf
½kyfwkrsm;Mum;wGif rnfonfhoabmwlnDcsufrsm;&SdEkdifrnfenf;/ bk&m;
ocif\ EIwfuywfawmfukd omrefzwf½Ijcif;uyif bk&m;ocifu½kyfwk
ukd;uG,fjcif; (okdY) tjcm;aombk&m;rsm;tm; ukd;uG,fjcif;ukd
jyif;jyif;xefxef qefYusifajymqkdcJhaMumif; uREfkyfwkdYtm; &Sif;&Sif;vif;
vif;jyoay;ygvdrfhrnf (xGufajrmuf&m 20;3-4? 0wfjyK&m 26;1? 1&m
12;21 ukdMunfhyg)/ bk&m;ocifonf þudpöukdtvGeftav;teufxm;
onf/ oifonfwpfcsdefwnf;wGif ppfrSefaombk&m;ocifESihf rSm;,Gif;
aomavmuDbk&m;rsm;ukd rqnf;uyfEkdifyg/ oifpdwfqkH;jzwfcsufcszkdY
vkdtyfonf/ rnfolukd oifqnf;uyfukd;uG,frnfenf;/ oifonf
xkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufyg
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif148 149
wpfOD;tjzpfESihf oifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfykHvkyfenf;onf r,kHMunfolwpfOD;\
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfykHvkyfenf;ESihf tvGefuGJjym;ygonf/ trIawmfvkyfief;ü
yg0ifvIyf&Sm;&ef r,kHMunfolwpfa,mufukd oihftoif;awmfxJodkY
ac:aqmifvmaomtcg rnfonfht&mjzpfysufoenf;/ toif;awmf
'ku©a&mufrnf r[kwfygvm;/ tcsKdUaomtajctaersm;wGif r,kHMunfol
rsm;ESihf ab;csif;,SOfvQuf tvkyfwGJvkyf&jcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdY ra&Smif&Sm;
Ekdifyg/ okdYaomfþae&mü &Sifaygvkajymjyaeaomt&mrSm 0dnmOfa&;&m
udpö&yfrsm;ü wpfpdwfwpf0rf;wnf;jzpfjcif;\ tusKd;&vm'frsm;ukd
jzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 14 wGif &Sifaygvku
]]
w&m;aomtrIonf rw&m;
aomtrIukd tb,fokdYvufcHEkdifrnfenf;}} [k ar;cJhonf/ tvif;ESihf
arSmifrkdufonf rnfokdYqufqHEkdifrnfenf;/ trSefqkd&vQif wpfckESihfwpfck
qefYusifbufukdomvkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/ tcef;i,f 15 wGif
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ocifc&pfawmfESihf aAvsmv
wkdYMum;wGif vkdufavsmnDaxGrItrSefr&SdaMumif; jyefvnftoday;cJhonf/
aAvsmv[laom a[NAJpum;vkH;onf
]]
wefzkd;r&Sd? tokH;r0ifjcif; (okdY)
raumif;rI'kp&dkuf}} [líqkdvkdonf/ okdYaomf þpum;vkH;\tp pum;vkH;
ukd tBuD;jzihfa&;om;xm;aomaMumihf 4if;onfyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muf
ukd wdwdusus&nfñTef;xm;[ef&Sdonf/ or®musrf;&Sif;vif;csufa&;om;
jyKpkoltrsm;pku ]]aAvsmv}} onf wefzkd;r&SdtokH;r0ifjcif;ESihf
raumif;rI'kp&dkufwkdY\tzjzpfaom pmwefukdþae&mwGif &nfñTef;
xm;onf[k oabmwlxm;Muonf/ pmwefonf ocifa,½Ic&pfESihf
rnfokdYwlnDEkdifrnfenf;/ pmwefonf ocifa,½I\&yfwnfcsufrsm;
tm;vkH;ukdqefYusifí &yfwnfaomoljzpfonf/ pmwefonfocifa,½I
ajymqkdvkyfaqmifcJhaomt&mtm;vkH;\ &efoljzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk
uaemufwpfqihfwufí aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; pmwef\om;orD;
rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\ om;orD;ESifhrnfokdYrQ oufqkdifrIr&SdaMumif;ukd
today;cJhonf/ ppfyJG umvwpfckwGif &efolukdoifESihfvma&mufyl;aygif;
íwkdufyGJ0if&ef oifawmif;qkdonf[k pdwful;Munfhyg/ &efoluoihf&JU
awmif;qkdrIukdoabmwlvufcHcJhvQifyif 4if;onfxkdtcGihfta&;ukd
oihftm;wkdufckdufzkdYom tokH;jyKcJhygvdrhfrnf/ ,kHMunfolrsm;jzpfMuonfh
tm;avsmfpGm uREkfyfwkdYü uREkfyfwkdYukdzsufqD;zkdY vGwfaeonfhppfrSefaom
&efolwpfOD;&Sdxm;Muonf (1ay 5;8 ukdMunfhyg)/ pmwefonf
ocifc&pfawmf\trIudpörsm;ukd zsufqD;&efr,kHMunfolrsm;ukd tNrJtokH;
jyKonf/
þtajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'oonf toif;awmf\jzpfwnfrI
tajctaewGifvnf; rSefuefvQuf&Sdonf/ bk&m;ocif\ AdrmefawmfESihf
½kyfwkrsm;Mum;wGif rnfonfhoabmwlnDcsufrsm;&SdEkdifrnfenf;/ bk&m;
ocif\ EIwfuywfawmfukd omrefzwf½Ijcif;uyif bk&m;ocifu½kyfwk
ukd;uG,fjcif; (okdY) tjcm;aombk&m;rsm;tm; ukd;uG,fjcif;ukd
jyif;jyif;xefxef qefYusifajymqkdcJhaMumif; uREfkyfwkdYtm; &Sif;&Sif;vif;
vif;jyoay;ygvdrfhrnf (xGufajrmuf&m 20;3-4? 0wfjyK&m 26;1? 1&m
12;21 ukdMunfhyg)/ bk&m;ocifonf þudpöukdtvGeftav;teufxm;
onf/ oifonfwpfcsdefwnf;wGif ppfrSefaombk&m;ocifESihf rSm;,Gif;
aomavmuDbk&m;rsm;ukd rqnf;uyfEkdifyg/ oifpdwfqkH;jzwfcsufcszkdY
vkdtyfonf/ rnfolukd oifqnf;uyfukd;uG,frnfenf;/ oifonf
xkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufyg
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif150 151
tjcm;bk&m;ukdtvkyftauR;jyKjcif;jzihfvnf;aumif;? ½kyfwka&SUü ysyf0yf
jcif;jzihfvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocifukdrqnf;uyfEkdifyg/ tdrfaxmif&Sif
trsKd;om;wpfOD;u 4if;\ZeD;onfukd tvGefcspfjrwfEkd;ygonf[k ajymqkd
aevQufyif olrsm;om;r,m; ESihfjypfrSm;jcif;tjypfukd ykHrSefusL;vGefae
onfhtjzpfukd pdwful;,OfMunfhyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\ tdrfaxmifzufrsm;tay:
üopömrapmifhbJ olwkYdukdcspfygonf[k uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdY ajymEkdifygoenf;/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; ocifa,½Iukd4if;wkdY\
u,fwifykdif&Siftjzpf vufcH,kHMunfcJhvQif? 4if;wkdY\ukd,fcE¨mrsm;onf
bk&m;ocif\ Adrmefawmfrsm;jzpfMuonf[k today;cJhonf (i,f 16)/
bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfukd 4if;wkdY\txJü
oGwfoGif;xm;cJhonf/ bk&m;ocifu 4if;wkdYtpOfavQmufvSrf;í 4if;wkdY\
bk&m;ociftjzpf tpOf&SdaernfhtaMumif; uwday;cJhonf/ 4if;wkdY
oGm;av&mwkdif;wGif 4if;wkdYonf bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufawmfü &Sdae
Muonf/
þtHhzG,for®mw&m;tm;jzifh &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfol
wkdYtm; r,kHMunfolrsm;ESihf xkdr,kHMunfolrsm;\ enf;vrf;rsm;xHrS xGuf
vmMuzkdYajymcJhonf/ bk&m;ocif\Adrmefawmfrsm;jzpfMuonfhtm;
avsmfpGm olwkdYonf ukd,fhukdukd,foefY&Sif;pifMu,fpGm xm;&SdMu&rnfjzpf
onf (i,f 17)/ bk&m;ocif\ om;orD;rsm;jzpfMuonfhtavQmufolwkdY
onf ukd,fhukd,fukdbk&m;ocif\ pifMu,faomom;orD;rsm;ozG,f
usifhBuHMuzkdYvkdtyfonf (i,f 18)/ qkdvkdonfrSm olwkdYonf r,kHMunfol
rsm;ESihf qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;ukd jzwfawmuf&rnfhtcsdefrsm;&SdcJhygrnf/
olwkdYroGm;oihfaoae&mrsm;tm; oGm;a&mufjcif;ukd &yfwefYMu&rnf/
olwkdYrvkyfoihfaom raumif;rIrsm;tm;vkyfaqmifjcif;ukd &yfwefY
Mu&rnf/
bk&m;ocif\ AdrmefawmfxJü raumif;rIukduREkfyfwkdY,laqmif
vmEkdifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ AdrmefawmfxJodkY 0ifa&muf&ef
vrf;rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ uREkfyfwdkY\ rsufpdwHcg;(okdY) em;wHcg;rsm;ukd ydwfxm;
&rnfhtcsdefrsm;&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif uREkfyfwkdY\tawG;pdwfae
oabmxm;rsm;qDokdY oGm;&mwHcg;ukd ydwfxm;zdkYvdktyfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H
wGif uREkfyfwkdY\rdwfaqGrsm; (okdY) uREkfyfwkdYcspfcif&aomolrsm; uREkfyf
wkdY\bk&m;ocifhAdrmefawmfuJhokdY npfnrf;rIrsm;ukdaqmif,lvmwwf
MuaomaMumihf xkdolwkdYESihfuif;uif;uGmuGm aexkdifzdkYvkdtyfonf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;wGif tvGefvufawGUusaomoifcef;pm
wpfckukd oif,lzkdY&SdcJhonf/ olwkdYonfrdrdwkdY\ cspfjcif;arwåmukd &Sifaygvk
ESihftjcm;wrefawmfrsm;tay:ü ydwfyifxm;aomfvnf; xkdcspfjcif;
arwåmukd &efoltay:wGifrl zGihf[xm;Muonf/ olwkdY\pdwfESvkH;wHcg;
rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\tay:wGifydwfxm;aomfvnf;? avmuDom;rsm;
tay:wGifrl us,f0ef;pGmzGihf[xm;Muonf/ þae&mwGif &Sifaygvku
olwkdYukd jyif;jyif;xefxefjywfjywfom;om; ajymqkdcJhonf/ olwkdYvkyfae
aomt&mrsm;\ jyif;xefav;eufrIukd &Sifaygvku today;cJhNyD;? olwkdY
ukd,folwkdY r,kHMunfolrsm;ESihf r,kHMunfolrsm;\ raumif;rIvrf;pOfrsm;
rS cGJxGufvmMuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
,kHMunfolonf rnfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzihf r,kHMunfolESihf
xkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufyg
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif150 151
tjcm;bk&m;ukdtvkyftauR;jyKjcif;jzihfvnf;aumif;? ½kyfwka&SUü ysyf0yf
jcif;jzihfvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocifukdrqnf;uyfEkdifyg/ tdrfaxmif&Sif
trsKd;om;wpfOD;u 4if;\ZeD;onfukd tvGefcspfjrwfEkd;ygonf[k ajymqkd
aevQufyif olrsm;om;r,m; ESihfjypfrSm;jcif;tjypfukd ykHrSefusL;vGefae
onfhtjzpfukd pdwful;,OfMunfhyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\ tdrfaxmifzufrsm;tay:
üopömrapmifhbJ olwkYdukdcspfygonf[k uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdY ajymEkdifygoenf;/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm; ocifa,½Iukd4if;wkdY\
u,fwifykdif&Siftjzpf vufcH,kHMunfcJhvQif? 4if;wkdY\ukd,fcE¨mrsm;onf
bk&m;ocif\ Adrmefawmfrsm;jzpfMuonf[k today;cJhonf (i,f 16)/
bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfukd 4if;wkdY\txJü
oGwfoGif;xm;cJhonf/ bk&m;ocifu 4if;wkdYtpOfavQmufvSrf;í 4if;wkdY\
bk&m;ociftjzpf tpOf&SdaernfhtaMumif; uwday;cJhonf/ 4if;wkdY
oGm;av&mwkdif;wGif 4if;wkdYonf bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufawmfü &Sdae
Muonf/
þtHhzG,for®mw&m;tm;jzifh &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfol
wkdYtm; r,kHMunfolrsm;ESihf xkdr,kHMunfolrsm;\ enf;vrf;rsm;xHrS xGuf
vmMuzkdYajymcJhonf/ bk&m;ocif\Adrmefawmfrsm;jzpfMuonfhtm;
avsmfpGm olwkdYonf ukd,fhukdukd,foefY&Sif;pifMu,fpGm xm;&SdMu&rnfjzpf
onf (i,f 17)/ bk&m;ocif\ om;orD;rsm;jzpfMuonfhtavQmufolwkdY
onf ukd,fhukd,fukdbk&m;ocif\ pifMu,faomom;orD;rsm;ozG,f
usifhBuHMuzkdYvkdtyfonf (i,f 18)/ qkdvkdonfrSm olwkdYonf r,kHMunfol
rsm;ESihf qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;ukd jzwfawmuf&rnfhtcsdefrsm;&SdcJhygrnf/
olwkdYroGm;oihfaoae&mrsm;tm; oGm;a&mufjcif;ukd &yfwefYMu&rnf/
olwkdYrvkyfoihfaom raumif;rIrsm;tm;vkyfaqmifjcif;ukd &yfwefY
Mu&rnf/
bk&m;ocif\ AdrmefawmfxJü raumif;rIukduREkfyfwkdY,laqmif
vmEkdifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ AdrmefawmfxJodkY 0ifa&muf&ef
vrf;rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ uREkfyfwdkY\ rsufpdwHcg;(okdY) em;wHcg;rsm;ukd ydwfxm;
&rnfhtcsdefrsm;&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif uREkfyfwkdY\tawG;pdwfae
oabmxm;rsm;qDokdY oGm;&mwHcg;ukd ydwfxm;zdkYvdktyfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H
wGif uREkfyfwkdY\rdwfaqGrsm; (okdY) uREkfyfwkdYcspfcif&aomolrsm; uREkfyf
wkdY\bk&m;ocifhAdrmefawmfuJhokdY npfnrf;rIrsm;ukdaqmif,lvmwwf
MuaomaMumihf xkdolwkdYESihfuif;uif;uGmuGm aexkdifzdkYvkdtyfonf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;wGif tvGefvufawGUusaomoifcef;pm
wpfckukd oif,lzkdY&SdcJhonf/ olwkdYonfrdrdwkdY\ cspfjcif;arwåmukd &Sifaygvk
ESihftjcm;wrefawmfrsm;tay:ü ydwfyifxm;aomfvnf; xkdcspfjcif;
arwåmukd &efoltay:wGifrl zGihf[xm;Muonf/ olwkdY\pdwfESvkH;wHcg;
rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\tay:wGifydwfxm;aomfvnf;? avmuDom;rsm;
tay:wGifrl us,f0ef;pGmzGihf[xm;Muonf/ þae&mwGif &Sifaygvku
olwkdYukd jyif;jyif;xefxefjywfjywfom;om; ajymqkdcJhonf/ olwkdYvkyfae
aomt&mrsm;\ jyif;xefav;eufrIukd &Sifaygvku today;cJhNyD;? olwkdY
ukd,folwkdY r,kHMunfolrsm;ESihf r,kHMunfolrsm;\ raumif;rIvrf;pOfrsm;
rS cGJxGufvmMuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
,kHMunfolonf rnfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzihf r,kHMunfolESihf
xkdolwkdYtxJrSxGufyg
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif152
tusKd;wlaygif;zuf vkyfaqmifrIukd zefwD;Ekdifoenf;/
r,kHMunfolrsm;\ enf;vrf;rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\enf;vr;f
rsm;ESihf rnfokdYuGJjym;jcm;em;Muoenf;/
avmuDom;rsm;ESihf ocifc&pfawmftMum;wGif &Sif;vif;jywf
om;aomcGJjcm;rIukd vkyfaqmif&efvkdtyfrIukd þtykdif;u
uREkfyfwkdYtm; rnfokdYoGefoifay;ygoenf;/
ocifc&pfawmfü wnfaeaomnDtpfukdarmifESrwpfa,muf
a,muftay:ü oihf&JUpdwfESvkH;ukd ydwfyifxm;aom tjypf
'kp½kdufü oifukdoifawGU&SdcJhzl;ygovm;/ xkdolwkdYtay:ü oihf&JU
pdwfESvkH;ukd jyefvnfzGifh[ay;zkdY rnfonfht&mukd oifvkyf
aqmifygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
avmuDom;rsm;tay:üvnf;aumif;? 4if;wkdY\enf;vrf;rsm;
tay:üvnf;aumif;? oifwHcg;ydwfxm;zkdYvkdtyfonfh oihft
oufwmrS tpdwftykdif;rsm;ukd oifawGUjrifEkdif&ef ulnDrpay;
zkdYocifbk&m;ukd awmif;avQmufyg/
oihfukd,fcE¨m\Adrmefawmfukd bk&m;ociftwGuf oefY&Sif;pif
Mu,fpGm xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufEkdifzdkY pGrf;aqmifay;&ef bk&m;
ocifxHü awmif;avQmufyg/
,aeYwGif oifh&JUpdwfESvkH;ukd ,kHMunfolwpfa,mufa,muf
tay:ü ydwfyifxm;ygovm;/ xkdolwkdYtay:ü oihf&JUpdwfESvkH;
ukd jyefvnfzGihf[ay;&ef ocifbk&m;xHü awmif;avQmufyg/
1313
1313
13
cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmifcufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif
cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmifcufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif
cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif
2aum 7 ukdzwf½Iyg/
þusrf;üawGU&onfh &SifaygvkESihf aum&dE
oKNrdKUrS yk*¾dKvftcsKdUwkdY
tMum;&Sd jyóemESihfpyfvsOf;í t&dyft>rufukduREkfyfwkdYod&SdcJhNyD;jzpf
onf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHokdY þ'kwd,pmapmifukd &Sifaygvk
a&;om;ay;zkdYcJh&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;teufrSwpfckrSm þjyóem
rsm;ukdajz&Sif;í þyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESihfrdrdMum;ü qufqH&if;ESD;rIukd jyefvnf
wnfaqmuf&eftwGufjzpfonf/
aemufqkH;avhvmcJhaomtcef;wGif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
onf bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm; jzpfMuaomaMumifh ukd,fhukd,fukdavmuD
tnpftaMu;rsm;ESihf uif;uif;uGmuGmaexkdifMuzdkY vkdtyfonf[laom
tcsufukd &Sifaygvku &Sif;jyxm;onf/ &Sifaygvku þ,kHMunfolrsm;
tm; bk&m;ocifu 4if;wkdYukdrdrd\ om;orD;rsm;tjzpfqihfac:&onfukd
auseyftm;&awmfrlaMumif; today;cJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf 4if;wkdY\
tzjzpf&jcif;ukd tvGef*kPf,lcJhonf/ bk&m;ocif\ om;orD;jzpf&jcif;
onf tvGeftHhzG,ftcGifhta&;wpfckr[kwfygvm;/ tem*wftwGuf
uREkfyfwkdYü arQmfvifhcsuf&Sdonfr[kwfygvm;/ tcef;BuD; 7 ukd&Sifaygvk
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif152
tusKd;wlaygif;zuf vkyfaqmifrIukd zefwD;Ekdifoenf;/
r,kHMunfolrsm;\ enf;vrf;rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\enf;vr;f
rsm;ESihf rnfokdYuGJjym;jcm;em;Muoenf;/
avmuDom;rsm;ESihf ocifc&pfawmftMum;wGif &Sif;vif;jywf
om;aomcGJjcm;rIukd vkyfaqmif&efvkdtyfrIukd þtykdif;u
uREkfyfwkdYtm; rnfokdYoGefoifay;ygoenf;/
ocifc&pfawmfü wnfaeaomnDtpfukdarmifESrwpfa,muf
a,muftay:ü oihf&JUpdwfESvkH;ukd ydwfyifxm;aom tjypf
'kp½kdufü oifukdoifawGU&SdcJhzl;ygovm;/ xkdolwkdYtay:ü oihf&JU
pdwfESvkH;ukd jyefvnfzGifh[ay;zkdY rnfonfht&mukd oifvkyf
aqmifygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
avmuDom;rsm;tay:üvnf;aumif;? 4if;wkdY\enf;vrf;rsm;
tay:üvnf;aumif;? oifwHcg;ydwfxm;zkdYvkdtyfonfh oihft
oufwmrS tpdwftykdif;rsm;ukd oifawGUjrifEkdif&ef ulnDrpay;
zkdYocifbk&m;ukd awmif;avQmufyg/
oihfukd,fcE¨m\Adrmefawmfukd bk&m;ociftwGuf oefY&Sif;pif
Mu,fpGm xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufEkdifzdkY pGrf;aqmifay;&ef bk&m;
ocifxHü awmif;avQmufyg/
,aeYwGif oifh&JUpdwfESvkH;ukd ,kHMunfolwpfa,mufa,muf
tay:ü ydwfyifxm;ygovm;/ xkdolwkdYtay:ü oihf&JUpdwfESvkH;
ukd jyefvnfzGihf[ay;&ef ocifbk&m;xHü awmif;avQmufyg/
1313
1313
13
cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmifcufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif
cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmifcufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif
cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif
2aum 7 ukdzwf½Iyg/
þusrf;üawGU&onfh &SifaygvkESihf aum&dE
oKNrdKUrS yk*¾dKvftcsKdUwkdY
tMum;&Sd jyóemESihfpyfvsOf;í t&dyft>rufukduREkfyfwkdYod&SdcJhNyD;jzpf
onf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHokdY þ'kwd,pmapmifukd &Sifaygvk
a&;om;ay;zkdYcJh&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;teufrSwpfckrSm þjyóem
rsm;ukdajz&Sif;í þyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESihfrdrdMum;ü qufqH&if;ESD;rIukd jyefvnf
wnfaqmuf&eftwGufjzpfonf/
aemufqkH;avhvmcJhaomtcef;wGif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
onf bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm; jzpfMuaomaMumifh ukd,fhukd,fukdavmuD
tnpftaMu;rsm;ESihf uif;uif;uGmuGmaexkdifMuzdkY vkdtyfonf[laom
tcsufukd &Sifaygvku &Sif;jyxm;onf/ &Sifaygvku þ,kHMunfolrsm;
tm; bk&m;ocifu 4if;wkdYukdrdrd\ om;orD;rsm;tjzpfqihfac:&onfukd
auseyftm;&awmfrlaMumif; today;cJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf 4if;wkdY\
tzjzpf&jcif;ukd tvGef*kPf,lcJhonf/ bk&m;ocif\ om;orD;jzpf&jcif;
onf tvGeftHhzG,ftcGifhta&;wpfckr[kwfygvm;/ tem*wftwGuf
uREkfyfwkdYü arQmfvifhcsuf&Sdonfr[kwfygvm;/ tcef;BuD; 7 ukd&Sifaygvk
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif154
pwifonfESihf aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; 4if;wkdYütHhzG,fþuwdawmf
rsm;&SdaeaomaMumihf bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufawmfwGif oefY&Sif;pif
Mu,fí ajzmifhrwfaomolrsm;jzpfMuzdkYvkdtyfaMumif; today;cJhonf/
ukd,fawmf&Sifu uREkfyfwkdYukdolESihftwl xm0&&SifoefzdkY
vma&mufaqmif,lrnfh aeY&ufa&mufvmaeygonf/ ukd,fawmf&Sif
uREkffyfwkdYtwGuf<uqif;vmaomtcg uREkfyfwkdYtaejzihf tqifoihfjzpf
raeMuvQif tvGef&SufzG,faumif;ygonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunf
olwkdYtm; oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ü &SifoefMuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/ 4if;wkdY\
ukd,fcE¨mESihfpdwf0dnmOfudknpfnrf;aprnfh 4if;wkdY\toufwmrS rnf
onfht&mukdrqkd z,f&Sm;MuzdkYpdefac:cJhonf/ bk&m;ocifukd MunfndK
av;pm;jcif;ESihf bk&m;ocif\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ukd axmuf½Ií
tpOfwkd;yGm;aeaom oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ü &SifoefMu&rnfjzpfonf/
]]oefY&Sif;jcif;yg&rDESihf jynfhpkHjcif;}} qkdonfrSm wpfaeYNyD;wpfaeY ocif
c&pfawmfESihf o@mefwlvmjcif;ü BuD;xGm;jcif;ukdqkdvkdonf (i,f 1)/
oihftoufwmukd okH;oyfppfaq;zkdYtcsdeftenf;i,f,lyg/
oifonf ocifa,½IESihfykdíykdí o@mefwlvmygovm;/ oihftoufwm
ütjypf'kp½dkufESihfraumif;rIrsm;ukd ykdíykdíatmifEkdifaeygovm;/
oifonf vGefcJhaomESpfxuf ,ckESpfwGif ocifbk&m;ESifhykdíeD;pyfvmyg
ovm;/
ocifc&pfawmfESihf ykdíykdío@mefwlvmjcif;? oefY&Sif;jcif;yg&rD
ESihfjynfhpkHjcif;qkdonfrSm yk*¾dKvfa&;qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;ESihf oufqkdifonf/
tcef;i,f 2 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; omíeufeJ
aomoefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ukd 4if;wkdYBudK;pm;&SmBuHMu&mwGif rdrdESihfrdrd\
vkyfazmfaqmifzufrsm;tm; cspfjcif;arwåmukd ay;MuzdkYawmif;qkdcJhonf
(6;11-13ukd Munfhyg)/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ESihf &SifaygvkwkdY\
tMum;wGifqufqHa&; rajyvnfrI&SdaeaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYawGU&Sd&NyD;?
þjyóemukd ajz&Sif;&efolwkdYtwGuf ta&;ygcJhonf/ þusrf;ykd'f\
oG,f0kdufajymqkdxm;csufrSm &Sif;aeygonf/ oifonf oefY&Sif;pifMu,f
jcif;ü BuD;xGm;vkdvQif rajyrvnfjzpfaeaomqufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;ukd oif
ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;zdkY vkdygvdrfhrnf/ oefY&Sif;jcif;yg&rDü jynfhpkHjcif;onf
ocifc&pfawmfü tjcm;olrsm;ESihfjyefvnfoihfjrwf&ef vkyfaqmifjcif;ukd
vkdtyfonf/
tcef;i,f 2wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; rdrd
rnfonfhtrSm;ukdrQ rusL;vGefcJhaMumif; today;xm;onf/ &Sifaygvk
onfbk&m;ocifESihf rdrdwkdY\qufqH&if;ESD;rIukd ppfaq;okH;oyfcJhNyD;
MowåyÜpdwfMunfvifpGm &SdaecJhonf/ tcef;i,f 3wGif &Sifaygvkonf
olu aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; olonf4if;wkdYtwGuf &Sifoef&onf
jzpfap? ao&onfjzpfap vkdvkdvm;vm;&SdaeaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ &Sif
aygvkonf rnfonfhtrSm;ukdrQ rusL;vGefcJhaomfvnf;? 4if;ESihf aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolrsm;\ qufqHa&;rSm 'Pf&m&&SdcJhonf/ xkdYaMumihf4if;wkdYMum;ü
&Sdaeonfh oabmxm;uGJvGJrIrsm;tm;vkH;ukd NzdKcGJzsufqD;zkdYBudK;pm;&mü
aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tay:üxm;&Sdaom olU&JUcspfjcif;arwåmESifh
cGihfvTwf jcif;ukd jyefvnftwnfjyKzdkYwm0ef&Sdonf[k olcHpm;cJhonf/
tjcm;olrsm;ESihfuREkfyfqufqH&if;ESD;&mwGifvnf; þ'Pf&mrsKd;
ukd uREkfyfcHpm;cJh&onfhtcsdefrsm; &SdcJhygonf/ xkduJhokdYaomtcsdefrsm;wGif
uREkfyf\pdwfESvkH;ukd ppfaq;okH;oyf&m uREkfyfESihfjyóem&Sdaeaomol[k
155cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif154
pwifonfESihf aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; 4if;wkdYütHhzG,fþuwdawmf
rsm;&SdaeaomaMumihf bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufawmfwGif oefY&Sif;pif
Mu,fí ajzmifhrwfaomolrsm;jzpfMuzdkYvkdtyfaMumif; today;cJhonf/
ukd,fawmf&Sifu uREkfyfwkdYukdolESihftwl xm0&&SifoefzdkY
vma&mufaqmif,lrnfh aeY&ufa&mufvmaeygonf/ ukd,fawmf&Sif
uREkffyfwkdYtwGuf<uqif;vmaomtcg uREkfyfwkdYtaejzihf tqifoihfjzpf
raeMuvQif tvGef&SufzG,faumif;ygonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunf
olwkdYtm; oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ü &SifoefMuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/ 4if;wkdY\
ukd,fcE¨mESihfpdwf0dnmOfudknpfnrf;aprnfh 4if;wkdY\toufwmrS rnf
onfht&mukdrqkd z,f&Sm;MuzdkYpdefac:cJhonf/ bk&m;ocifukd MunfndK
av;pm;jcif;ESihf bk&m;ocif\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ukd axmuf½Ií
tpOfwkd;yGm;aeaom oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ü &SifoefMu&rnfjzpfonf/
]]oefY&Sif;jcif;yg&rDESihf jynfhpkHjcif;}} qkdonfrSm wpfaeYNyD;wpfaeY ocif
c&pfawmfESihf o@mefwlvmjcif;ü BuD;xGm;jcif;ukdqkdvkdonf (i,f 1)/
oihftoufwmukd okH;oyfppfaq;zkdYtcsdeftenf;i,f,lyg/
oifonf ocifa,½IESihfykdíykdí o@mefwlvmygovm;/ oihftoufwm
ütjypf'kp½dkufESihfraumif;rIrsm;ukd ykdíykdíatmifEkdifaeygovm;/
oifonf vGefcJhaomESpfxuf ,ckESpfwGif ocifbk&m;ESifhykdíeD;pyfvmyg
ovm;/
ocifc&pfawmfESihf ykdíykdío@mefwlvmjcif;? oefY&Sif;jcif;yg&rD
ESihfjynfhpkHjcif;qkdonfrSm yk*¾dKvfa&;qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;ESihf oufqkdifonf/
tcef;i,f 2 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; omíeufeJ
aomoefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ukd 4if;wkdYBudK;pm;&SmBuHMu&mwGif rdrdESihfrdrd\
vkyfazmfaqmifzufrsm;tm; cspfjcif;arwåmukd ay;MuzdkYawmif;qkdcJhonf
(6;11-13ukd Munfhyg)/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ESihf &SifaygvkwkdY\
tMum;wGifqufqHa&; rajyvnfrI&SdaeaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYawGU&Sd&NyD;?
þjyóemukd ajz&Sif;&efolwkdYtwGuf ta&;ygcJhonf/ þusrf;ykd'f\
oG,f0kdufajymqkdxm;csufrSm &Sif;aeygonf/ oifonf oefY&Sif;pifMu,f
jcif;ü BuD;xGm;vkdvQif rajyrvnfjzpfaeaomqufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;ukd oif
ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;zdkY vkdygvdrfhrnf/ oefY&Sif;jcif;yg&rDü jynfhpkHjcif;onf
ocifc&pfawmfü tjcm;olrsm;ESihfjyefvnfoihfjrwf&ef vkyfaqmifjcif;ukd
vkdtyfonf/
tcef;i,f 2wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; rdrd
rnfonfhtrSm;ukdrQ rusL;vGefcJhaMumif; today;xm;onf/ &Sifaygvk
onfbk&m;ocifESihf rdrdwkdY\qufqH&if;ESD;rIukd ppfaq;okH;oyfcJhNyD;
MowåyÜpdwfMunfvifpGm &SdaecJhonf/ tcef;i,f 3wGif &Sifaygvkonf
olu aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; olonf4if;wkdYtwGuf &Sifoef&onf
jzpfap? ao&onfjzpfap vkdvkdvm;vm;&SdaeaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ &Sif
aygvkonf rnfonfhtrSm;ukdrQ rusL;vGefcJhaomfvnf;? 4if;ESihf aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolrsm;\ qufqHa&;rSm 'Pf&m&&SdcJhonf/ xkdYaMumihf4if;wkdYMum;ü
&Sdaeonfh oabmxm;uGJvGJrIrsm;tm;vkH;ukd NzdKcGJzsufqD;zkdYBudK;pm;&mü
aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tay:üxm;&Sdaom olU&JUcspfjcif;arwåmESifh
cGihfvTwf jcif;ukd jyefvnftwnfjyKzdkYwm0ef&Sdonf[k olcHpm;cJhonf/
tjcm;olrsm;ESihfuREkfyfqufqH&if;ESD;&mwGifvnf; þ'Pf&mrsKd;
ukd uREkfyfcHpm;cJh&onfhtcsdefrsm; &SdcJhygonf/ xkduJhokdYaomtcsdefrsm;wGif
uREkfyf\pdwfESvkH;ukd ppfaq;okH;oyf&m uREkfyfESihfjyóem&Sdaeaomol[k
155cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif156 157
,lq&aomoltay:ü emusOfjcif;? a'goxGufjcif;ESihf tjyKoabm
raqmifaomtjcm; rnfonfht&mukdrQ rcHpm;cJh&yg/ þuJhokdYaom
tcsdefrsm;ü uREkfyf&ifqkdifBuHKawGU&onfh pkHprf;aESmuf,Sufjcif;rSm
xkdykK*¾dKvftay:ü rnfonfhtrSm;wpfpkHwpf&mukdrQ rjyKvkyfcJhaomaMumihf
þjyóemonf uREkfyf\trSm;r[kwf[k rSwf,laejcif;yifjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvktaejzihf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ESihf jyóemr&SdcJh
yg/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;uom &SifaygvkESihf jyóem&SdcJhMuonf/
odkYaomf þjyóemü ukpm;jcif;ukdaqmif,lvmaomolrSm &Sifaygvk
jzpfonf/ olonf þjyóemukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;bufrS ajz&Sif;
zkdYrxm;cJhyg/ trSefqkd&vQif ,kHMunfolrsm;\tMum;wGif qufqHa&;
tpOfrajyrIrsm;ay:aygufvmwkdif; bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmf 'ku©a&muf
&ygonf/
þtaMumif;udpöESihf pyfvsOf;í ocifa,½Iu róJ 5;23-
24 wGif þokdYajymqkdxm;onf/
]] xkdaMumifhoifonf ylaZmfouúmukd ,Zfyv’ifokdY aqmif,lcJh
vsuf oif\nDtpfukdonf oifütjypfwifcGihfwpkHwck&Sdonf
[katmufarhowd&vQif? ,Zfyv’ifa&SUrSm ylaZmfouúmukdxm;í
oGm;avmh/ nDtpfukdESihf oifhwifhNyD;rSjyefíylaZmfouúmukd
wifavmh/ w&m;awGUbufESihftwl vrf;üoGm;pOfwGifyif? ol\
pdwfukdajyapjcif;iSg tvsiftjrefjyKavmh/ okdYr[kwf w&m;awGU
bufonf w&m;olBuD;ütyfí axmifxJüavSmifxm;rnf/}}
þusrf;csufü ocifa,½Iu ]]oifonf oif\nDtpfukdü
tjypfwifcGihf wpfpkHwpf&m&Sdonf[k atmufarhowd&vQif}} [kajymr
xm;aMumif;ukd txl;owdjyKyg/ ocifa,½Iu
]]oif\nDtpfukdonf
oifütjypfwifcGihf wpfpkHwpf&m&Sdonf[k atmufarhowd&vQif}} (oif\
nDtpfukdu oihfukdjypfrSm;vQif)[k ajymcJhonf/ oifonf oifhnDtpfukd
ESihfjyóem&Sdrnfr[kwfaomfvnf;? oihfnDtpfukdu oifESihfjyóem&Sd
aeygvdrfhrnf/ ocifa,½Iu 0wfjyKukd;uG,foltm; xkdjyóemukdajz&Sif;
zkdYajymcJhonf/ þae&mü &SifaygvkjyKvkyfaeaomt&mrSm xkdt&myif
jzpfonf/ olonftjypfuif;aomfvnf; jyóemukdajz&Sif;zdkY BudK;pm;
aeaomolrSm olomjzpfonf/
vlwkdYuuREkfyfwkdYtay:üxm;&SdMuaom jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;
jcif;onf vG,fulaomt&mr[kwfyg/ uREkfyfwkdYtMum;&Sd oabmxm;
uGJvGJaerIrsm;ukd ½kd;½kd;&Sif;&Sif;rajz&Sif;Ekdifaom tcsdefrsm;&Sdygonf/
okdYaomf &Sifaygvku jyóemukd rajz&Sif;EkdifvQifyif uREkfyfwkdYbufrS
tenf;qkH;awmh BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuzdkY pdefac:cJhonf/
tcef;i,f 4wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
rdrdonf 4if;wkdYtay:ü BuD;rm;aom,kHMunfpdwfcsrI&SdaeaMumif; ajymjy
cJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf þjyóemukdifwG,fajz&Sif;í 4if;
wkdY\pdwfESvkH;rsm;ukd rdrdtwGufzGihf[cJhMuvdrfhrnf[k &Sifaygvk,kHMunf
cJhonf/ olwkdYtay:ü euf½Idif;aomcHpm;csufrsm;&SdaMumif;ukdvnf;
aumif;? olwkdYtwGuf*kPf,laeaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif; jyefvnftoday;
cJhonf/ okdYaomfvnf; ajz&Sif;zkdYvkdtyfaeonfh jyóemrsm;rSm qufvuf
&Sdaeygao;onf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf yuwdjynfhpkHolrsm;
r[kwfMuaomfvnf; &Sifaygvkonf olwkdYukdqufvufí ESpfouftm;&í
*kPf,l0ifh<um;vQuf&Sdonf/ olwkdYonf &SifaygvktwGuf aumif;BuD;
cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif156 157
,lq&aomoltay:ü emusOfjcif;? a'goxGufjcif;ESihf tjyKoabm
raqmifaomtjcm; rnfonfht&mukdrQ rcHpm;cJh&yg/ þuJhokdYaom
tcsdefrsm;ü uREkfyf&ifqkdifBuHKawGU&onfh pkHprf;aESmuf,Sufjcif;rSm
xkdykK*¾dKvftay:ü rnfonfhtrSm;wpfpkHwpf&mukdrQ rjyKvkyfcJhaomaMumihf
þjyóemonf uREkfyf\trSm;r[kwf[k rSwf,laejcif;yifjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvktaejzihf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ESihf jyóemr&SdcJh
yg/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;uom &SifaygvkESihf jyóem&SdcJhMuonf/
odkYaomf þjyóemü ukpm;jcif;ukdaqmif,lvmaomolrSm &Sifaygvk
jzpfonf/ olonf þjyóemukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;bufrS ajz&Sif;
zkdYrxm;cJhyg/ trSefqkd&vQif ,kHMunfolrsm;\tMum;wGif qufqHa&;
tpOfrajyrIrsm;ay:aygufvmwkdif; bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmf 'ku©a&muf
&ygonf/
þtaMumif;udpöESihf pyfvsOf;í ocifa,½Iu róJ 5;23-
24 wGif þokdYajymqkdxm;onf/
]] xkdaMumifhoifonf ylaZmfouúmukd ,Zfyv’ifokdY aqmif,lcJh
vsuf oif\nDtpfukdonf oifütjypfwifcGihfwpkHwck&Sdonf
[katmufarhowd&vQif? ,Zfyv’ifa&SUrSm ylaZmfouúmukdxm;í
oGm;avmh/ nDtpfukdESihf oifhwifhNyD;rSjyefíylaZmfouúmukd
wifavmh/ w&m;awGUbufESihftwl vrf;üoGm;pOfwGifyif? ol\
pdwfukdajyapjcif;iSg tvsiftjrefjyKavmh/ okdYr[kwf w&m;awGU
bufonf w&m;olBuD;ütyfí axmifxJüavSmifxm;rnf/}}
þusrf;csufü ocifa,½Iu ]]oifonf oif\nDtpfukdü
tjypfwifcGihf wpfpkHwpf&m&Sdonf[k atmufarhowd&vQif}} [kajymr
xm;aMumif;ukd txl;owdjyKyg/ ocifa,½Iu
]]oif\nDtpfukdonf
oifütjypfwifcGihf wpfpkHwpf&m&Sdonf[k atmufarhowd&vQif}} (oif\
nDtpfukdu oihfukdjypfrSm;vQif)[k ajymcJhonf/ oifonf oifhnDtpfukd
ESihfjyóem&Sdrnfr[kwfaomfvnf;? oihfnDtpfukdu oifESihfjyóem&Sd
aeygvdrfhrnf/ ocifa,½Iu 0wfjyKukd;uG,foltm; xkdjyóemukdajz&Sif;
zkdYajymcJhonf/ þae&mü &SifaygvkjyKvkyfaeaomt&mrSm xkdt&myif
jzpfonf/ olonftjypfuif;aomfvnf; jyóemukdajz&Sif;zdkY BudK;pm;
aeaomolrSm olomjzpfonf/
vlwkdYuuREkfyfwkdYtay:üxm;&SdMuaom jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;
jcif;onf vG,fulaomt&mr[kwfyg/ uREkfyfwkdYtMum;&Sd oabmxm;
uGJvGJaerIrsm;ukd ½kd;½kd;&Sif;&Sif;rajz&Sif;Ekdifaom tcsdefrsm;&Sdygonf/
okdYaomf &Sifaygvku jyóemukd rajz&Sif;EkdifvQifyif uREkfyfwkdYbufrS
tenf;qkH;awmh BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuzdkY pdefac:cJhonf/
tcef;i,f 4wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
rdrdonf 4if;wkdYtay:ü BuD;rm;aom,kHMunfpdwfcsrI&SdaeaMumif; ajymjy
cJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf þjyóemukdifwG,fajz&Sif;í 4if;
wkdY\pdwfESvkH;rsm;ukd rdrdtwGufzGihf[cJhMuvdrfhrnf[k &Sifaygvk,kHMunf
cJhonf/ olwkdYtay:ü euf½Idif;aomcHpm;csufrsm;&SdaMumif;ukdvnf;
aumif;? olwkdYtwGuf*kPf,laeaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif; jyefvnftoday;
cJhonf/ okdYaomfvnf; ajz&Sif;zkdYvkdtyfaeonfh jyóemrsm;rSm qufvuf
&Sdaeygao;onf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf yuwdjynfhpkHolrsm;
r[kwfMuaomfvnf; &Sifaygvkonf olwkdYukdqufvufí ESpfouftm;&í
*kPf,l0ifh<um;vQuf&Sdonf/ olwkdYonf &SifaygvktwGuf aumif;BuD;
cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif158 159
r*FvmjzpfaeMuonf/ qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ESihf n§if;yef;jcif;wkdYukd ol&ifqkdif
ae&aomtcsdefwGifyif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf olxHü0rf;ajrmuf
jcif;ukd jzpfapcJhMuonf/ olwkdU\ pdwfESvkH;xJü bk&m;ocifqufvuf
í tvkyfvkyfrnfhtaMumif;ukd &SifaygvkpdwfcsvQuf&SdaecJhonf (zdvdyÜd
1;6 ukdMunfhyg)/
rmaua'gedjynfü &Sifaygvk&SdpOfwGif tvGefjyif;xefaom
n§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;ukd cHpm;awGUBuHKcJh&onf/ tcef;i,f 5wGif aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; ukd,fum,Nidrf0yfjcif;tvsif;r&SdcJhaMumif; ajymjy
cJhonf/ olonfEkdifiHawmftwGuf cufcJyifyef;pGmjzihf umvtwefMum
trIawmfaqmifcJhonf/ þa'owpf0kdufü olvSnfhvnfoGm;a&mufcJh
onfhae&mwkdif;wGif aESmuf,SufcHcJh&onf/ teD;wpf0kdufwGif y#dyu©
rsm;? jiif;ckef&efjzpfjcif;rsm;&SdaecJhNyD;? pdwfESvkH;ü 0efxkyfBuD;wpfckukd
cHpm;cJh&onf/ pkd;&drfaMumufvefYjcif;ukd olcHpm;cJh&aMumif;0efcHcJhonf/
y#dyu©rsm;ESihf owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd qefYusifwGef;vSefjcif;onf
þa'owpf0kdufwGif tvGefjyif;xefaecJhaomaMumihf &SifaygvkrSm rdrd
aornf? &SifrnfukdyifrodEkdifjzpfcJh&onf/
omoemvkyfief;ü cufcJrIrsm;ukd þokdY&ifqkdif&aomtcsdefwGif
bk&m;ocifonf &Sifaygvktm; vufurf;ESpfodrfhay;cJhNyD;? wdwkukd
taygif;tazmftjzpfay;cJhonf/ txifu& wrefawmfBuD;aygvkonf
trIawmfukd rdrdwpfOD;wnf; raqmif&GufEkdifaMumif;ukd em;vnfoabm
aygufcJhonf/ olonfomoemjyKc&D;rsm;ü tjcm;olrsm;ukd rdrdESihftwl
tNrJac:aqmifcJhonf/ taMumif;rSm xkdolwkdY\rdó[m,zGJUjcif;ESihf
cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;ukd olvkdtyfaecJhaomaMumihfjzpfonf/
uREkfyftrIawmfaqmifcsdef ESpfumvrsm;wGif uREkfyfonfwukd,f
awmftrIawmfaqmifcJhonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif trIawmfvkyfief;onf
tvGeftxD;useqeffEkdifygonf/ ocifbk&m;\trIawmfvkyfief;ü
taygif;tazmfrsm;vdktyfykHukd uREkfyfwjznf;jznf;em;vnfvmcJhonf/
oif;tkyfrsm; (okdY) c&pf,meftrIawmfaqmifrnfrQu trIawmfaqmif
jcif;ukd pGefYvTwfzkdYpOf;pm;cJhMuygoenf;/ t"dutaMumif;t&if;rSm
olwkdYukdukd,fcsif;pmí olwkdY\0efxkyfrsm;ukdulo,fay;rnfh vkyfazmf
aqmifzufrsm;\ulnDaxmufyHhjcif;ESihf cGeftm;ay;jcif;ukd rcH&aom
aMumifhjzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 7 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
rdrdonf rmaua'gedjynfü qif;&J'ku©ukd&ifqkdifae&csdefwGif bk&m;ocif
onf wdwktm;jzihfom ESpfodrhfjcif;ukday;cJhonfr[kwf? wdwk,laqmif
vmaom aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ owif;pum;aMumifhvnf; ESpfodrfh
jcif;ukd &&SdcJhaMumif; today;cJhonf/ wdwkonf xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifjyó
emajz&Sif;jcif;pmukd &SifaygvkxHrS,laqmifum aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
tm;ay;cJhNyD;? 4if;wkdYuvnf; wdusrSefuefpGm jyefvnfwkefYjyefcJhMuonf/
olwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\tjypf'kp½dkuftay:ü jrnfwrf;? aemifw&cJhMuNyD;?
&Sifaygvkk\ 'ku©a0'emtay:ü aemufxyf'ku©a0'emrsm;ukdxyf
avmif;ay;cJhrdjcif;twGuf 0rf;enf;aemifw&cJhMuonf/ þowif;
pum;ukd&Sifaygvku wdwkxHrSMum;aomtcg BuD;rm;aomESpfodrfhjcif;ESihf
oufomjcif;ukd cHpm;cJh&onf/ &Sifaygvktaejzihf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;u olYukdqufvufí *½kpkdufaeMuaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif;? rdrd\
cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif158 159
r*FvmjzpfaeMuonf/ qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ESihf n§if;yef;jcif;wkdYukd ol&ifqkdif
ae&aomtcsdefwGifyif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf olxHü0rf;ajrmuf
jcif;ukd jzpfapcJhMuonf/ olwkdU\ pdwfESvkH;xJü bk&m;ocifqufvuf
í tvkyfvkyfrnfhtaMumif;ukd &SifaygvkpdwfcsvQuf&SdaecJhonf (zdvdyÜd
1;6 ukdMunfhyg)/
rmaua'gedjynfü &Sifaygvk&SdpOfwGif tvGefjyif;xefaom
n§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;ukd cHpm;awGUBuHKcJh&onf/ tcef;i,f 5wGif aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; ukd,fum,Nidrf0yfjcif;tvsif;r&SdcJhaMumif; ajymjy
cJhonf/ olonfEkdifiHawmftwGuf cufcJyifyef;pGmjzihf umvtwefMum
trIawmfaqmifcJhonf/ þa'owpf0kdufü olvSnfhvnfoGm;a&mufcJh
onfhae&mwkdif;wGif aESmuf,SufcHcJh&onf/ teD;wpf0kdufwGif y#dyu©
rsm;? jiif;ckef&efjzpfjcif;rsm;&SdaecJhNyD;? pdwfESvkH;ü 0efxkyfBuD;wpfckukd
cHpm;cJh&onf/ pkd;&drfaMumufvefYjcif;ukd olcHpm;cJh&aMumif;0efcHcJhonf/
y#dyu©rsm;ESihf owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd qefYusifwGef;vSefjcif;onf
þa'owpf0kdufwGif tvGefjyif;xefaecJhaomaMumihf &SifaygvkrSm rdrd
aornf? &SifrnfukdyifrodEkdifjzpfcJh&onf/
omoemvkyfief;ü cufcJrIrsm;ukd þokdY&ifqkdif&aomtcsdefwGif
bk&m;ocifonf &Sifaygvktm; vufurf;ESpfodrfhay;cJhNyD;? wdwkukd
taygif;tazmftjzpfay;cJhonf/ txifu& wrefawmfBuD;aygvkonf
trIawmfukd rdrdwpfOD;wnf; raqmif&GufEkdifaMumif;ukd em;vnfoabm
aygufcJhonf/ olonfomoemjyKc&D;rsm;ü tjcm;olrsm;ukd rdrdESihftwl
tNrJac:aqmifcJhonf/ taMumif;rSm xkdolwkdY\rdó[m,zGJUjcif;ESihf
cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;ukd olvkdtyfaecJhaomaMumihfjzpfonf/
uREkfyftrIawmfaqmifcsdef ESpfumvrsm;wGif uREkfyfonfwukd,f
awmftrIawmfaqmifcJhonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif trIawmfvkyfief;onf
tvGeftxD;useqeffEkdifygonf/ ocifbk&m;\trIawmfvkyfief;ü
taygif;tazmfrsm;vdktyfykHukd uREkfyfwjznf;jznf;em;vnfvmcJhonf/
oif;tkyfrsm; (okdY) c&pf,meftrIawmfaqmifrnfrQu trIawmfaqmif
jcif;ukd pGefYvTwfzkdYpOf;pm;cJhMuygoenf;/ t"dutaMumif;t&if;rSm
olwkdYukdukd,fcsif;pmí olwkdY\0efxkyfrsm;ukdulo,fay;rnfh vkyfazmf
aqmifzufrsm;\ulnDaxmufyHhjcif;ESihf cGeftm;ay;jcif;ukd rcH&aom
aMumifhjzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 7 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
rdrdonf rmaua'gedjynfü qif;&J'ku©ukd&ifqkdifae&csdefwGif bk&m;ocif
onf wdwktm;jzihfom ESpfodrhfjcif;ukday;cJhonfr[kwf? wdwk,laqmif
vmaom aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ owif;pum;aMumifhvnf; ESpfodrfh
jcif;ukd &&SdcJhaMumif; today;cJhonf/ wdwkonf xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifjyó
emajz&Sif;jcif;pmukd &SifaygvkxHrS,laqmifum aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
tm;ay;cJhNyD;? 4if;wkdYuvnf; wdusrSefuefpGm jyefvnfwkefYjyefcJhMuonf/
olwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\tjypf'kp½dkuftay:ü jrnfwrf;? aemifw&cJhMuNyD;?
&Sifaygvkk\ 'ku©a0'emtay:ü aemufxyf'ku©a0'emrsm;ukdxyf
avmif;ay;cJhrdjcif;twGuf 0rf;enf;aemifw&cJhMuonf/ þowif;
pum;ukd&Sifaygvku wdwkxHrSMum;aomtcg BuD;rm;aomESpfodrfhjcif;ESihf
oufomjcif;ukd cHpm;cJh&onf/ &Sifaygvktaejzihf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;u olYukdqufvufí *½kpkdufaeMuaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif;? rdrd\
cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif160 161
pmuolwkdYukd cGeftm;opfrsm;ay;cJhonfhtaMumif;ukdvn;faumif;
od&Sd&jcif;oufoufü aumif;BuD;r*Fvmukd &SmawGUcJhygonf/
oifonfvnf; tjcm;olrsm;xHrS Mum;em&jcif;jzihfcGeftm;
opfrsm;ukd &&Sdaumif;&&SdcJhygvdrfhrnf/ xkdt&monf wpfpkHwpfa,mufu
oihfukdta&;pkdufaeygonf[laomtcsufukd jyoay;aom zkef;ac:ajym
qkdjcif;? vma&mufvnfywfjcif;? ESpfodrhfpum;ajymjcif;wkdY jzpfaumif;
jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfonfvnf; uREkfyf\pmtkyfrsm;ukd vufcH&,lcJh
Muaom oif;tkyfrsm; (okdY) c&pf,meftrIawmfaqmifrsm;xHrS xkdpmtkyf
rsm;onf 4if;wkdY\toufwmtwGuf taxmuftuljzpfapcJhMuaMumif;
ukd azmfjyaompmrsm;tm;jzihf tNrJaumif;BuD;r*FvmcHpm;cJh&onf/
olwpfyg;ukd cGeftm;&&efESihf aumif;BuD;ay;&ef½kd;pif;aom[eftrlt&m
\tpGrf;tmedoifukd uREkfyfwkdYod&SdMurnfr[kwfyg/; uREkfyfwkdY\cspfjcif;
arwåmukd ½kd;pif;ívufawGUusaomenf;vrf;jzihf jyoay;jcif;tm;jzihf
uREkfyfwkdYonf c&pf,meftrIawmfaqmif (okdY) ,kHMunfolwpfa,mufukd
aumif;jrwfvSaom bk&m;ocif\trIawmfü qufvufwnfwHhaezkdY
wkdufwGef;í aumif;BuD;ay;aomolrsm;jzpfEkdifMuonf/
tcef;i,f 8 wGif &Sifaygvku wdwkESihftwl aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;xHokdY a&;om;ay;ykdYcJhaom cufxefMurf;wrf;onfhpmESihf
ywfoufí rdrd\cHpm;csufukd azmfjycJhonf/ tcsKdUu þpmonf aum&dE
oK
Mo0g'pmyxrapmifjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfxm;MuNyD;? þMo0g'pmyxr
apmifwGif &Sifaygvku toif;awmftwGif;&Sd tvGefjyif;xefav;euf
aomjyóemtcsKdUukd vdyfrla&;om;cJhonf[k ,HkMunfxm;Muonf/ ol
onfaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; zcifjzpfol\ ZeD;ESihftwltdyfpufae
cJhaomolwpfa,muf ukdtoif;awmfxJü qufvufívufcHxm;&SdcJhMu
aomaMumifhjypfwifa0zefcJhonf/ toif;om;rsm;tMum;ü&SdaecJhaom
pdwf0rf;uGJrIrsm;twGufvnf; olwkdYukdpdefac:wkdufwGef;cJhonf/ cspfjcif;
arwåmuif;rJhrI? 0dnmOfpGrf;&nfqkrsm;ukd wvGJtokH;jyKaerIrsm;twGuf
vnf;olwkdYukd Budrf;armif;jypfwifcJhonf/
þpmapmifonf ,kHMunfolrsm;tMum;ü jyóemukdjzpfapouJh
okdY0rf;enf;jcif;ESihf aomua&mufjcif;wkdYkdukd jzpfapcJhonf/ xkdYaMumihf
tcsKdUu &Sifaygvkukd ausmckdif;cJhMuonf/ &SifaygvkrSmvnf; rdrdtvGef
cufxefcJhaomaMumihf toif;om;rsm;ukd pdwfysuf0rf;enf;apcJhav
ovm;[k ar;cGef;xkwfcJh&onf/ okdYaomf tjcm;wpfzufwGif þpmapmif
onfolwkdYukd pdwfxdckdufapcJhaomfvnf;? rSefuefaomvrf;aMumif;ay:
jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmzkdY r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfaomt&mjzpfaMumif; &Sifaygvk
oabmaygufcJhonf/ 4if;wkdY\toif;awmfü&Sdaeaom tjypf'kp½kdufukd
vufn§dK;xkd;azmfjyay;&efrSm rdrd\wm0efjzpfaMumif; oloabmaygufcJh
onf/
om;orD;rsm;\ qkd;oGrf;aomtjyKtrlrsm;ESihf ywfoufírnfokdY
rQajymqkdjcif;r&Sdaom rdbrsm;ukdpdwful;Munfhyg/ uav;wpfa,mufukd
pnf;urf;jzihf Muyfrwfay;jcif; (okdY) oGefoifay;jcif;r&Sdaom q&mwpf
a,mufukd pdwful;Munfhyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\ om;orD;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdY\trSm;
rsm;ukd raz:jyay;vQif uREkfyfwkdYonf4if;wkdYtay:ü xdckdufepfemrIBuD;
wpfckukd zefwD;aeMujcif;omjzpfvdrfhrnf/ olwkdYkudk uREkfyfwkdYcspfjrwfEkd;
vQif olwkdY\trSm;rsm;ukdjyifí trSefukdoGefoifay;Mu&rnfjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku rdrd\vkyf&yfukd þtwkkdif;½IjrifcJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\ wif;rm
cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif160 161
pmuolwkdYukd cGeftm;opfrsm;ay;cJhonfhtaMumif;ukdvn;faumif;
od&Sd&jcif;oufoufü aumif;BuD;r*Fvmukd &SmawGUcJhygonf/
oifonfvnf; tjcm;olrsm;xHrS Mum;em&jcif;jzihfcGeftm;
opfrsm;ukd &&Sdaumif;&&SdcJhygvdrfhrnf/ xkdt&monf wpfpkHwpfa,mufu
oihfukdta&;pkdufaeygonf[laomtcsufukd jyoay;aom zkef;ac:ajym
qkdjcif;? vma&mufvnfywfjcif;? ESpfodrhfpum;ajymjcif;wkdY jzpfaumif;
jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfonfvnf; uREkfyf\pmtkyfrsm;ukd vufcH&,lcJh
Muaom oif;tkyfrsm; (okdY) c&pf,meftrIawmfaqmifrsm;xHrS xkdpmtkyf
rsm;onf 4if;wkdY\toufwmtwGuf taxmuftuljzpfapcJhMuaMumif;
ukd azmfjyaompmrsm;tm;jzihf tNrJaumif;BuD;r*FvmcHpm;cJh&onf/
olwpfyg;ukd cGeftm;&&efESihf aumif;BuD;ay;&ef½kd;pif;aom[eftrlt&m
\tpGrf;tmedoifukd uREkfyfwkdYod&SdMurnfr[kwfyg/; uREkfyfwkdY\cspfjcif;
arwåmukd ½kd;pif;ívufawGUusaomenf;vrf;jzihf jyoay;jcif;tm;jzihf
uREkfyfwkdYonf c&pf,meftrIawmfaqmif (okdY) ,kHMunfolwpfa,mufukd
aumif;jrwfvSaom bk&m;ocif\trIawmfü qufvufwnfwHhaezkdY
wkdufwGef;í aumif;BuD;ay;aomolrsm;jzpfEkdifMuonf/
tcef;i,f 8 wGif &Sifaygvku wdwkESihftwl aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;xHokdY a&;om;ay;ykdYcJhaom cufxefMurf;wrf;onfhpmESihf
ywfoufí rdrd\cHpm;csufukd azmfjycJhonf/ tcsKdUu þpmonf aum&dE
oK
Mo0g'pmyxrapmifjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfxm;MuNyD;? þMo0g'pmyxr
apmifwGif &Sifaygvku toif;awmftwGif;&Sd tvGefjyif;xefav;euf
aomjyóemtcsKdUukd vdyfrla&;om;cJhonf[k ,HkMunfxm;Muonf/ ol
onfaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; zcifjzpfol\ ZeD;ESihftwltdyfpufae
cJhaomolwpfa,muf ukdtoif;awmfxJü qufvufívufcHxm;&SdcJhMu
aomaMumifhjypfwifa0zefcJhonf/ toif;om;rsm;tMum;ü&SdaecJhaom
pdwf0rf;uGJrIrsm;twGufvnf; olwkdYukdpdefac:wkdufwGef;cJhonf/ cspfjcif;
arwåmuif;rJhrI? 0dnmOfpGrf;&nfqkrsm;ukd wvGJtokH;jyKaerIrsm;twGuf
vnf;olwkdYukd Budrf;armif;jypfwifcJhonf/
þpmapmifonf ,kHMunfolrsm;tMum;ü jyóemukdjzpfapouJh
okdY0rf;enf;jcif;ESihf aomua&mufjcif;wkdYkdukd jzpfapcJhonf/ xkdYaMumihf
tcsKdUu &Sifaygvkukd ausmckdif;cJhMuonf/ &SifaygvkrSmvnf; rdrdtvGef
cufxefcJhaomaMumihf toif;om;rsm;ukd pdwfysuf0rf;enf;apcJhav
ovm;[k ar;cGef;xkwfcJh&onf/ okdYaomf tjcm;wpfzufwGif þpmapmif
onfolwkdYukd pdwfxdckdufapcJhaomfvnf;? rSefuefaomvrf;aMumif;ay:
jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmzkdY r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfaomt&mjzpfaMumif; &Sifaygvk
oabmaygufcJhonf/ 4if;wkdY\toif;awmfü&Sdaeaom tjypf'kp½kdufukd
vufn§dK;xkd;azmfjyay;&efrSm rdrd\wm0efjzpfaMumif; oloabmaygufcJh
onf/
om;orD;rsm;\ qkd;oGrf;aomtjyKtrlrsm;ESihf ywfoufírnfokdY
rQajymqkdjcif;r&Sdaom rdbrsm;ukdpdwful;Munfhyg/ uav;wpfa,mufukd
pnf;urf;jzihf Muyfrwfay;jcif; (okdY) oGefoifay;jcif;r&Sdaom q&mwpf
a,mufukd pdwful;Munfhyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\ om;orD;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdY\trSm;
rsm;ukd raz:jyay;vQif uREkfyfwkdYonf4if;wkdYtay:ü xdckdufepfemrIBuD;
wpfckukd zefwD;aeMujcif;omjzpfvdrfhrnf/ olwkdYkudk uREkfyfwkdYcspfjrwfEkd;
vQif olwkdY\trSm;rsm;ukdjyifí trSefukdoGefoifay;Mu&rnfjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku rdrd\vkyf&yfukd þtwkkdif;½IjrifcJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\ wif;rm
cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif162 163
aomqkH;ryJhjyifay;rIonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; aemifww&m;
qDodkY ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\pmonf aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;tm; rdrdwkdY\toif;awmfü jzpfysufaeonfht&m\ jyif;xef
ykHukd od&SdcGihfay;cJhonf/
0dnmOfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpfESihf jyif;xefaompum;vkH;rsm;
ukdajymzkdY bk&m;ocifuuREkfyfwkdYukdqifhac:onfhtcsdefrsm;&Sdygvdrfhrnf/
þpum;vkH;rsm;ukd vG,fvifhwulvufcHcJhMurnfr[kwfaomfvnf;? þ
pum;vkH;rsm;onf ocifc&pfawmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmfukd tm;opfavmif;
ay;&mü r&SdrjzpfvkdtyfMuonf/ aemufqkH;onf þjyif;xefaompum;
vkH;rsm;onf aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfüomí eufeJaomoefY&Sif;pifMu,f
jcif;ukdaqmif,lvmcJhaomaMumihf &Sifaygvk0rf;ajrmufcJh&onf/ toif;
awmfrSm ykdíusef;rmoefpGrf;vmNyD;? ywf0ef;usiftokdif;t0kdif;ü tm;rmef
jynfh0aomoufaojzpfvmcJhonf/ trSm;ukdjyefvnfqifjyifí oefY&Sif;
pifMu,fjcif;ukd jyefvnfoGwfoGif;cJhMuonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\
bk&m;ocif\tvkdawmfESihfnDaom 0rf;enf;aMuuGJrIonf aemifw&m;
ukdaqmif,lvmcJhNyD;? 4if;wkdYukdrdrdwdkY\ u,fwif&SifESihf omíeufeJaom
qufqH&if;ESD;jcif;qDokdY OD;aqmifoGm;cJhonf/
tcef;i,f 10 wGif &Sifaygvku bk&m;ocif\tvkdawmfESifh
nDaom0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;ESihf avmuD0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;wkdY\ jcm;em;
csufukd EIdif;,SOfjyocJhonf/ bk&m;ocif\tvkdawmfESihfnDaom 0rf;enf;
aMuuGJjcif;onf ,lBuHK;r&jzpfjcif;r&SdbJ aemifw&jcif;ESihf atmifEkdif
jcif;ukday;ygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif bk&m;ocif\tvkdawmf
ESihfnDaom 0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;onf trSm;jyifay;jcif;ukd vufcHaxG;
ayGU&ef pdwfESvkH;wHcg;rsm;ukd zGihfxm;ay;onf/ bk&m;ocif&nf&G,fxm;
onfhtwkdif; &Sifaygvk\pmonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; acwåcP
0rf;enf;apcJhygonf/ okdYaomf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;rSm bk&m;ukdcspf
aMumufjcif;ü BuD;xGm;vmcJhMuonf/ ,kHMunfolwdkYonf rdrdwkdY\pdwfESihf
tjyKtrlrsm;ukd ajymif;vJcJhMuNyD;? tjypfusL;vGefjcif;tajctaetrsKd;
rsKd;rS vTwfjcif;ukdcHcJhMuonf/
avmuD0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\tvkdawmfESifh
nDaom0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;ESihf uGmjcm;onf/ avmuD0rf;enf;aMuuGJ
jcif;onf bk&m;ociftay:üvnf;aumif;? oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ü
vnf;aumif; pl;pkdufrxm;yg/ avmuD0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;onf vlwpfOD;
wpfa,muf\ 'Pf&m&aeaom rmefrmeay:wGif pl;pkdufxm;onf/
avmuD0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;onf *kPfowif;arS;rSdefpGef;xif;oGm;cJhí
vnf;aumif;? wyfrufrIwpfckukd rvkyfvkduf&ívnf;aumif; ylaqG;ae
ygonf/ avmuD0rf;enf;jcif;onf þavmuü,m,Domtzkd;xkdufaom
t&mwpfckckukd qkH;½IH;vkduf&aomtaMumif; ylaqG;jcif;jzpfonf/ avmuD
0rf;enf;jcif;upl;pkdufxm;aomt&mrSm bk&m;ocifür[kwf? xkdqkH;½IH;
rItm;jzihf bk&m;ociftxajrmufjynfhpkHapvkdaomt&mür[kwf? twå
qefaompdwfqE´rsm;ESihf ukd,fhukd,fudkom *½kPmoufjcif;tay:wGif
jzpfonf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm; ylyefaomua&mufaecJhMuonfh
taMumif;rSm bk&m;ocifukd0rf;enf;aMuuGJapcJhMuaomaMumifhjzpfonf
cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif162 163
aomqkH;ryJhjyifay;rIonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; aemifww&m;
qDodkY ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\pmonf aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;tm; rdrdwkdY\toif;awmfü jzpfysufaeonfht&m\ jyif;xef
ykHukd od&SdcGihfay;cJhonf/
0dnmOfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpfESihf jyif;xefaompum;vkH;rsm;
ukdajymzkdY bk&m;ocifuuREkfyfwkdYukdqifhac:onfhtcsdefrsm;&Sdygvdrfhrnf/
þpum;vkH;rsm;ukd vG,fvifhwulvufcHcJhMurnfr[kwfaomfvnf;? þ
pum;vkH;rsm;onf ocifc&pfawmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmfukd tm;opfavmif;
ay;&mü r&SdrjzpfvkdtyfMuonf/ aemufqkH;onf þjyif;xefaompum;
vkH;rsm;onf aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfüomí eufeJaomoefY&Sif;pifMu,f
jcif;ukdaqmif,lvmcJhaomaMumihf &Sifaygvk0rf;ajrmufcJh&onf/ toif;
awmfrSm ykdíusef;rmoefpGrf;vmNyD;? ywf0ef;usiftokdif;t0kdif;ü tm;rmef
jynfh0aomoufaojzpfvmcJhonf/ trSm;ukdjyefvnfqifjyifí oefY&Sif;
pifMu,fjcif;ukd jyefvnfoGwfoGif;cJhMuonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\
bk&m;ocif\tvkdawmfESihfnDaom 0rf;enf;aMuuGJrIonf aemifw&m;
ukdaqmif,lvmcJhNyD;? 4if;wkdYukdrdrdwdkY\ u,fwif&SifESihf omíeufeJaom
qufqH&if;ESD;jcif;qDokdY OD;aqmifoGm;cJhonf/
tcef;i,f 10 wGif &Sifaygvku bk&m;ocif\tvkdawmfESifh
nDaom0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;ESihf avmuD0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;wkdY\ jcm;em;
csufukd EIdif;,SOfjyocJhonf/ bk&m;ocif\tvkdawmfESihfnDaom 0rf;enf;
aMuuGJjcif;onf ,lBuHK;r&jzpfjcif;r&SdbJ aemifw&jcif;ESihf atmifEkdif
jcif;ukday;ygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif bk&m;ocif\tvkdawmf
ESihfnDaom 0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;onf trSm;jyifay;jcif;ukd vufcHaxG;
ayGU&ef pdwfESvkH;wHcg;rsm;ukd zGihfxm;ay;onf/ bk&m;ocif&nf&G,fxm;
onfhtwkdif; &Sifaygvk\pmonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; acwåcP
0rf;enf;apcJhygonf/ okdYaomf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;rSm bk&m;ukdcspf
aMumufjcif;ü BuD;xGm;vmcJhMuonf/ ,kHMunfolwdkYonf rdrdwkdY\pdwfESihf
tjyKtrlrsm;ukd ajymif;vJcJhMuNyD;? tjypfusL;vGefjcif;tajctaetrsKd;
rsKd;rS vTwfjcif;ukdcHcJhMuonf/
avmuD0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\tvkdawmfESifh
nDaom0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;ESihf uGmjcm;onf/ avmuD0rf;enf;aMuuGJ
jcif;onf bk&m;ociftay:üvnf;aumif;? oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ü
vnf;aumif; pl;pkdufrxm;yg/ avmuD0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;onf vlwpfOD;
wpfa,muf\ 'Pf&m&aeaom rmefrmeay:wGif pl;pkdufxm;onf/
avmuD0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;onf *kPfowif;arS;rSdefpGef;xif;oGm;cJhí
vnf;aumif;? wyfrufrIwpfckukd rvkyfvkduf&ívnf;aumif; ylaqG;ae
ygonf/ avmuD0rf;enf;jcif;onf þavmuü,m,Domtzkd;xkdufaom
t&mwpfckckukd qkH;½IH;vkduf&aomtaMumif; ylaqG;jcif;jzpfonf/ avmuD
0rf;enf;jcif;upl;pkdufxm;aomt&mrSm bk&m;ocifür[kwf? xkdqkH;½IH;
rItm;jzihf bk&m;ociftxajrmufjynfhpkHapvkdaomt&mür[kwf? twå
qefaompdwfqE´rsm;ESihf ukd,fhukd,fudkom *½kPmoufjcif;tay:wGif
jzpfonf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm; ylyefaomua&mufaecJhMuonfh
taMumif;rSm bk&m;ocifukd0rf;enf;aMuuGJapcJhMuaomaMumifhjzpfonf
cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
(i,f 11)/ þylyefaomuonf oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfxHrS a&muf&Sdvm
cJhNyD;? toif;awmfukd aemifw&jcif;qDokdY aqmif,loGm;cJhonf/ &vm'f
rSm,kHMunfjcif;üav;eufjyif;xefvmjcif;ESihf ½kd;om;jzLpifjcif;jzpfonf/
&Sifaygvk\ cufxefrmaMumaompmu aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;tm; tjcm;t&mwpfckukdvnf; jyñTefay;cJhonf/ xkdpmonf
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; olwkdYonfbk&m;ocif\ bkef;awmftwGuf
wnf;[laom wlnDonfh&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf &ifqkdifwkdufvSefaeMu
aMumif;ukd jyñTefay;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku crnf;awmfa&SUü olwkdYtm;
vkH;onf wpfvkH;wpf0wnf;jzpfvmMuzkdY þjyif;xefaompmukda&;om;cJh
&jcif;jzpfaMumif; aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ajymjy
cJhonf (i,f 12)/ xkdpmESihfxkdpm\&vm'fjzpfaom aemifw&jcif;u
toif;awmfukd rlvtajctaeü jyefvnfxm;&Sdí 4if;wkdYonf&Sifaygvk
ESihfwpfvkH;wpf0wnf;jzpfMuaMumif;ukd aocsmapcJh½kHomru wdwkt
wGufvnf; tvGefBuD;rm;aom cGeftm;opfrsm;ukdaqmif,lvmcJhay;yg
onf (i,f 13)/ toif;awmfu rdrdwdkY\tjypf'kp½kdufrsm;ukdajz&Sif;
pGefYvTwfzdkY vkdvkdvm;vm;&SdaecJhykHukd awGUjrifcJhaomwdwkrSm aumif;BuD;
cHpm;cJh&ygonf/ toif;awmfonf 4if;wkdYukd&SifaygvkESihf bk&m;ocifxHrS
uGJuGmapcJhaom jyóemrsm;ukdajz&Sif;í pGefYvTwf&efjyif;jyrI&SdaecJhjcif;
ukd wdwkawGUjrif&aomtcg wdwkonfrdrd\0dnmOfa&;toufwmü
tm;opfavmif;ay;jcif;ukd cHcJh&onf/
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;twGuf *kPf,lcJhonf/
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;taMumif;ukdvnf;aumif;?
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm; ocifbk&m;twGufpdwf"gwfjyif;xefaerI
taMumif;ukdvnf;aumif; wdwkxHü *kPf,l0ifh<um;pGmajymqkdcJhonf
(i,f 14)/ &vm'frSm wdwkonfaum&dE
oKtoif;awmfukd ykdícspfjrwfEkd;
vmjcif;jzpfonf/ wdwkonf trIawmfaqmifzdkY aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdYoGm;a&muf
aomtcg toif;awmfonf 4if;ukdaEG;axG;ysLiSgpGmjzihf ½kdaoav;pm;
jcif;ü vufcHBudKqkdcJhMuonf/ þtcsif;t&mtm;vkH;u þtoif;awmfü
&Sdaeaom bk&m;ocif\trIawmftay:wGif BuD;rm;aompdwfcsrIwpfck
ukd&Sifaygvktm; ay;cJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHü a&;om;ay;
ykdYcJhaom &Sifaygvk\pmonf jyif;xefrmaMumcJhaomfvnf; xkdpmonf
4if;wkdYukdbk&m;ocifESihf omíeufeJaomqufqH&if;ESD;jcif;qDodkY aqmif
,loGm;cJhonf/ olwkdYonfbk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmftwGuf ykdítpGrf;xuf
aomwefqmyvmrsm; jzpfvmcJhonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
oifh&JUtjypfaMumihf oihfukdxdyfwkduf&ifqkdifajymqkdcH&onfh
tajctaeukd oifBuHKawGUzl;ygovm;/ xkdtawGUtBuHKonf
vG,fulcJhygovm;/ oihf&JUtjypfukd0efcsawmif;yefcJhjcif;\
&vm'frSmtb,fenf;/
oihftoufwmü usKd;yJhysufpD;aeaom qufqHa&;rsm;&Sd? r&Sdukd
pOf;pm;okH;oyfzkdY tcsdeftenf;i,f,lyg/ þqufqHa&;rsm;ESihf
pyfvsOf;í bk&m;ocifu oihfukdrnfonfht&mjyKvkyfapcsifrnf
enf;/
cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif164 165
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
(i,f 11)/ þylyefaomuonf oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfxHrS a&muf&Sdvm
cJhNyD;? toif;awmfukd aemifw&jcif;qDokdY aqmif,loGm;cJhonf/ &vm'f
rSm,kHMunfjcif;üav;eufjyif;xefvmjcif;ESihf ½kd;om;jzLpifjcif;jzpfonf/
&Sifaygvk\ cufxefrmaMumaompmu aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;tm; tjcm;t&mwpfckukdvnf; jyñTefay;cJhonf/ xkdpmonf
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; olwkdYonfbk&m;ocif\ bkef;awmftwGuf
wnf;[laom wlnDonfh&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf &ifqkdifwkdufvSefaeMu
aMumif;ukd jyñTefay;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku crnf;awmfa&SUü olwkdYtm;
vkH;onf wpfvkH;wpf0wnf;jzpfvmMuzkdY þjyif;xefaompmukda&;om;cJh
&jcif;jzpfaMumif; aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ajymjy
cJhonf (i,f 12)/ xkdpmESihfxkdpm\&vm'fjzpfaom aemifw&jcif;u
toif;awmfukd rlvtajctaeü jyefvnfxm;&Sdí 4if;wkdYonf&Sifaygvk
ESihfwpfvkH;wpf0wnf;jzpfMuaMumif;ukd aocsmapcJh½kHomru wdwkt
wGufvnf; tvGefBuD;rm;aom cGeftm;opfrsm;ukdaqmif,lvmcJhay;yg
onf (i,f 13)/ toif;awmfu rdrdwdkY\tjypf'kp½kdufrsm;ukdajz&Sif;
pGefYvTwfzdkY vkdvkdvm;vm;&SdaecJhykHukd awGUjrifcJhaomwdwkrSm aumif;BuD;
cHpm;cJh&ygonf/ toif;awmfonf 4if;wkdYukd&SifaygvkESihf bk&m;ocifxHrS
uGJuGmapcJhaom jyóemrsm;ukdajz&Sif;í pGefYvTwf&efjyif;jyrI&SdaecJhjcif;
ukd wdwkawGUjrif&aomtcg wdwkonfrdrd\0dnmOfa&;toufwmü
tm;opfavmif;ay;jcif;ukd cHcJh&onf/
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;twGuf *kPf,lcJhonf/
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;taMumif;ukdvnf;aumif;?
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm; ocifbk&m;twGufpdwf"gwfjyif;xefaerI
taMumif;ukdvnf;aumif; wdwkxHü *kPf,l0ifh<um;pGmajymqkdcJhonf
(i,f 14)/ &vm'frSm wdwkonfaum&dE
oKtoif;awmfukd ykdícspfjrwfEkd;
vmjcif;jzpfonf/ wdwkonf trIawmfaqmifzdkY aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdYoGm;a&muf
aomtcg toif;awmfonf 4if;ukdaEG;axG;ysLiSgpGmjzihf ½kdaoav;pm;
jcif;ü vufcHBudKqkdcJhMuonf/ þtcsif;t&mtm;vkH;u þtoif;awmfü
&Sdaeaom bk&m;ocif\trIawmftay:wGif BuD;rm;aompdwfcsrIwpfck
ukd&Sifaygvktm; ay;cJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHü a&;om;ay;
ykdYcJhaom &Sifaygvk\pmonf jyif;xefrmaMumcJhaomfvnf; xkdpmonf
4if;wkdYukdbk&m;ocifESihf omíeufeJaomqufqH&if;ESD;jcif;qDodkY aqmif
,loGm;cJhonf/ olwkdYonfbk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmftwGuf ykdítpGrf;xuf
aomwefqmyvmrsm; jzpfvmcJhonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
oifh&JUtjypfaMumihf oihfukdxdyfwkduf&ifqkdifajymqkdcH&onfh
tajctaeukd oifBuHKawGUzl;ygovm;/ xkdtawGUtBuHKonf
vG,fulcJhygovm;/ oihf&JUtjypfukd0efcsawmif;yefcJhjcif;\
&vm'frSmtb,fenf;/
oihftoufwmü usKd;yJhysufpD;aeaom qufqHa&;rsm;&Sd? r&Sdukd
pOf;pm;okH;oyfzkdY tcsdeftenf;i,f,lyg/ þqufqHa&;rsm;ESihf
pyfvsOf;í bk&m;ocifu oihfukdrnfonfht&mjyKvkyfapcsifrnf
enf;/
cufxefMurf;wrf;aompmwpfapmif164 165
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif166
bk&m;ocif\ tvkdawmfESihfnDaom 0rf;enf;jcif;ESihfavmuD
0rf;enf;jcif;wkdY\ jcm;em;csufrSmtb,fenf;/ xkd0rf;enf;jcif;
ESpfrsKd;ukd a&maxG;íwpfckESihfwpfck rSm;,Gif;rSwf,lEkdifygovm;/
oifonf ocifc&pfawmfESihfykdí o@mefwlvmNyD;? omíeufeJ
aomoefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ü BuD;xGm;vmzkdY rnfonfht&mukd
vkdvkdvm;vm;jyKvkyfvkdoenf;/ ocifc&pfawmfESihfykdí o@mef
wlvmjcif;rS oihfukdrnfonfht&mu qD;wm;aeygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmfukdvnf;aumif;? omíeufeJaom
oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ukdvnf;aumif; &SmBuHaompdwfESvkH;ukd
ay;oem;zkdY ocifbk&m;xHü awmif;avQmufyg/
oifhtoufwm&Sd usKd;yJhysufpD;aeaom qufqHa&;rsm;ukd ukpm;
ay;zkdY ocifbk&m;ukdawmif;avQmufyg/
nDtpfukdarmifESrwpfa,muf\ jypfwifqHk;rjcif;ukdcH,lí
vkdtyfaomajymif;vJrIrsm;ukd jyKvkyf&efoifh&JUpdwfESvkH;ukd zGihf[
ay;zkdY ocifbk&m;ukdawmif;avQmufyg/
omoemvkyfief;ü oifESihftwlvma&mufvkyfukdifaomolrsm;
twGuf ocifbk&m;ukdaus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/ ,aeYübk&m;ocif
uoihfbufrSoGm;a&mufí cGeftm;ay;apvkdaomolwpf
a,muf&Sd? r&Sdukd awmif;avQmufyg/
1414
1414
14
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmfpGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmf
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmfpGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmf
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmf
2aum 8;1-9 ukdzwf½Iyg/
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; tcsif;csif;jyefvnf
oifhjrwfMuí? 4if;wkdYukdpdwf0rf;uGJaponfh jyóemrsm;ukdajz&Sif;MuzdkYukd
omtvkd&SdcJhonfr[kwf? 4if;wkdYukdvnf; o'´gw&m;xufoefaom toif;
awmfwpfyg;jzpfapvkdcJhonf/ þtcef;BuD;wGif &Sifaygvku pGefYBuJay;
urf;jcif;trIawmf\ ta&;ygykHukd tom;ay;ajymjyxm;onf/
tcef;i,f 1 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
rmaua'gedjynfwpf0kdufü oljrifawGUBuHKawGUcJhaomt&mukd ajymjyjcif;
jzihftpjyKcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; bk&m;ocif
onf rmaua'gedjynfwpf0kdufrS toif;awmfrsm;xHüBuD;rm;aom
aus;Zl;awmfukday;cJhaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ aus;Zl;awmfqkdonfrSm
tb,fenf;/ aus;Zl;awmfqkdonfrSm uREkfyfwkdYESifhrxkdufrwefbJ&&Sdaom
bk&m;ocif\rsufESmomay;rIjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\jzpfwnfrItwkdif;
ay;xm;jcif;r[kwfaom bk&m;ocif\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmjzpfonf/
uREkfyfwkdY\tjypfESihf tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd raxmufxm;aom bk&m;ocif
\pGrf;aqmifay;rIjzpfonf/ rmaua'gedjynfwpf0kduf&kSd toif;awmfrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif166
bk&m;ocif\ tvkdawmfESihfnDaom 0rf;enf;jcif;ESihfavmuD
0rf;enf;jcif;wkdY\ jcm;em;csufrSmtb,fenf;/ xkd0rf;enf;jcif;
ESpfrsKd;ukd a&maxG;íwpfckESihfwpfck rSm;,Gif;rSwf,lEkdifygovm;/
oifonf ocifc&pfawmfESihfykdí o@mefwlvmNyD;? omíeufeJ
aomoefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ü BuD;xGm;vmzkdY rnfonfht&mukd
vkdvkdvm;vm;jyKvkyfvkdoenf;/ ocifc&pfawmfESihfykdí o@mef
wlvmjcif;rS oihfukdrnfonfht&mu qD;wm;aeygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmfukdvnf;aumif;? omíeufeJaom
oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ukdvnf;aumif; &SmBuHaompdwfESvkH;ukd
ay;oem;zkdY ocifbk&m;xHü awmif;avQmufyg/
oifhtoufwm&Sd usKd;yJhysufpD;aeaom qufqHa&;rsm;ukd ukpm;
ay;zkdY ocifbk&m;ukdawmif;avQmufyg/
nDtpfukdarmifESrwpfa,muf\ jypfwifqHk;rjcif;ukdcH,lí
vkdtyfaomajymif;vJrIrsm;ukd jyKvkyf&efoifh&JUpdwfESvkH;ukd zGihf[
ay;zkdY ocifbk&m;ukdawmif;avQmufyg/
omoemvkyfief;ü oifESihftwlvma&mufvkyfukdifaomolrsm;
twGuf ocifbk&m;ukdaus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/ ,aeYübk&m;ocif
uoihfbufrSoGm;a&mufí cGeftm;ay;apvkdaomolwpf
a,muf&Sd? r&Sdukd awmif;avQmufyg/
1414
1414
14
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmfpGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmf
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmfpGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmf
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmf
2aum 8;1-9 ukdzwf½Iyg/
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; tcsif;csif;jyefvnf
oifhjrwfMuí? 4if;wkdYukdpdwf0rf;uGJaponfh jyóemrsm;ukdajz&Sif;MuzdkYukd
omtvkd&SdcJhonfr[kwf? 4if;wkdYukdvnf; o'´gw&m;xufoefaom toif;
awmfwpfyg;jzpfapvkdcJhonf/ þtcef;BuD;wGif &Sifaygvku pGefYBuJay;
urf;jcif;trIawmf\ ta&;ygykHukd tom;ay;ajymjyxm;onf/
tcef;i,f 1 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
rmaua'gedjynfwpf0kdufü oljrifawGUBuHKawGUcJhaomt&mukd ajymjyjcif;
jzihftpjyKcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; bk&m;ocif
onf rmaua'gedjynfwpf0kdufrS toif;awmfrsm;xHüBuD;rm;aom
aus;Zl;awmfukday;cJhaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ aus;Zl;awmfqkdonfrSm
tb,fenf;/ aus;Zl;awmfqkdonfrSm uREkfyfwkdYESifhrxkdufrwefbJ&&Sdaom
bk&m;ocif\rsufESmomay;rIjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\jzpfwnfrItwkdif;
ay;xm;jcif;r[kwfaom bk&m;ocif\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmjzpfonf/
uREkfyfwkdY\tjypfESihf tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd raxmufxm;aom bk&m;ocif
\pGrf;aqmifay;rIjzpfonf/ rmaua'gedjynfwpf0kduf&kSd toif;awmfrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
onf 4if;wkdY\toufwmü bk&m;ocifxHrS oD;oefYrsufESmomay;rIukd
&&SdcHpm;cJhMuNyD;? &Sifaygvku xkdtaMumif;ukd aum&dE
oKNrdKUrS ,kHMunfol
rsm;tm; ajymjyvkdcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku rmaua'gedjynfwpf0kduf&Sd toif;awmfrsm;onf
jyif;xefaomppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;ESihf vGefuJaomqif;&JrGJawjcif;ukd
jzwfoef;aeMuaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ þtoif;awmfrsm;onf tcuf
tcJrsm;ESihf qefYusif&efjyKcH&jcif;rsm;pGmukd BuHKawGUcJhMuonf/ okdYaomf
tvGefjyif;xefaom qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ukd BuHKawGUaevifhupm; toif;awmf
rsm;onf 0rf;ajrmufjcif;? o'¨gw&m;xufoefjcif;wkdYESihf jynfhvQHaecJhMu
aMumif;ukdowdjyKyg (i,f 2)/ þt&monf 4if;wkdY\ vGefuJvSaom
qif;&JrGJawjcif;ukd tHhtm;oihfzG,f o'¨gw&m;xufoefjcif;tjzpfokdY
ajymif;vJ&ef 4if;wkdYukdtpGrf;tprsm;ay;oem;awmfrlonfh bk&m;ocif\
aus;Zl;awmfaMumifhjzpfonf/ jyif;xefaomqif;&J'ku©tv,füyif olwkdY
onf0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESihf jynfhvQHaecJhMuonf/
þuJhokdYaomolrsm;ukd awGUBuHK&jcif;onf tvGefBuD;rm;aom
aumif;BuD;r*Fvmwpfyg;r[kwfygvm;/ olwkdYonf toufwmücufcJ
yifyef;jcif;rSvGJí rnfonfht&mukdrQ rykdifqkdifMuaomfvnf; olwkdYonf
0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESihfjynfh0aecJhMuonf/ olwkdYonf þavmupnf;pdrfESihf
pyfvsOf;í tenf;i,fukdom ykdifqkdifcJhMuaomfvnf;? o'´gw&m;xuf
oefpGmay;vSLcJhMuonf/ jyif;xefaomn§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh qif;&J
'ku©ukd BuHKawGU&aomuREkfyfwkdYonf 0rf;enf;jcif;? pkd;&drfylyefjcif;wkdYESihf
omjynfhaeMuygvdrfhrnf/ a&SmifvGJír&aom b0tcuftcJrsm;ukd pdwfES
vkH;ü 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESihftwl &ifqkdifEkdifaomtpGrf;onf aumi;fBuD;
r*Fvmr[kwfygvm;/ þonfrSm bk&m;ocifxHrS<u,f0jynfhpkHaom
qkvm'fwpfyg;jzpfouJhokdY bk&m;ocifu þ,kHMunfolrsm;ukday;cJhaom
qkvm'fwpfyg;vnf;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf n§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;
tv,fwGifolwkdY\pdwfESvkH;ü 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESihf jynfh0apcJhonf/
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftoD;onf 4if;wdkY\txJüvQHwufaecJhNyD;
4if;wkdY\ pdwf0dnmOfukd zkH;vTrf;oGm;cJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtm;vkH;uþt&mukd
BuHKawGUvkdaomqE´om&SdvQif BuHKawGUEkdifygonf/
&Sifaygvku bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmfonf qif;&JEkHcsmaom
þoefY&Sif;olwkdY\ toufwmukd wkdYxdcJhaomaMumihf olwkdYonfrdrday;
urf;Ekdifonfhtwkdif; ay;cJh½kHomru xkdxufyifykdíay;urf;cJhMuonf[k
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd ajymjycJhonf/ xkdokdYay;urf;vSL'gef;zkdYolwkdYukd
rnfolurQ rawmif;qkdcJhaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifukdaus;Zl;wifjcif;ESihf
jynfhvQHaeaomESvkH;om;rS rdrdwdkYpdwfapwem&Sdonfhtwkdif; ay;urf;
vSL'gef;cJhMuonf/ þtcsif;t&mukd&Sifaygvku rmaua'ged,kHMunfol
rsm;xHü bk&m;ocifay;cJhonfh tHhzG,faus;Zl;awmfqkvm'fwpfyg;tjzpf
½IjrifcJhonf/ þ,kHMunfolrsm;onf xkdokdYay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;twGuf
&Sifaygvk\ vIHUaqmfwkdufwGef;rIukd rvkdtyfcJhMuyg/ olwkdYukdvIHUaqmfwGef;
ykdYaeaom oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;ESihf vrf;ñTef
ay;jcif;wkdYatmufü xkdtwkdif;ay;vSLcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ tcef;i,f 4wGif
olwkdYonf þtcGihfta&;ukd&&SdzkdY &Sifaygvktm;awmif;yefcJhMuonfukd
owdjyKyg/ þrmaua'ged,kHMunfolrsm;onf rdrdwkdYuJhokdY'ku©a&mufae
aomolrsm;ukd pdwfoufom&m&apzkdY ulnDay;&eftcGihfta&;ukd tEl;
tñGwfawmif;yefcJhMuonf/
168 169pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
onf 4if;wkdY\toufwmü bk&m;ocifxHrS oD;oefYrsufESmomay;rIukd
&&SdcHpm;cJhMuNyD;? &Sifaygvku xkdtaMumif;ukd aum&dE
oKNrdKUrS ,kHMunfol
rsm;tm; ajymjyvkdcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku rmaua'gedjynfwpf0kduf&Sd toif;awmfrsm;onf
jyif;xefaomppfaMumpkHprf;jcif;ESihf vGefuJaomqif;&JrGJawjcif;ukd
jzwfoef;aeMuaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ þtoif;awmfrsm;onf tcuf
tcJrsm;ESihf qefYusif&efjyKcH&jcif;rsm;pGmukd BuHKawGUcJhMuonf/ okdYaomf
tvGefjyif;xefaom qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ukd BuHKawGUaevifhupm; toif;awmf
rsm;onf 0rf;ajrmufjcif;? o'¨gw&m;xufoefjcif;wkdYESihf jynfhvQHaecJhMu
aMumif;ukdowdjyKyg (i,f 2)/ þt&monf 4if;wkdY\ vGefuJvSaom
qif;&JrGJawjcif;ukd tHhtm;oihfzG,f o'¨gw&m;xufoefjcif;tjzpfokdY
ajymif;vJ&ef 4if;wkdYukdtpGrf;tprsm;ay;oem;awmfrlonfh bk&m;ocif\
aus;Zl;awmfaMumifhjzpfonf/ jyif;xefaomqif;&J'ku©tv,füyif olwkdY
onf0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESihf jynfhvQHaecJhMuonf/
þuJhokdYaomolrsm;ukd awGUBuHK&jcif;onf tvGefBuD;rm;aom
aumif;BuD;r*Fvmwpfyg;r[kwfygvm;/ olwkdYonf toufwmücufcJ
yifyef;jcif;rSvGJí rnfonfht&mukdrQ rykdifqkdifMuaomfvnf; olwkdYonf
0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESihfjynfh0aecJhMuonf/ olwkdYonf þavmupnf;pdrfESihf
pyfvsOf;í tenf;i,fukdom ykdifqkdifcJhMuaomfvnf;? o'´gw&m;xuf
oefpGmay;vSLcJhMuonf/ jyif;xefaomn§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh qif;&J
'ku©ukd BuHKawGU&aomuREkfyfwkdYonf 0rf;enf;jcif;? pkd;&drfylyefjcif;wkdYESihf
omjynfhaeMuygvdrfhrnf/ a&SmifvGJír&aom b0tcuftcJrsm;ukd pdwfES
vkH;ü 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESihftwl &ifqkdifEkdifaomtpGrf;onf aumi;fBuD;
r*Fvmr[kwfygvm;/ þonfrSm bk&m;ocifxHrS<u,f0jynfhpkHaom
qkvm'fwpfyg;jzpfouJhokdY bk&m;ocifu þ,kHMunfolrsm;ukday;cJhaom
qkvm'fwpfyg;vnf;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf n§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;
tv,fwGifolwkdY\pdwfESvkH;ü 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESihf jynfh0apcJhonf/
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftoD;onf 4if;wdkY\txJüvQHwufaecJhNyD;
4if;wkdY\ pdwf0dnmOfukd zkH;vTrf;oGm;cJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtm;vkH;uþt&mukd
BuHKawGUvkdaomqE´om&SdvQif BuHKawGUEkdifygonf/
&Sifaygvku bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmfonf qif;&JEkHcsmaom
þoefY&Sif;olwkdY\ toufwmukd wkdYxdcJhaomaMumihf olwkdYonfrdrday;
urf;Ekdifonfhtwkdif; ay;cJh½kHomru xkdxufyifykdíay;urf;cJhMuonf[k
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd ajymjycJhonf/ xkdokdYay;urf;vSL'gef;zkdYolwkdYukd
rnfolurQ rawmif;qkdcJhaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifukdaus;Zl;wifjcif;ESihf
jynfhvQHaeaomESvkH;om;rS rdrdwdkYpdwfapwem&Sdonfhtwkdif; ay;urf;
vSL'gef;cJhMuonf/ þtcsif;t&mukd&Sifaygvku rmaua'ged,kHMunfol
rsm;xHü bk&m;ocifay;cJhonfh tHhzG,faus;Zl;awmfqkvm'fwpfyg;tjzpf
½IjrifcJhonf/ þ,kHMunfolrsm;onf xkdokdYay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;twGuf
&Sifaygvk\ vIHUaqmfwkdufwGef;rIukd rvkdtyfcJhMuyg/ olwkdYukdvIHUaqmfwGef;
ykdYaeaom oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;ESihf vrf;ñTef
ay;jcif;wkdYatmufü xkdtwkdif;ay;vSLcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ tcef;i,f 4wGif
olwkdYonf þtcGihfta&;ukd&&SdzkdY &Sifaygvktm;awmif;yefcJhMuonfukd
owdjyKyg/ þrmaua'ged,kHMunfolrsm;onf rdrdwkdYuJhokdY'ku©a&mufae
aomolrsm;ukd pdwfoufom&m&apzkdY ulnDay;&eftcGihfta&;ukd tEl;
tñGwfawmif;yefcJhMuonf/
168 169pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif170 171
þuJhokdYaom o'¨gw&m;xufoefvSonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;r&SdvQif?
EkdifiHawmf\trIawmfrSm wkd;wufcJhrnfr[kwfyg/ pGefYvTwfay;urf;aom
olrsm;onf trIawmfvkyfief;\toufwrQta&;ygaomolrsm;jzpfMu
onf/ olwkdYonf vufawGUüvkdtyfaomt&mrsm;ukd yhHykd;ay;urf;jcif;
jzihf trIawmfvkyfief;rsm;ukd qufvufwnfwHhEkdif&ef pGrf;aqmifay;Mu
onf/
tcef;i,f 5 wGif &Sifaygvku rmaua'gedjynf&Sd ,kHMunfol
rsm;onf rdrdarQmfvihfxm;cJhouJhokdY ray;urf;cJhMuaMumif;ukd aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; ajymjycJhonf/ rmaua'ged,kHMunfolrsm;onf a&S;OD;
pGmrdrdwkdYkukd,fukd ocifbk&m;tm;ay;vSLcJhMuonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm olwkdY
onf rdrdwkdYukd,fukdvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYykdifqkdifaomt&mrsm;ukdvnf;
aumif; t&mcyfodrf;ukd ocifbk&m;tm;ay;vSLcJhMuonf/ rdrdwkdYykdifqkdif
aomrnfonfht&mukdrQ rdrdwdkYtykdifypönf;tjzpf rrSwf,lcJhMuyg/ t&m
cyfodrf;ukd ocifbk&m;tm;bkef;awmftwGuf ay;vSLcJhMuonf/ þuJhokdY
aomqufuyftyfESHrIrSm olwkdYonf wrefawmfrsm;\trIawmfvkyfief;
qDodkYvnf;aumif;? tjcm;ae&ma'orsm;&Sd EkdifiHawmf\vkdtyfcsufrsm;
qDokdYvnf;aumif; ay;vSLcJhMuonf/
rdrdwkdYukd,fukd a&S;OD;pGmocifbk&m;tm; ray;vSLbJ? rdrdwkdY&SdorQ
aomt&mtm;vkH;ukd ocifbk&m;tm;ay;vSL&efrSm vlwkdYtwGufjzpfEkdif
acs&Sdaomt&mjzpfonf/ þuJhokdYaomenf;vrf;jzihf ay;vSLaomolrsm;
u rdrdwkdYykdifqkdifaomt&mtm;vkH;onf rdrdwkdYESihfomoufqkdifonf[k
,kHMunfxm;Muonf/ olwkdYonf rdrdwdkY\aiGaMu;tcsKdUukdvnf;aumif;?
rdrdwkdY\t&if;tjrpftcsKdUukdvnf;aumif; ay;urf;pGefYBuJvkdufjcif;jzihf
rdrdwdkYonf o'¨gw&m;xufoefaomolrsm;? tMuifemw&m;&Sdaom
olrsm;? apwempdwf&Sdaomolrsm;tjzpf rSwf,lcHpm;Muonf/ bk&m;ocif
\trIawmfvkyfief;ü ay;vSLjcif;jzihf bk&m;ocifukdrsufESmomay; ulnD
aeMuonf[k xifrSwfMuonf/ þonfrSm rmaua'ged,kHMunfolwkdY\
pdwfxm;r[kwfyg/ olwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\aiGaMu;tm;vkH;ESihf ykdifqkdifrI
tm;vkH;onf bk&m;ocifESihfoufqkdifaecJhNyD;jzpfaMumif;ukd todtrSwf
jyKcJhonf/ olwkdYay;vSLaomtcgwGifvnf; bk&m;ocifukd ulnDyHhykd;ay;
aeouJhokdY ray;vSLcJhMuyg/ bk&m;ocif\ t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd bk&m;
ocifu tokH;jyKvkdaomae&mqDokdY ay;ykdYjcif;oabmrsKd;jzihfom ay;vSL
cJhMuonf/ olwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJapmifh
a&Smuf&aom b@mxdef;rsm;rQomjzpfcJhMuonf/
rmaua'ged,kHMunfolrsm;u uREkfyfwkdYvkdufavQmufusifhokH;zkdY
tvGeftpGrf;xufaom ykHOyrmwpfckukday;xm;Muonf/ a&S;OD;pGmolwkdY
onf rdrdwkdYukd,fukdvnf;aumif;? rdrdwkdYykdifqkdifaom t&mcyfodrf;ukd
vnf;aumif; ocifbk&m;tm;ay;tyfcJhMuonf/ t&mcyfodrf;ukd olwkdY
pGefYvTwfay;tyfcJhMuonf/ olwkdYtwGuf rnfonfht&mukdrQ &oihf&xdkuf
onf[k rcH,lcJhMuyg/ t&mcyfodrf;onf bk&m;ocif\ykdifqkdifrIrsm;om
jzpfonf/ þt&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd ocifbk&m;uqDavsmfonf[k vrf;ñTef
ay;onfhtwkdif;olwkdY vrf;aMumif;azmfay;ykdYjcif;omjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY
onfvnf; þokdYjzpfMu&rnfr[kwfygvm;/ uREkfyfwkdYü&Sdaomt&if;tjrpf
rsm;\ tpdwftykdif;wpfcsKdUukd bk&m;ociftm;ay;vSLjcif;jzihf uREkfyfwkdY
auseyftm;&raeoihfyg/ uREkfyfwkdYü&SdorQtm;vkH;ukd bk&m;ociftm;
ay;vSLxm;&rnf/ rnfonfht&mukdrQ uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf >cif;csefrxm;
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif170 171
þuJhokdYaom o'¨gw&m;xufoefvSonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;r&SdvQif?
EkdifiHawmf\trIawmfrSm wkd;wufcJhrnfr[kwfyg/ pGefYvTwfay;urf;aom
olrsm;onf trIawmfvkyfief;\toufwrQta&;ygaomolrsm;jzpfMu
onf/ olwkdYonf vufawGUüvkdtyfaomt&mrsm;ukd yhHykd;ay;urf;jcif;
jzihf trIawmfvkyfief;rsm;ukd qufvufwnfwHhEkdif&ef pGrf;aqmifay;Mu
onf/
tcef;i,f 5 wGif &Sifaygvku rmaua'gedjynf&Sd ,kHMunfol
rsm;onf rdrdarQmfvihfxm;cJhouJhokdY ray;urf;cJhMuaMumif;ukd aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; ajymjycJhonf/ rmaua'ged,kHMunfolrsm;onf a&S;OD;
pGmrdrdwkdYkukd,fukd ocifbk&m;tm;ay;vSLcJhMuonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm olwkdY
onf rdrdwkdYukd,fukdvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYykdifqkdifaomt&mrsm;ukdvnf;
aumif; t&mcyfodrf;ukd ocifbk&m;tm;ay;vSLcJhMuonf/ rdrdwkdYykdifqkdif
aomrnfonfht&mukdrQ rdrdwdkYtykdifypönf;tjzpf rrSwf,lcJhMuyg/ t&m
cyfodrf;ukd ocifbk&m;tm;bkef;awmftwGuf ay;vSLcJhMuonf/ þuJhokdY
aomqufuyftyfESHrIrSm olwkdYonf wrefawmfrsm;\trIawmfvkyfief;
qDodkYvnf;aumif;? tjcm;ae&ma'orsm;&Sd EkdifiHawmf\vkdtyfcsufrsm;
qDokdYvnf;aumif; ay;vSLcJhMuonf/
rdrdwkdYukd,fukd a&S;OD;pGmocifbk&m;tm; ray;vSLbJ? rdrdwkdY&SdorQ
aomt&mtm;vkH;ukd ocifbk&m;tm;ay;vSL&efrSm vlwkdYtwGufjzpfEkdif
acs&Sdaomt&mjzpfonf/ þuJhokdYaomenf;vrf;jzihf ay;vSLaomolrsm;
u rdrdwkdYykdifqkdifaomt&mtm;vkH;onf rdrdwkdYESihfomoufqkdifonf[k
,kHMunfxm;Muonf/ olwkdYonf rdrdwdkY\aiGaMu;tcsKdUukdvnf;aumif;?
rdrdwkdY\t&if;tjrpftcsKdUukdvnf;aumif; ay;urf;pGefYBuJvkdufjcif;jzihf
rdrdwdkYonf o'¨gw&m;xufoefaomolrsm;? tMuifemw&m;&Sdaom
olrsm;? apwempdwf&Sdaomolrsm;tjzpf rSwf,lcHpm;Muonf/ bk&m;ocif
\trIawmfvkyfief;ü ay;vSLjcif;jzihf bk&m;ocifukdrsufESmomay; ulnD
aeMuonf[k xifrSwfMuonf/ þonfrSm rmaua'ged,kHMunfolwkdY\
pdwfxm;r[kwfyg/ olwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\aiGaMu;tm;vkH;ESihf ykdifqkdifrI
tm;vkH;onf bk&m;ocifESihfoufqkdifaecJhNyD;jzpfaMumif;ukd todtrSwf
jyKcJhonf/ olwkdYay;vSLaomtcgwGifvnf; bk&m;ocifukd ulnDyHhykd;ay;
aeouJhokdY ray;vSLcJhMuyg/ bk&m;ocif\ t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd bk&m;
ocifu tokH;jyKvkdaomae&mqDokdY ay;ykdYjcif;oabmrsKd;jzihfom ay;vSL
cJhMuonf/ olwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJapmifh
a&Smuf&aom b@mxdef;rsm;rQomjzpfcJhMuonf/
rmaua'ged,kHMunfolrsm;u uREkfyfwkdYvkdufavQmufusifhokH;zkdY
tvGeftpGrf;xufaom ykHOyrmwpfckukday;xm;Muonf/ a&S;OD;pGmolwkdY
onf rdrdwkdYukd,fukdvnf;aumif;? rdrdwkdYykdifqkdifaom t&mcyfodrf;ukd
vnf;aumif; ocifbk&m;tm;ay;tyfcJhMuonf/ t&mcyfodrf;ukd olwkdY
pGefYvTwfay;tyfcJhMuonf/ olwkdYtwGuf rnfonfht&mukdrQ &oihf&xdkuf
onf[k rcH,lcJhMuyg/ t&mcyfodrf;onf bk&m;ocif\ykdifqkdifrIrsm;om
jzpfonf/ þt&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd ocifbk&m;uqDavsmfonf[k vrf;ñTef
ay;onfhtwkdif;olwkdY vrf;aMumif;azmfay;ykdYjcif;omjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY
onfvnf; þokdYjzpfMu&rnfr[kwfygvm;/ uREkfyfwkdYü&Sdaomt&if;tjrpf
rsm;\ tpdwftykdif;wpfcsKdUukd bk&m;ociftm;ay;vSLjcif;jzihf uREkfyfwkdY
auseyftm;&raeoihfyg/ uREkfyfwkdYü&SdorQtm;vkH;ukd bk&m;ociftm;
ay;vSLxm;&rnf/ rnfonfht&mukdrQ uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf >cif;csefrxm;
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif172 173
oihfyg/ þtjyKtrlonf &Sifaygvk\tqkdt& bk&m;ocifurdrd\
om;orD;rsm;twGufxm;&Sdaom tvkdawmfyifjzpfonf/ a&S;OD;pGm uREkfyf
wkdYonf ukd,fhukd,fukdvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdYykdifqkdifaomt&mtm;vkH;ukd
vnf;aumif; bk&m;ociftm;ay;tyfMu&rnf/ xkdokdYay;tyfNyD;aemuf
bk&m;ocif\ t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdYtokH;jyK&rnfh
taMumif; bk&m;ocifukdvrf;ñTefapMu&rnf/ t&mcyfodrf;ukd bk&m;
ocifxHüay;tyfí bk&m;ocifauseyftm;&awmfrlonfhtwkdif;
tokH;jyKzkdY tqifoihfjyifqifxm;Mu&rnf (a&mr 12;1-2 ukdMunfhyg)/
tcef;i,f 6 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfokdY wdwkvm
a&mufvnfywfcJhpOfwGif toif;awmftm;ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;jzihf þ
0dnmOfpGrf;&nfqkukd cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;zkdY wdwkukdrdrdtBuHjyKwkdufwGef;
cJhaMumif; aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ajymjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfukd rmaua'gedjynfwpf0kduf&Sd toif;awmfrsm;\
ykHOyrmukd vkdufavQmufusifhokH;aom o'¨gw&m;xufoefonfh toif;
awmfwpfyg;jzpfapvdkcJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfrS ,kHMunfolrsm;onf
tjcm;u@rsm;wGif tvGefajymifajrmufcJhMuonfukd &Sifaygvktod
trSwfjyKcJhonf/ olwkdYonf,kHMunfjcif;üvnf;aumif;? tajymtqkdü
vnf;aumif;? ÓPfynmA[kokwüvnf;aumif;? pdwftm;xufoefrIü
vnf;aumif;? cspfjcif;arwåmüvnf;aumif;? ykHOyrmaumif;rsm;jzpfcjJh
Muonf/ ay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmfüvnf; taumif;qkH;vkyfaqmifjcif;
jzihfolwkdY\,kHMunfjcif;ü vdktyfvQuf&Sdaomt&mukd jynfhpkHapMuzdkY
&Sifaygvku wkdufwGef;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;onf
toufwm\ &Sifoefjcif;ür&Sdrjzpf tvGefta&;ygaomt&mjzpf
aMumif; aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ajymjyaecJhonf/ ay;urf;jcif;
aus;Zl;awmfü ajymifajrmufrIr&Sdaom toif;awmfonf&ifhusufzkdY vkdtyf
aomtoif;awmfjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtm;vHk;o'¨gw&m;xufoefaom
olrsm;jzpfvmzdkYrSm bk&m;ocif\ESvkH;om;qE´jzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 8 wGif &Sifaygvku rdrdonfaum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;tm;ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;ukdjyKvkyfMuzkdY trdefYray;cJhaMumif;&Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif;ajymjyxm;onf/ olonfaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm; ay;urf;
vSL'gef;zdkYtrdefYay;cJhEkdifaomfvnf; xkdokdYtrdefYay;cJhygu xkday;urf;
vSL'gef;jcif;onf 4if;wkdY\pdwfESvkH;rS vmaomt&mjzpfcJhrnfr[kwfyg/
rmaua'gedjynfwpf0kdufrStoif;awmfrsm;onf ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;ukd
jyKvkyfMuzdkYwkdufwGef;cGeftm;ay;&efrvkdcJhyg/ olwkdYonf bk&m;ocifukd
cspfaomcspfjcif;arwåmESihf olwkdY\txJü&Sdaeaom 0dnmOfawmf\
aphaqmfjcif;tm;jzihf rdrdwdkY\apwem pdwfrSay;vSLcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm; tm;ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;twGuf
twif;rwkdufwGef;vkdcJhyg/ olwkdY\pdwfESvkH;xJrS tvkdtavsmufxGuf
ay:vmaomo'¨gw&m;tm;jzihfom ay;urf;apvkdcJhonf/
trIawmfvkyfief;ESihfpyfvsOf;aom &Sifaygvk\tawG;tac:ukd
owdjyKyg/ vlwkdYtm;rnfonfht&mukd jyKvkyfMuzdkYajymqkdvrf;ñTef&efolY
taejzihf jzpfEkdifaomfvnf; xkdt&monftqkH;wGif tusKd;jzpfxGef;rnf
r[kwfaMumif;ukd olodaecJhonf/ Oya'ynwfcsufukd a&SUwef;wifjcif;
0g'u vlwkdYrS pnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;ukd rvkdufavQmufaomtcgü vlwkdYukd
rnfokdYjyKrl&rnftaMumif;ukdajymjyí pnf;urf;jzifhMuyfrwfay;onf/
okdYaomf Oya'ynwfcsufukd a&SUwef;wifjcif;0g'onf pdwfESvkH;ukd
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif172 173
oihfyg/ þtjyKtrlonf &Sifaygvk\tqkdt& bk&m;ocifurdrd\
om;orD;rsm;twGufxm;&Sdaom tvkdawmfyifjzpfonf/ a&S;OD;pGm uREkfyf
wkdYonf ukd,fhukd,fukdvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdYykdifqkdifaomt&mtm;vkH;ukd
vnf;aumif; bk&m;ociftm;ay;tyfMu&rnf/ xkdokdYay;tyfNyD;aemuf
bk&m;ocif\ t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdYtokH;jyK&rnfh
taMumif; bk&m;ocifukdvrf;ñTefapMu&rnf/ t&mcyfodrf;ukd bk&m;
ocifxHüay;tyfí bk&m;ocifauseyftm;&awmfrlonfhtwkdif;
tokH;jyKzkdY tqifoihfjyifqifxm;Mu&rnf (a&mr 12;1-2 ukdMunfhyg)/
tcef;i,f 6 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfokdY wdwkvm
a&mufvnfywfcJhpOfwGif toif;awmftm;ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;jzihf þ
0dnmOfpGrf;&nfqkukd cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;zkdY wdwkukdrdrdtBuHjyKwkdufwGef;
cJhaMumif; aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ajymjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfukd rmaua'gedjynfwpf0kduf&Sd toif;awmfrsm;\
ykHOyrmukd vkdufavQmufusifhokH;aom o'¨gw&m;xufoefonfh toif;
awmfwpfyg;jzpfapvdkcJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfrS ,kHMunfolrsm;onf
tjcm;u@rsm;wGif tvGefajymifajrmufcJhMuonfukd &Sifaygvktod
trSwfjyKcJhonf/ olwkdYonf,kHMunfjcif;üvnf;aumif;? tajymtqkdü
vnf;aumif;? ÓPfynmA[kokwüvnf;aumif;? pdwftm;xufoefrIü
vnf;aumif;? cspfjcif;arwåmüvnf;aumif;? ykHOyrmaumif;rsm;jzpfcjJh
Muonf/ ay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmfüvnf; taumif;qkH;vkyfaqmifjcif;
jzihfolwkdY\,kHMunfjcif;ü vdktyfvQuf&Sdaomt&mukd jynfhpkHapMuzdkY
&Sifaygvku wkdufwGef;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;onf
toufwm\ &Sifoefjcif;ür&Sdrjzpf tvGefta&;ygaomt&mjzpf
aMumif; aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ajymjyaecJhonf/ ay;urf;jcif;
aus;Zl;awmfü ajymifajrmufrIr&Sdaom toif;awmfonf&ifhusufzkdY vkdtyf
aomtoif;awmfjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtm;vHk;o'¨gw&m;xufoefaom
olrsm;jzpfvmzdkYrSm bk&m;ocif\ESvkH;om;qE´jzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 8 wGif &Sifaygvku rdrdonfaum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;tm;ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;ukdjyKvkyfMuzkdY trdefYray;cJhaMumif;&Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif;ajymjyxm;onf/ olonfaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm; ay;urf;
vSL'gef;zdkYtrdefYay;cJhEkdifaomfvnf; xkdokdYtrdefYay;cJhygu xkday;urf;
vSL'gef;jcif;onf 4if;wkdY\pdwfESvkH;rS vmaomt&mjzpfcJhrnfr[kwfyg/
rmaua'gedjynfwpf0kdufrStoif;awmfrsm;onf ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;ukd
jyKvkyfMuzdkYwkdufwGef;cGeftm;ay;&efrvkdcJhyg/ olwkdYonf bk&m;ocifukd
cspfaomcspfjcif;arwåmESihf olwkdY\txJü&Sdaeaom 0dnmOfawmf\
aphaqmfjcif;tm;jzihf rdrdwdkY\apwem pdwfrSay;vSLcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm; tm;ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;twGuf
twif;rwkdufwGef;vkdcJhyg/ olwkdY\pdwfESvkH;xJrS tvkdtavsmufxGuf
ay:vmaomo'¨gw&m;tm;jzihfom ay;urf;apvkdcJhonf/
trIawmfvkyfief;ESihfpyfvsOf;aom &Sifaygvk\tawG;tac:ukd
owdjyKyg/ vlwkdYtm;rnfonfht&mukd jyKvkyfMuzdkYajymqkdvrf;ñTef&efolY
taejzihf jzpfEkdifaomfvnf; xkdt&monftqkH;wGif tusKd;jzpfxGef;rnf
r[kwfaMumif;ukd olodaecJhonf/ Oya'ynwfcsufukd a&SUwef;wifjcif;
0g'u vlwkdYrS pnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;ukd rvkdufavQmufaomtcgü vlwkdYukd
rnfokdYjyKrl&rnftaMumif;ukdajymjyí pnf;urf;jzifhMuyfrwfay;onf/
okdYaomf Oya'ynwfcsufukd a&SUwef;wifjcif;0g'onf pdwfESvkH;ukd
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif174 175
rajymif;vJay;Ekdifyg/ oifonf t&mcyfodrf;ukd tjyifyef;tm;jzihf rSefrSef
uefuefjyKkvkyfaeEkdifaomfvnf; pdwfESvkH;wGifrl bk&m;ocifESihf tvGef
a0;uGmaeEkdifygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf tjyifyef;ukdrMunfh? pdwfESvkH;ukd
omMunfhonf/ ay;urf;jcif;ESihfpyfvsOf;í &Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;ukd rSefrSefuefuefvrf;ñTefay;EkdifcJhygaomfvnf; aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;u xkdt&mukd pdwfESvkH;rSvmaomt&mtjzpf jyKvkyfzef
wD;MuzdkYvkdtyfonf/ &Sifaygvk (okdY) 4if;wdkY\toif;awmfacgif;aqmif
rsm;u ay;urf;vSL'gef;zkdY ajymqkdwkdufwGef;aomaMumifhaomfvnf;aumif;?
rvkyfvkyfatmif wGifwGifaphaqmfrIaMumifhaomfvnf;aumif;? ynwfcsuf
wpfcsKdUukd emcHjcif;oufouftwGufaMumifhvnfaumif; ay;urf;
vSL'gef;Muonfhtjzpfukd &SifaygvkrvkdcsifcJhyg/ olwkdYukd,füu ay;urf;vkd
aomaMumifhjzpfap? ocifbk&m;uolwkdYukd ay;urf;vSL'gef;MuzkdY pdwfESvkH;
ütvkyfvkyfaomaMumifhjzpfap olwkdYay;urf;Mu&rnfjzpfonf/
olwkdYonf pdwfESvkH;rS ray;urf;bJ? tjypfjzpfrnfpkd;&drfívnf;aumif;?
wm0ef0wå&m;wpfcktjzpfESihfvnf;aumif; ay;urf;vSL'gef;cJhMuaom
aMumihf qkvm'frnfrQu4if;wkdY\ xm0&wkdifwnfwHhrnfhxl;jcm;rIrsm;ukd
qkH;½IH;cJhMuygoenf;/
tcef;i,f 9 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
ocifa,½Iukdvnf;aumif;? olwkdYtwGuf ocifa,½IvkyfaqmifoGm;cJh
aomt&mukdvnf;aumif; ñTGefjycJhonf/ olwdkYtay:üay;cJhaom ocif
a,½I\aus;Zl;awmfukd jyefvnftoday;cJhonf/ ocifa,½Ionf
csrf;om<u,f0aomfvnf; olwkdYtwGufqif;&JcJhonf/ crnf;awmfukd
olwkdYoduRrf;vmrnfhtaMumif; ocifa,½Ionfrdrd\toufukd um;
wkdifxufü paw;cJhonf/ olwkdYonf tjypfvTwfjcif;w&m;ukd oduRrf;
vmrnfhtaMumif; ocifa,½Iu rdrd\yuwdjynfhpkHaomtoufwmukd
ay;qyfoGm;cJhonf/ olwkdYonf ocifa,½I\csrf;om<u,f0jcif;ukd
awGUBuHKcHpm;EkdifrnfhtaMumif; ocifa,½Iuay;urf;oGm;cJhonf/
&Sifaygvkonf ocifa,½Iukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;a&SUü vkdufavQmuf
&rnfhykHOyrmwpfcktjzpfESihfvnf;aumif;? ocifa,½Iu olwkdYukday;urf;
cJhonfhtwkdif; olwkdYbufrSvnf; jyefvnfay;urf;zkdY aphaqmfwkdufwGef;
rIwpfcktjzpfESihfvnf;aumif; jyocJhonf/ ocifc&pfawmf\ cspfjcif;
arwåmü pGefYvTwfay;urf;jcif; ykHyrmonfuREkfyfwkdYtwGufvnf; aphaqmf
wkdufwGef;rIwpfck jzpfygapaomf.../
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;\ ta&;ygykHtaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdY
oif,l&ygoenf;/ þtrIonf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmftwGuf
tb,faMumifh tvGefta&;ygoenf;/
tjcm;olrsm;tm; uREkfyfwkdYray;urf;rDwGif ocifa,½IxHü
uREkfyfwkdYukd,fhukd,fukd ay;tyfjcif;onf rnfonfhxl;jcm;rIukd
jyKvkyfygoenf;/
oifrnfokdY ay;urf;vSL'gef;onfukd pOf;pm;okH;oyfzkdY tcsdef
tenf;i,f,lyg/ oifonfwm0ef0wå&m;t& (okdY) tjypfjzpf
rnfpkd;í ay;urf;vSL'gef;ygvm;/ ocifbk&m;ukd trSefwu,f
cspfaompdwfESvkH;om;rS ay;urf;ygovm;/
ocifbk&m;ukday;tyfzkdY oifwkefYqkdif;aeaomt&mrsm;&Sdyg
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif174 175
rajymif;vJay;Ekdifyg/ oifonf t&mcyfodrf;ukd tjyifyef;tm;jzihf rSefrSef
uefuefjyKkvkyfaeEkdifaomfvnf; pdwfESvkH;wGifrl bk&m;ocifESihf tvGef
a0;uGmaeEkdifygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf tjyifyef;ukdrMunfh? pdwfESvkH;ukd
omMunfhonf/ ay;urf;jcif;ESihfpyfvsOf;í &Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;ukd rSefrSefuefuefvrf;ñTefay;EkdifcJhygaomfvnf; aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;u xkdt&mukd pdwfESvkH;rSvmaomt&mtjzpf jyKvkyfzef
wD;MuzdkYvkdtyfonf/ &Sifaygvk (okdY) 4if;wdkY\toif;awmfacgif;aqmif
rsm;u ay;urf;vSL'gef;zkdY ajymqkdwkdufwGef;aomaMumifhaomfvnf;aumif;?
rvkyfvkyfatmif wGifwGifaphaqmfrIaMumifhaomfvnf;aumif;? ynwfcsuf
wpfcsKdUukd emcHjcif;oufouftwGufaMumifhvnfaumif; ay;urf;
vSL'gef;Muonfhtjzpfukd &SifaygvkrvkdcsifcJhyg/ olwkdYukd,füu ay;urf;vkd
aomaMumifhjzpfap? ocifbk&m;uolwkdYukd ay;urf;vSL'gef;MuzkdY pdwfESvkH;
ütvkyfvkyfaomaMumifhjzpfap olwkdYay;urf;Mu&rnfjzpfonf/
olwkdYonf pdwfESvkH;rS ray;urf;bJ? tjypfjzpfrnfpkd;&drfívnf;aumif;?
wm0ef0wå&m;wpfcktjzpfESihfvnf;aumif; ay;urf;vSL'gef;cJhMuaom
aMumihf qkvm'frnfrQu4if;wkdY\ xm0&wkdifwnfwHhrnfhxl;jcm;rIrsm;ukd
qkH;½IH;cJhMuygoenf;/
tcef;i,f 9 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
ocifa,½Iukdvnf;aumif;? olwkdYtwGuf ocifa,½IvkyfaqmifoGm;cJh
aomt&mukdvnf;aumif; ñTGefjycJhonf/ olwdkYtay:üay;cJhaom ocif
a,½I\aus;Zl;awmfukd jyefvnftoday;cJhonf/ ocifa,½Ionf
csrf;om<u,f0aomfvnf; olwkdYtwGufqif;&JcJhonf/ crnf;awmfukd
olwkdYoduRrf;vmrnfhtaMumif; ocifa,½Ionfrdrd\toufukd um;
wkdifxufü paw;cJhonf/ olwkdYonf tjypfvTwfjcif;w&m;ukd oduRrf;
vmrnfhtaMumif; ocifa,½Iu rdrd\yuwdjynfhpkHaomtoufwmukd
ay;qyfoGm;cJhonf/ olwkdYonf ocifa,½I\csrf;om<u,f0jcif;ukd
awGUBuHKcHpm;EkdifrnfhtaMumif; ocifa,½Iuay;urf;oGm;cJhonf/
&Sifaygvkonf ocifa,½Iukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;a&SUü vkdufavQmuf
&rnfhykHOyrmwpfcktjzpfESihfvnf;aumif;? ocifa,½Iu olwkdYukday;urf;
cJhonfhtwkdif; olwkdYbufrSvnf; jyefvnfay;urf;zkdY aphaqmfwkdufwGef;
rIwpfcktjzpfESihfvnf;aumif; jyocJhonf/ ocifc&pfawmf\ cspfjcif;
arwåmü pGefYvTwfay;urf;jcif; ykHyrmonfuREkfyfwkdYtwGufvnf; aphaqmf
wkdufwGef;rIwpfck jzpfygapaomf.../
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;\ ta&;ygykHtaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdY
oif,l&ygoenf;/ þtrIonf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmftwGuf
tb,faMumifh tvGefta&;ygoenf;/
tjcm;olrsm;tm; uREkfyfwkdYray;urf;rDwGif ocifa,½IxHü
uREkfyfwkdYukd,fhukd,fukd ay;tyfjcif;onf rnfonfhxl;jcm;rIukd
jyKvkyfygoenf;/
oifrnfokdY ay;urf;vSL'gef;onfukd pOf;pm;okH;oyfzkdY tcsdef
tenf;i,f,lyg/ oifonfwm0ef0wå&m;t& (okdY) tjypfjzpf
rnfpkd;í ay;urf;vSL'gef;ygvm;/ ocifbk&m;ukd trSefwu,f
cspfaompdwfESvkH;om;rS ay;urf;ygovm;/
ocifbk&m;ukday;tyfzkdY oifwkefYqkdif;aeaomt&mrsm;&Sdyg
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
176
ovm;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
oihfü&SdorQt&mtm;vkH;ukd ocifbk&m;xHüay;tyfzdkYtcsdef
tenf;i,f,lyg/ oifykdifqkdifaomt&mtm;vkH;onf ukd,fawmf
xHrSa&mufvmMuaomaMumihf aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
ocifbk&m;u oihfukday;xm;aomt&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; ocif
bk&m;uoihfukd rnfokdYtokH;jyKapvkdaMumif;ukd jyoay;zdkY
awmif;avQmufyg/
bk&m;ocifhEkdifiHawmf\ rnfonfhtrIawmfü oifhukdyg0ifay;vSL
aponfukd jyoay;zkdY awmif;avQmufyg/
ocifa,½Iurdrdukd,fukd oifhtwGuf ay;qyfoGm;cJhjcif;twGuf
aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
1515
1515
15
tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
2aum 8;10-24 ukdzwf½Iyg/
þtcef;BuD;\ yxrykdif;wGif &Sifaygvkuay;urf;jcif; tHhzG,f
aus;Zl;awmftaMumif;ukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ajymjycJhonf/
þtrIonf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfü tb,frQta&;ygonfukd olwkdY
tm;today;cJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfonf ay;urf;jcif;pGrf;&nf
qkaus;Zl;ü xl;uJajymifajrmufvmonfukd jrifawGU&zkdY &Sifaygvk\
pdwfESvkH;wGif 0efxkyfwpfckukd cHpm;aecJhonf/ tcef;BuD; 8 \ þ'kwd,
tykdif;wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ay;urf;vSL'gef;
jcif;ukdrnfokdY jyKvkyfMu&rnfhtaMumif; tBuHjyKcsuftcsKdUukday;cJhonf/
apwempdwfESihftwl tqkH;wkdifay;urf;yg/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ay;urf;jcif;trIü
apwempdwf&Sdjcif;\ ta&;ygykHukd jyefvnftoday;jcif;jzihf tpjyKcJh
onf/ tcef;i,f 10 wGif &SifaygvkuolwkdYtm; vGefcJhaomESpfwGif
olwkdYonf rdrd\omoemvkyfief;ü yxrqkH;yg0ifay;urf;olrsm;jzpfMu
aMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;wGif ay;urf;vkdaom
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
176
ovm;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
oihfü&SdorQt&mtm;vkH;ukd ocifbk&m;xHüay;tyfzdkYtcsdef
tenf;i,f,lyg/ oifykdifqkdifaomt&mtm;vkH;onf ukd,fawmf
xHrSa&mufvmMuaomaMumihf aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
ocifbk&m;u oihfukday;xm;aomt&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; ocif
bk&m;uoihfukd rnfokdYtokH;jyKapvkdaMumif;ukd jyoay;zdkY
awmif;avQmufyg/
bk&m;ocifhEkdifiHawmf\ rnfonfhtrIawmfü oifhukdyg0ifay;vSL
aponfukd jyoay;zkdY awmif;avQmufyg/
ocifa,½Iurdrdukd,fukd oifhtwGuf ay;qyfoGm;cJhjcif;twGuf
aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
1515
1515
15
tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
2aum 8;10-24 ukdzwf½Iyg/
þtcef;BuD;\ yxrykdif;wGif &Sifaygvkuay;urf;jcif; tHhzG,f
aus;Zl;awmftaMumif;ukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ajymjycJhonf/
þtrIonf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfü tb,frQta&;ygonfukd olwkdY
tm;today;cJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfonf ay;urf;jcif;pGrf;&nf
qkaus;Zl;ü xl;uJajymifajrmufvmonfukd jrifawGU&zkdY &Sifaygvk\
pdwfESvkH;wGif 0efxkyfwpfckukd cHpm;aecJhonf/ tcef;BuD; 8 \ þ'kwd,
tykdif;wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ay;urf;vSL'gef;
jcif;ukdrnfokdY jyKvkyfMu&rnfhtaMumif; tBuHjyKcsuftcsKdUukday;cJhonf/
apwempdwfESihftwl tqkH;wkdifay;urf;yg/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ay;urf;jcif;trIü
apwempdwf&Sdjcif;\ ta&;ygykHukd jyefvnftoday;jcif;jzihf tpjyKcJh
onf/ tcef;i,f 10 wGif &SifaygvkuolwkdYtm; vGefcJhaomESpfwGif
olwkdYonf rdrd\omoemvkyfief;ü yxrqkH;yg0ifay;urf;olrsm;jzpfMu
aMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;wGif ay;urf;vkdaom
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif178 179
pdwfqE´ESihfapwempdwfom&Sd½kHr[kwf? xkdpdwfqE´ukdtqkH;wkdifNyD;pD;apcJh
MuaMumif;ukd owdjyKyg/ ay;urf;jcif;trIwGif tcsufESpfcsuf&SdaMumif;
uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfü &nfrSwfxm;&rnfukd þae&müuREkfyfwdkYoif,l&onf/
yxrtcsufrSm apwempdwfjzpfí? 'kwd,tcsufrSm tqkH;wkdifNyD;pD;ap
jcif;jzpfonf/
oifonfvkdtyfcsufwpfckukd awGUjrifíxkdvkdtyfcsufukd jznfh
qnf;&efwpfpkHwpfckukd jyKvkyfoihfonf[k oifhukdoiftBudrfrnfrQajym
cJhzl;ygoenf;/ oifhwGifay;urf;vSL'gef;vkdufzdkY pdwful;&Sdaumif;&SdcJhygrnf/
okdYaomf xkdt&mukd csufcsif;rjyKvkyfbJ? aiGukdtjcm;ta&;udpörsm;
twGuftokH;jyKaumif; jyKcJhayrnf/ þae&mü uREkfyffwkdYem;vnfoabm
aygufzdkY vkdtyfaomtcsufrSm ocifbk&m;\vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;onf
wpfcgwpf&HwGif tvGefEl;nHhodrfarGUaom vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;rsKd;jzpf
wwfonf[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ &SifaygvkuJhokdYyif ocifbk&m;onf
ay;urf;pGefYBuJzkdY uREkfyfwkdYukdtwif;t"r®rwkdufwGef;yg/ twif;t"r®
jzihf ay;apaom vufaqmifonf vufaqmifrrnfyg/ bk&m;ocif
onf oihf&JUpdwfESvkH;ü 0efxkyf0efykd;wpfckukd xm;aumif;xm;ygrnf
(okdY) nDtpfukdarmifESr wpfa,mufa,muf\ vkdtyfcsufukd rnfokdY
jznfhqnf;oufomap&rnfhtaMumif; az:jyaumif; azmfjyygvdrfhrnf/
wpfpkHwpfckukd jyKvkyfay;zkdY oihfwGifcyfodrf;aom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;&Sdaomf
vnf; xkd&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ukd vufawGUvkyfaqmifzkdY tem;yif ruyfEkdif
atmifjzpfaumif;jzpfaeygvdrfhrnf/ þonfrSm ay;urf;jcif;trIESihf
pyfvsOf;í BuD;rm;aomjyóemwpfckjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf
ay;urf;jcif;trItwGuf vlwkdYukdtqufrjywf wkdYxdaeaomfvnf; bk&m;
ocif\vrf;ñTefay;rIukd cHpm;&vifhupm; xkdqifhac:jcif;ukd vlwkdif;u
rwkefYjyefcJhMuyg/ ay;urf;jcif; qkaus;Zl;ESihfywfoufvmvQif bk&m;
ocifonf vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESihf&Sdaeaomolrsm;tay:ü pmempdwf&Sdaom
olrsm;ukd &SmBuHaeonfr[kwf? xkdvkdtyfcsuftwGuf wpfpkHwpfckukdjyK
vkyfrnfholrsm;ukd &SmBuHaeygonf/ vufawGUvkyfaqmifrIr&Sdaom pdwf
qE´ESihfapwempdwfonf tcsnf;ESD;omjzpfonf/ oihfwGifapwempdwf
&SdaeEkdifaomfvnf; ay;&rnfhaiGonf tdyfuyfxJü &SdaeorQumvywf
vkH; oiftrIawmfraqmifao;yg/
ay;urf;jcif;trIü awGUBuHK&onfh tjcm;jyóemwpfckrSm
aphaqmfwkdufwGef;ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;ukd jyKvkyfzkdY
taMumif;t&if;rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif vlwkdYonfwm0ef0wå&m;
t& (okdY) tjypfjzpfrnfpkd;í ay;urf;Muonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif olrsm;
tjrifcH&zkdY ay;urf;Muonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif tjcm;olrsm;uvnf; ay;
urf;MuaomaMumifh uREkfyfwkdYay;urf;Muonf/ þuJhokdYaom tajctae
taMumif;t&if;rsm;wGif oifhukdoifjrifawGUaumif;jrifawGU&ygvdrfhrnf/
oifonf ay;urf;aomfvnf;oifhpdwfESvkH;onf xkdt&mür&Sdyg/
tcef;i,f 12 wGif &Sifaygvku apwempdwfom&SdvQif vufaqmifonf
vufcHzG,fjzpfonf[k uREkfyfwkdYukd today;cJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf
qkd&vQif oihf&JUvufaqmifukd vufcHzG,faomt&m jzpfapvkdvQif oihf&J
tvSLvufaqmifukd ay;urf;aomtcg bk&m;ocif\a&SUawmfü oifhwifh
rSefuefaom pdwfESvkH;&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ oifonf oihf&JUtvSLvufaqmif
ukdcspfjcif;arwåmjzihfvnf;aumif;? apwempdwfjzihfvnf;aumif; ray;
urf;vQif oifonfbk&m;ocifukd *kPfBuD;ap&mra&mufyg/
tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif178 179
pdwfqE´ESihfapwempdwfom&Sd½kHr[kwf? xkdpdwfqE´ukdtqkH;wkdifNyD;pD;apcJh
MuaMumif;ukd owdjyKyg/ ay;urf;jcif;trIwGif tcsufESpfcsuf&SdaMumif;
uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfü &nfrSwfxm;&rnfukd þae&müuREkfyfwdkYoif,l&onf/
yxrtcsufrSm apwempdwfjzpfí? 'kwd,tcsufrSm tqkH;wkdifNyD;pD;ap
jcif;jzpfonf/
oifonfvkdtyfcsufwpfckukd awGUjrifíxkdvkdtyfcsufukd jznfh
qnf;&efwpfpkHwpfckukd jyKvkyfoihfonf[k oifhukdoiftBudrfrnfrQajym
cJhzl;ygoenf;/ oifhwGifay;urf;vSL'gef;vkdufzdkY pdwful;&Sdaumif;&SdcJhygrnf/
okdYaomf xkdt&mukd csufcsif;rjyKvkyfbJ? aiGukdtjcm;ta&;udpörsm;
twGuftokH;jyKaumif; jyKcJhayrnf/ þae&mü uREkfyffwkdYem;vnfoabm
aygufzdkY vkdtyfaomtcsufrSm ocifbk&m;\vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;onf
wpfcgwpf&HwGif tvGefEl;nHhodrfarGUaom vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;rsKd;jzpf
wwfonf[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ &SifaygvkuJhokdYyif ocifbk&m;onf
ay;urf;pGefYBuJzkdY uREkfyfwkdYukdtwif;t"r®rwkdufwGef;yg/ twif;t"r®
jzihf ay;apaom vufaqmifonf vufaqmifrrnfyg/ bk&m;ocif
onf oihf&JUpdwfESvkH;ü 0efxkyf0efykd;wpfckukd xm;aumif;xm;ygrnf
(okdY) nDtpfukdarmifESr wpfa,mufa,muf\ vkdtyfcsufukd rnfokdY
jznfhqnf;oufomap&rnfhtaMumif; az:jyaumif; azmfjyygvdrfhrnf/
wpfpkHwpfckukd jyKvkyfay;zkdY oihfwGifcyfodrf;aom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;&Sdaomf
vnf; xkd&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ukd vufawGUvkyfaqmifzkdY tem;yif ruyfEkdif
atmifjzpfaumif;jzpfaeygvdrfhrnf/ þonfrSm ay;urf;jcif;trIESihf
pyfvsOf;í BuD;rm;aomjyóemwpfckjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf
ay;urf;jcif;trItwGuf vlwkdYukdtqufrjywf wkdYxdaeaomfvnf; bk&m;
ocif\vrf;ñTefay;rIukd cHpm;&vifhupm; xkdqifhac:jcif;ukd vlwkdif;u
rwkefYjyefcJhMuyg/ ay;urf;jcif; qkaus;Zl;ESihfywfoufvmvQif bk&m;
ocifonf vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESihf&Sdaeaomolrsm;tay:ü pmempdwf&Sdaom
olrsm;ukd &SmBuHaeonfr[kwf? xkdvkdtyfcsuftwGuf wpfpkHwpfckukdjyK
vkyfrnfholrsm;ukd &SmBuHaeygonf/ vufawGUvkyfaqmifrIr&Sdaom pdwf
qE´ESihfapwempdwfonf tcsnf;ESD;omjzpfonf/ oihfwGifapwempdwf
&SdaeEkdifaomfvnf; ay;&rnfhaiGonf tdyfuyfxJü &SdaeorQumvywf
vkH; oiftrIawmfraqmifao;yg/
ay;urf;jcif;trIü awGUBuHK&onfh tjcm;jyóemwpfckrSm
aphaqmfwkdufwGef;ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;ukd jyKvkyfzkdY
taMumif;t&if;rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif vlwkdYonfwm0ef0wå&m;
t& (okdY) tjypfjzpfrnfpkd;í ay;urf;Muonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif olrsm;
tjrifcH&zkdY ay;urf;Muonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif tjcm;olrsm;uvnf; ay;
urf;MuaomaMumifh uREkfyfwkdYay;urf;Muonf/ þuJhokdYaom tajctae
taMumif;t&if;rsm;wGif oifhukdoifjrifawGUaumif;jrifawGU&ygvdrfhrnf/
oifonf ay;urf;aomfvnf;oifhpdwfESvkH;onf xkdt&mür&Sdyg/
tcef;i,f 12 wGif &Sifaygvku apwempdwfom&SdvQif vufaqmifonf
vufcHzG,fjzpfonf[k uREkfyfwkdYukd today;cJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf
qkd&vQif oihf&JUvufaqmifukd vufcHzG,faomt&m jzpfapvkdvQif oihf&J
tvSLvufaqmifukd ay;urf;aomtcg bk&m;ocif\a&SUawmfü oifhwifh
rSefuefaom pdwfESvkH;&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ oifonf oihf&JUtvSLvufaqmif
ukdcspfjcif;arwåmjzihfvnf;aumif;? apwempdwfjzihfvnf;aumif; ray;
urf;vQif oifonfbk&m;ocifukd *kPfBuD;ap&mra&mufyg/
tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif180 181
oifwwfEkdifonftwkdif;ay;urf;yg
ay;urf;jcif;trIESihf pyfvsOf;í&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;tm;ay;cJhaom 'kwd,tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'orSm bk&m;ocif
uuREkfyfwkdYwwfEkdifonfhtwkdif;om ay;&efarQmfvihfxm;onf[laom
tcsufjzpfonf (i,f 12)/ þonfrSm ajymzkdYyifvkdrnfr[kwfyg/ okdYaomf
ay;urf;csifpdwf&Sdaomolrsm;yifvQif þtajccHpnf;rsOf;Oa'owGiftNrJ
vkdvkdtcufawGUMu&onf/
vGefcJhaomESpftcsKdUu uREkfyfa[wDEkdifiHokdY tvnfa&muf&SdcJh
onf/ uREkfyfa&mufav&m&mwkdif;wGif uREkfyfawGUjrifcJh&aomvkdtyfcsuf
rsm;aMumifh uREkfyfrnfokdYwkefYjyef&rSef;rodatmif cHpm;cJh&onf/ tajc
taet& vlwpfa,mufutrsm;BuD;ay;zkdY jzpfvmonf/ vlwkdif;\
vkdtyfcsufukd jznfhqnf;ay;zkdY uREkfyfwkdYüt&if;tjrpftvkHtavmuf
r&SdaomaMumifh tjypf&SdovkdvkdcHpm;Ekdif&efrSm tvGefvG,fulonf/
þpdwfrokd;roefYjzpfjcif;onf rnfokdYwkefYjyef&rSef;rodjcif;ukd tvsif
tjrefjzpfapygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYü r&Sdonfht&mukday;urf;zkdY bk&m;ocifu
rjy|mef;xm;aMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYoabmaygufzkdYvkdonf/ vuf&Sdvkdtyf
csufBuD;ESihf EIdif;,SOfvQif ay;urf;vkdufaomt&mrSm xif&Sm;odomrnf
r[kwfaMumif;ukd bk&m;ocifodaeonf/ vkdtyfcsufyifv,fBuD;ü a&
wpfaygufukdcsvkdufouJhokdY ay;urf;vkdufaomt&monf rnfonfh
xl;jcm;rIukdrQ rzefwD;Ekdifoa,mifxif&onf/ ay;urf;vkdufaomt&m
ukdbk&m;ocifu uREkfyfpdwful;jzihfyif r,SOfEkdifaomenf;vrf;jzihf tokH;
jyKEkdifygonf/ xkdYaMumifh bk&m;ocifuvrf;ñTefay;onfhtwkdif; uREkfyf
wkdYay;urf;vQif bk&m;ocifu rdrdoihfawmfonf[k xifrSwfonfhtwkdif;
qwkd;yGm;rsm;apygvdrfhrnf/
tnDtrQjzpfjcif;ukd&SmBuHyg
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; oGefoifay;cJhaom
wwd,tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'oonf ocifc&pfawmf\ ukd,fcE¨m
awmfü rQwjcif;w&m;ukd BudK;yr;f&SmBuHjcif;ESihf oufqkdifonf/ tcef;i,f
13 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonf vlwpf
a,muf xdckdufepfemoGm;avmufatmif tjcm;olwpfOD;ukd rulnDcsif
aMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif uREkfyfonf vlwpf
a,muf xdckduf epfemoGm;avmufatmif tjcm;olwpfOD;ukd ulnDay;vQif
jyóemtajctaeukd trSefwu,frajymif;vJapcJhyg/ &Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ay;urf;jcif;\&nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifrSm
udk,fcE¨mawmfü rQwrI&Sdjcif;ukd &Sm&efjzpfaMumif;? vkdtyfcsufukd
wpfa,mufxHrStjcm;wpfa,mufxHokdY vTJajymif;&eftwGufr[kwf
aMumif;jyefvnftoday;cJhonf/ rdrdvkdtyfonfxuf ykdvQHí&Sdxm;olu
vkdtyfonfxuf avQmhenf;pGm&Sdaeolukd ay;urf;a0iS&efjzpfonf/
xkdokdYtm;jzihf vlwkdif;u rdrdwkdY vkdtyfonfhtwkdif;wmü &SdaeEkdifMurnf
jzpfonf/ þonfrSm ay;urf;jcif;\ &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku rdrdajymjyxm;aomtcsufukd txl;&Sif;vif;az:jy
&eftwGuf xGufajrmuf&m 16;18 ukdtcef;i,f 15wGif ukd;um;xm;
onf/ þusrf;csufonf uEÅm&awmt&yfü £oa&vvlrsKd;rsm; rEérkefY
ukdpkaqmif;aeMuonfhtcsdefukd ajymjyxm;onf/ vkdtyfonfxufykdvQH
pGm pkaqmif;cJhaomolrsm;u xkdykdvQHaomrkefYrsm;ykyfokd;aMumif;ukd awGUjrif
cJhMuonf/ bk&m;ocifu rdrd\vlrsKd;wkdYtm; vkdtyfonfxufykdí r&SmBuH
tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif180 181
oifwwfEkdifonftwkdif;ay;urf;yg
ay;urf;jcif;trIESihf pyfvsOf;í&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;tm;ay;cJhaom 'kwd,tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'orSm bk&m;ocif
uuREkfyfwkdYwwfEkdifonfhtwkdif;om ay;&efarQmfvihfxm;onf[laom
tcsufjzpfonf (i,f 12)/ þonfrSm ajymzkdYyifvkdrnfr[kwfyg/ okdYaomf
ay;urf;csifpdwf&Sdaomolrsm;yifvQif þtajccHpnf;rsOf;Oa'owGiftNrJ
vkdvkdtcufawGUMu&onf/
vGefcJhaomESpftcsKdUu uREkfyfa[wDEkdifiHokdY tvnfa&muf&SdcJh
onf/ uREkfyfa&mufav&m&mwkdif;wGif uREkfyfawGUjrifcJh&aomvkdtyfcsuf
rsm;aMumifh uREkfyfrnfokdYwkefYjyef&rSef;rodatmif cHpm;cJh&onf/ tajc
taet& vlwpfa,mufutrsm;BuD;ay;zkdY jzpfvmonf/ vlwkdif;\
vkdtyfcsufukd jznfhqnf;ay;zkdY uREkfyfwkdYüt&if;tjrpftvkHtavmuf
r&SdaomaMumifh tjypf&SdovkdvkdcHpm;Ekdif&efrSm tvGefvG,fulonf/
þpdwfrokd;roefYjzpfjcif;onf rnfokdYwkefYjyef&rSef;rodjcif;ukd tvsif
tjrefjzpfapygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYü r&Sdonfht&mukday;urf;zkdY bk&m;ocifu
rjy|mef;xm;aMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYoabmaygufzkdYvkdonf/ vuf&Sdvkdtyf
csufBuD;ESihf EIdif;,SOfvQif ay;urf;vkdufaomt&mrSm xif&Sm;odomrnf
r[kwfaMumif;ukd bk&m;ocifodaeonf/ vkdtyfcsufyifv,fBuD;ü a&
wpfaygufukdcsvkdufouJhokdY ay;urf;vkdufaomt&monf rnfonfh
xl;jcm;rIukdrQ rzefwD;Ekdifoa,mifxif&onf/ ay;urf;vkdufaomt&m
ukdbk&m;ocifu uREkfyfpdwful;jzihfyif r,SOfEkdifaomenf;vrf;jzihf tokH;
jyKEkdifygonf/ xkdYaMumifh bk&m;ocifuvrf;ñTefay;onfhtwkdif; uREkfyf
wkdYay;urf;vQif bk&m;ocifu rdrdoihfawmfonf[k xifrSwfonfhtwkdif;
qwkd;yGm;rsm;apygvdrfhrnf/
tnDtrQjzpfjcif;ukd&SmBuHyg
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; oGefoifay;cJhaom
wwd,tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'oonf ocifc&pfawmf\ ukd,fcE¨m
awmfü rQwjcif;w&m;ukd BudK;yr;f&SmBuHjcif;ESihf oufqkdifonf/ tcef;i,f
13 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonf vlwpf
a,muf xdckdufepfemoGm;avmufatmif tjcm;olwpfOD;ukd rulnDcsif
aMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif uREkfyfonf vlwpf
a,muf xdckduf epfemoGm;avmufatmif tjcm;olwpfOD;ukd ulnDay;vQif
jyóemtajctaeukd trSefwu,frajymif;vJapcJhyg/ &Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ay;urf;jcif;\&nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifrSm
udk,fcE¨mawmfü rQwrI&Sdjcif;ukd &Sm&efjzpfaMumif;? vkdtyfcsufukd
wpfa,mufxHrStjcm;wpfa,mufxHokdY vTJajymif;&eftwGufr[kwf
aMumif;jyefvnftoday;cJhonf/ rdrdvkdtyfonfxuf ykdvQHí&Sdxm;olu
vkdtyfonfxuf avQmhenf;pGm&Sdaeolukd ay;urf;a0iS&efjzpfonf/
xkdokdYtm;jzihf vlwkdif;u rdrdwkdY vkdtyfonfhtwkdif;wmü &SdaeEkdifMurnf
jzpfonf/ þonfrSm ay;urf;jcif;\ &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku rdrdajymjyxm;aomtcsufukd txl;&Sif;vif;az:jy
&eftwGuf xGufajrmuf&m 16;18 ukdtcef;i,f 15wGif ukd;um;xm;
onf/ þusrf;csufonf uEÅm&awmt&yfü £oa&vvlrsKd;rsm; rEérkefY
ukdpkaqmif;aeMuonfhtcsdefukd ajymjyxm;onf/ vkdtyfonfxufykdvQH
pGm pkaqmif;cJhaomolrsm;u xkdykdvQHaomrkefYrsm;ykyfokd;aMumif;ukd awGUjrif
cJhMuonf/ bk&m;ocifu rdrd\vlrsKd;wkdYtm; vkdtyfonfxufykdí r&SmBuH
tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
bJ? &Sdaeonfht&mESifh wif;wdrfa&mifh&JMuzkdY oGefoifay;aecJhonf/ þ
twGufaMumihf olwkdYtvGeftuRHpkaqmif;cJhorQonf ykyfokd;ysufpD;oGm;
cJh&jcif;jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk\ pdefac:csufrSmvnf; uREkfyfwkdY\t&if;
tjrpfrsm;ukd tjcm;olrsm;u tokH;jyKEkdifaomtcsdefwGif uREkfyfwkdYüodrf;
xm;jcif;jzihf ykyfokd;roGm;apzkdYjzpfonf/
ay;urf;zdkYtwGuf uREkfyfwkdYukday;xm;jcif;jzpfonf
tcef;i,f 14 wGif&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
tcsdKUaomolrsm;ü ykdvQHaeaomt&mukd tjcm;olrsm;\vkdtyfcsufrsm;
tm;ulnD&ef tokH;jyKEkdifaMumif; today;cJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf
qkd&vQif uREkfyfwkdYjyefvnfay;urf;EkdifzdkY uREkfyfwkdYukd ay;tyfxm;ygonf/
uREkfyfwkdYtwGufvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdY\tem*wfvkdtyfcsufrsm;twGuf
vnf;aumif; tvGefpl;pkdufvGef;aomaMumifh uREkfyfwkdY\teD;wpf0kdufrS
vlrsm;\vuf&Sdvkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd owdrxm;rd&eftvGefvG,fulonf/
cufcJusyfwnf;aomtcsdefrsm;twGuf aiGaMu;ESihft&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd
oD;oefYvsmxm;jcif;onf tajrmftjrif&Sdaom vkyf&yfjzpfaMumif;rSefuef
ygonf/ okdYaomfvuf&Sdtcsdefü vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESihf&Sdaeaomolrsm;tm;
ulnDay;jcif;ukd vspfvsL½Irxm;&ef *½kpkduf&rnf/ £oa&vvlrsKd;rsm;
uEÅm&awmt&yfü rEérkefYukd aumuf,lpkaqmif;Mujcif;ESihf pyfvsOf;í
xGufajrmuf&m 16;18 ukd &Sifaygvku &nfñTef;ukd;um;xm;onf/
rEérkefYr&Sdaomolrsm;r&SdcJhyg/ vlwdkif;jynfhpHkcJhonf/ ukd,fcE¨mawmf\
vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYtm;jzihf jznfhqnf;ay;zdkY bk&m;ocifu
uREkfyfwkdYü t&if;tjrpfrsm;ay;tyfxm;&jcif;jzpfonf/
þae&mü wpfzefjyefawGU&onfhtajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'orSm
rQwrI&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ oifhtaejzihf tajrmuftjrm;ykdifqkdifxm;NyD;? oihf
&JUnDtpfukdjzpfolü vkdtyfcsufrsm;&SdaevQif? oihfukdoif ]]ighukdbmaMumifh
trsm;BuD;ay;xm;&wmvJ}} [laomar;cGef;ukdar;yg/ qif;&JrGJawjcif;ü
&Sifoefae&aom olwpfa,mufa,muftm; ulnDrpEkdifaomtcGihf
ta&;ukd oif&&SdEkdifzdkY bk&m;ocifu oihfukdykdvQHpGm ay;xm;jcif;jzpf
aumif;jzpfEkdifaMumif;ukd pOf;pm;yg/
uREkfyfwkdYü &Sif;vif;csufay;&efwm0ef&Sdonf
bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfü aiGaMu;okH;pGJykH okH;pGJenf;ESihfywfouf
vmvQif jyóemrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
tm;aiGaMu;t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd tokH;jyKykHüvnf;aumif;? pDrHcefYcGJykHü
vnf;aumif; bk&m;a&SU? vlUa&SUwGif &Sif;vif;csufay;&efwm0ef,lwwf
jcif;\ ta&;ygykHukd today;cJhonf/
þtcef;BuD;\ usrf;abmiftoGm;tvmukd tenf;i,fykdí
em;vnfoabmaygufxm;&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ tcef;BuD; 9wGif
aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd toif;awmfonf ay;vSLjcif;wpfckukd jyKvkyfzkdY uwdjyKcJh
aMumif; uREkfyfwkdYawGU&ygvdrfhrnf (9;5? 1aum 16;1-3 ukdMunfhyg)/
olwkdYonf þay;vSLjcif;ukd jyKvkyfzkdY uwday;cJhMuaomfvnf; xkdtvSLaiG
onf &nf&G,fxm;onfhyef;wkdifokdYra&muf&SdEdkifyJ jzpfaeykH&onf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf tvSLaiGukdoD;oefYcGJJí vSL'gef;cJhMuaomf
vnf; xkdtvSLaiGukd vkdtyfaeaom olrsm;xHokdY ray;ykdYcJhMuyg/ xkdYaMumifh
toif;awmfukd 4if;wkdY uwday;xm;onfhtwkdif; tqkH;wkdifvkyfaqmif
tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;182 183
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
bJ? &Sdaeonfht&mESifh wif;wdrfa&mifh&JMuzkdY oGefoifay;aecJhonf/ þ
twGufaMumihf olwkdYtvGeftuRHpkaqmif;cJhorQonf ykyfokd;ysufpD;oGm;
cJh&jcif;jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk\ pdefac:csufrSmvnf; uREkfyfwkdY\t&if;
tjrpfrsm;ukd tjcm;olrsm;u tokH;jyKEkdifaomtcsdefwGif uREkfyfwkdYüodrf;
xm;jcif;jzihf ykyfokd;roGm;apzkdYjzpfonf/
ay;urf;zdkYtwGuf uREkfyfwkdYukday;xm;jcif;jzpfonf
tcef;i,f 14 wGif&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
tcsdKUaomolrsm;ü ykdvQHaeaomt&mukd tjcm;olrsm;\vkdtyfcsufrsm;
tm;ulnD&ef tokH;jyKEkdifaMumif; today;cJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf
qkd&vQif uREkfyfwkdYjyefvnfay;urf;EkdifzdkY uREkfyfwkdYukd ay;tyfxm;ygonf/
uREkfyfwkdYtwGufvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdY\tem*wfvkdtyfcsufrsm;twGuf
vnf;aumif; tvGefpl;pkdufvGef;aomaMumifh uREkfyfwkdY\teD;wpf0kdufrS
vlrsm;\vuf&Sdvkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd owdrxm;rd&eftvGefvG,fulonf/
cufcJusyfwnf;aomtcsdefrsm;twGuf aiGaMu;ESihft&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd
oD;oefYvsmxm;jcif;onf tajrmftjrif&Sdaom vkyf&yfjzpfaMumif;rSefuef
ygonf/ okdYaomfvuf&Sdtcsdefü vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESihf&Sdaeaomolrsm;tm;
ulnDay;jcif;ukd vspfvsL½Irxm;&ef *½kpkduf&rnf/ £oa&vvlrsKd;rsm;
uEÅm&awmt&yfü rEérkefYukd aumuf,lpkaqmif;Mujcif;ESihf pyfvsOf;í
xGufajrmuf&m 16;18 ukd &Sifaygvku &nfñTef;ukd;um;xm;onf/
rEérkefYr&Sdaomolrsm;r&SdcJhyg/ vlwdkif;jynfhpHkcJhonf/ ukd,fcE¨mawmf\
vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYtm;jzihf jznfhqnf;ay;zdkY bk&m;ocifu
uREkfyfwkdYü t&if;tjrpfrsm;ay;tyfxm;&jcif;jzpfonf/
þae&mü wpfzefjyefawGU&onfhtajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'orSm
rQwrI&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ oifhtaejzihf tajrmuftjrm;ykdifqkdifxm;NyD;? oihf
&JUnDtpfukdjzpfolü vkdtyfcsufrsm;&SdaevQif? oihfukdoif ]]ighukdbmaMumifh
trsm;BuD;ay;xm;&wmvJ}} [laomar;cGef;ukdar;yg/ qif;&JrGJawjcif;ü
&Sifoefae&aom olwpfa,mufa,muftm; ulnDrpEkdifaomtcGihf
ta&;ukd oif&&SdEkdifzdkY bk&m;ocifu oihfukdykdvQHpGm ay;xm;jcif;jzpf
aumif;jzpfEkdifaMumif;ukd pOf;pm;yg/
uREkfyfwkdYü &Sif;vif;csufay;&efwm0ef&Sdonf
bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfü aiGaMu;okH;pGJykH okH;pGJenf;ESihfywfouf
vmvQif jyóemrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
tm;aiGaMu;t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd tokH;jyKykHüvnf;aumif;? pDrHcefYcGJykHü
vnf;aumif; bk&m;a&SU? vlUa&SUwGif &Sif;vif;csufay;&efwm0ef,lwwf
jcif;\ ta&;ygykHukd today;cJhonf/
þtcef;BuD;\ usrf;abmiftoGm;tvmukd tenf;i,fykdí
em;vnfoabmaygufxm;&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ tcef;BuD; 9wGif
aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd toif;awmfonf ay;vSLjcif;wpfckukd jyKvkyfzkdY uwdjyKcJh
aMumif; uREkfyfwkdYawGU&ygvdrfhrnf (9;5? 1aum 16;1-3 ukdMunfhyg)/
olwkdYonf þay;vSLjcif;ukd jyKvkyfzkdY uwday;cJhMuaomfvnf; xkdtvSLaiG
onf &nf&G,fxm;onfhyef;wkdifokdYra&muf&SdEdkifyJ jzpfaeykH&onf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf tvSLaiGukdoD;oefYcGJJí vSL'gef;cJhMuaomf
vnf; xkdtvSLaiGukd vkdtyfaeaom olrsm;xHokdY ray;ykdYcJhMuyg/ xkdYaMumifh
toif;awmfukd 4if;wkdY uwday;xm;onfhtwkdif; tqkH;wkdifvkyfaqmif
tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;182 183
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif184 185
MuzkdY wkdufwGef;EId;aqmf&ef nDtpfukdtcsKdUukd apvTwfzdkYvkdtyfaMumif;
&SifaygvkcHpm;cJhonf/
tcef;i,f 16 wGif&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmfonf ay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmfü tvGefajymif
ajrmufMuonfukd awGUjrif&zkdYbk&m;ocifonf wdwk\pdwfESvkH;ü 0efxkyf
wpfckukd wifxm;cJhaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ ocifc&pfawmf\ ukd,fcE¨m
awmfwGif ppfrSefaomvkdtyfcsufrsm; &SdaecJhygonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;
awmfu oD;oefYcGJíay;vSLxm;aom tvSLaiGukd tjcm;toif;awmfrsm;u
vkdtyfaecJhonf/ xkdtvSLaiGukd trSefwu,fvkdtyfaeaomolrsm;\
vufxJokdYta&mufykdYaqmif&ef wpfpkHwpfckukd jyKvkyf&rnfhtcsdef a&muf
vmygonf/ wdwku xdk0efxkyfukd rQa0cHpm;cJh&onf/ xkdYaMumifh wdwk
onf aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfokdY oGm;a&mufvnfywfí 4if;wkdYay;xm;
onfh uwdukdtokH;wkdif vkyfaqmifMuzdkYwkdufwGef;EId;aqmf&ef qkH;jzwfcJh
onf/
wdwkESihftwl owif;aumif;w&m;ukd a[majymjcif;trIawmfü
ukd,fhukd,fukdoufaoxlxm;NyD;jzpfaom tjcm;nDtpfukdwpfa,mufukd
vnf;apvTwf&ef oifhavsmfonf[k &SifaygvkjrifawGUcJhonf/ xkdnDtpfukd
rSmrnfolrnf0gjzpfaMumif;ukd uREkfyftm;ajymrjyxm;aomfvnf;? xkdol
onf,kHMunfoltokdif;t0kdfif;ü MunfndKav;pm;cH&aomoljzpfaMumif;
uREkfyfwkdYem;vnf&onf/ tcef;i,f 19 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; þtrIudpöü ocifbk&m;ukd 4if;wkdY *kPfBuD;apEkdif
rnfhwpfckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm ay;urf;zkdYtwGuf 4if;wkdYuwdjyKxm;
csufukd tqkH;wkdifvkyfaqmifcsufyif jzpfaMumif;today;cJhonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; uwday;xm;aom
tvSLaiGESihfpyfvsOf;í &Sif;vif;csufay;&ef wm0efcHapcJhonf/ xkdYtjyif
xkdtvSLaiGukd pDrHcefYcGJ&müvnf; jypfwifa0zefrIukd a&SmifvTJEkdifzkdY xkd
tvSLaiGukd&nf&G,fxm;aomae&mqDokdY ay;ykdY,laqmifoGm;&mwGif
,kHMunfpdwfcs&aom nDtpfukdESpfa,mufukd apvTwfcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku
bk&m;ocif\ a&SUwGifomru? vlwkdY\a&SUwGifvnf; rSefuefoihfwifh
aomt&mukd vkyfaqmifzkdY txl;BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJh&aMumif; olwkdYukd
today;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf þtvSLaiGukd pDrHcefYcGJ&mü rnfolYukdrQ
oHo,pdwf rjzpfay:apvkdcJhyg/ xkdYaMumihf av;pm;xkdufaom þnDtpf
ukdESpfa,mufu xkdtvSLaiGukdrnfokdYapmifha&Smufí rnfokdYpDrHcefYcGJ
aMumif;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom oHo,rsm;ukdz,f&Sm;ay;cJhygvdrfhrnf/ txl;o
jzihfþuJhokdYaomay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;ESihf 4if;wkdYukd tokH;jyKjcif;udpörsKd;ESihf
pyfvsOf;í toif;awmf\ *kPfodu©mukd vnf;aumif;? xkdtvSLaiGukd
vkdtyfaeaomolrsm;xHokdY o,faqmifoGm;aomolrsm;\ *kPfodu©mukd
vnf;aumif; wpfOD;wpfa,mufu ar;cGef;xkwfrnfhtjzpfukd &Sifaygvk
rvkdcsifcJhyg/ þtwGufaMumihf &Sifaygvku wdwkonf bk&m;ocif\
ppfrSefaom tapcHjzpfaMumif;ukd vnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocif\emrawmf
ukd bkef;xif&Sm;apaomol jzpfaMumif;ukd vnf;aumif; jyefvnftwnf
jyKcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk onf aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmftm; 4if;wkdY
xHokdYvmaeMuaom þnDtpfukdESpfa,mufukd cspfjcif;arwåmü vufcH
MuzkdY cGeftm;ay;cJhonf/
þae&mü uREkfyfwkdYodjrifem;vnfzkdY vdktyfaomt&mrSm
tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif184 185
MuzkdY wkdufwGef;EId;aqmf&ef nDtpfukdtcsKdUukd apvTwfzdkYvkdtyfaMumif;
&SifaygvkcHpm;cJhonf/
tcef;i,f 16 wGif&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmfonf ay;urf;jcif;aus;Zl;awmfü tvGefajymif
ajrmufMuonfukd awGUjrif&zkdYbk&m;ocifonf wdwk\pdwfESvkH;ü 0efxkyf
wpfckukd wifxm;cJhaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ ocifc&pfawmf\ ukd,fcE¨m
awmfwGif ppfrSefaomvkdtyfcsufrsm; &SdaecJhygonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;
awmfu oD;oefYcGJíay;vSLxm;aom tvSLaiGukd tjcm;toif;awmfrsm;u
vkdtyfaecJhonf/ xkdtvSLaiGukd trSefwu,fvkdtyfaeaomolrsm;\
vufxJokdYta&mufykdYaqmif&ef wpfpkHwpfckukd jyKvkyf&rnfhtcsdef a&muf
vmygonf/ wdwku xdk0efxkyfukd rQa0cHpm;cJh&onf/ xkdYaMumifh wdwk
onf aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfokdY oGm;a&mufvnfywfí 4if;wkdYay;xm;
onfh uwdukdtokH;wkdif vkyfaqmifMuzdkYwkdufwGef;EId;aqmf&ef qkH;jzwfcJh
onf/
wdwkESihftwl owif;aumif;w&m;ukd a[majymjcif;trIawmfü
ukd,fhukd,fukdoufaoxlxm;NyD;jzpfaom tjcm;nDtpfukdwpfa,mufukd
vnf;apvTwf&ef oifhavsmfonf[k &SifaygvkjrifawGUcJhonf/ xkdnDtpfukd
rSmrnfolrnf0gjzpfaMumif;ukd uREkfyftm;ajymrjyxm;aomfvnf;? xkdol
onf,kHMunfoltokdif;t0kdfif;ü MunfndKav;pm;cH&aomoljzpfaMumif;
uREkfyfwkdYem;vnf&onf/ tcef;i,f 19 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; þtrIudpöü ocifbk&m;ukd 4if;wkdY *kPfBuD;apEkdif
rnfhwpfckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm ay;urf;zkdYtwGuf 4if;wkdYuwdjyKxm;
csufukd tqkH;wkdifvkyfaqmifcsufyif jzpfaMumif;today;cJhonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; uwday;xm;aom
tvSLaiGESihfpyfvsOf;í &Sif;vif;csufay;&ef wm0efcHapcJhonf/ xkdYtjyif
xkdtvSLaiGukd pDrHcefYcGJ&müvnf; jypfwifa0zefrIukd a&SmifvTJEkdifzkdY xkd
tvSLaiGukd&nf&G,fxm;aomae&mqDokdY ay;ykdY,laqmifoGm;&mwGif
,kHMunfpdwfcs&aom nDtpfukdESpfa,mufukd apvTwfcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku
bk&m;ocif\ a&SUwGifomru? vlwkdY\a&SUwGifvnf; rSefuefoihfwifh
aomt&mukd vkyfaqmifzkdY txl;BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJh&aMumif; olwkdYukd
today;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf þtvSLaiGukd pDrHcefYcGJ&mü rnfolYukdrQ
oHo,pdwf rjzpfay:apvkdcJhyg/ xkdYaMumihf av;pm;xkdufaom þnDtpf
ukdESpfa,mufu xkdtvSLaiGukdrnfokdYapmifha&Smufí rnfokdYpDrHcefYcGJ
aMumif;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom oHo,rsm;ukdz,f&Sm;ay;cJhygvdrfhrnf/ txl;o
jzihfþuJhokdYaomay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;ESihf 4if;wkdYukd tokH;jyKjcif;udpörsKd;ESihf
pyfvsOf;í toif;awmf\ *kPfodu©mukd vnf;aumif;? xkdtvSLaiGukd
vkdtyfaeaomolrsm;xHokdY o,faqmifoGm;aomolrsm;\ *kPfodu©mukd
vnf;aumif; wpfOD;wpfa,mufu ar;cGef;xkwfrnfhtjzpfukd &Sifaygvk
rvkdcsifcJhyg/ þtwGufaMumihf &Sifaygvku wdwkonf bk&m;ocif\
ppfrSefaom tapcHjzpfaMumif;ukd vnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocif\emrawmf
ukd bkef;xif&Sm;apaomol jzpfaMumif;ukd vnf;aumif; jyefvnftwnf
jyKcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk onf aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmftm; 4if;wkdY
xHokdYvmaeMuaom þnDtpfukdESpfa,mufukd cspfjcif;arwåmü vufcH
MuzkdY cGeftm;ay;cJhonf/
þae&mü uREkfyfwkdYodjrifem;vnfzkdY vdktyfaomt&mrSm
tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif186 187
toif;awmfonf 4if;wkdYuwdjyKxm;onfhtvSLaiGukday;&ef wm0ef,l
wm0efcHrI&SdaMumif;ukd awGUjrif&zkdY&Sifaygvk\ BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;
jzpfonf/ xkdYtjyif þtvSLaiGukd vkdtyfaeaomolrsm;xHokdY aqmif,l
oGm;aomolrsm;\ tusihfpm&dwåESihf ½kd;om;rIonfvnf; ar;cGef;xkwf
p&mrvdkatmif &SifaygvkBudK;pm;cJhygonf/
toif;awmfxJü aiGaMu;udpöaMumifh jyóemrnfrQay:aygufcJh
&oenf;/ ,kHMunfolrsm;onf aiGaMu;\pkHprf;aESmuf,Sufjcif;ukd tBudrf
rnfrQcHcJhMuoenf;/ El;nhHodrfarGUaom þjyóemukdukdifwG,fajz&Sif;&ef
*kPfodu©morm"dESihf jynfhpkHaomolrsm;ukd &SmazGcefYtyf&eftxl;BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfrIwpfckukd jyKvkyfjcif;jzihf toif;awmf\*kPfyk'fukd apmifhxdef;
umuG,fjcif;\ ta&;ygykHukd &Sifaygvkem;vnfcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\
*kPfyk'fukd rnd§K;i,fapzdkY xkdtwkdif; BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMu&rnfjzpfonf/
omoemvkyfief;rsm;pGmonf aiGaMu;udpöüus½IH;cJhMuonf/ EkdifiHawmf\
t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYpDrHcefYcGJaeMuonfESihftrQ þusrf;ykd'fü
&Sifaygvkazmfjyxm;onfh tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;ukd pdwfESvkH;ü
&nfrSwfxm;&ef uREkfyfwkdY*½kpkduf&rnfjzpfonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;trIudpöwGif uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfaeoabmxm;
urnfonfhtcef;u@ukd vkyfaqmifoenf;/
ay;vSLjcif;wpfckukd tqkH;wkdifjyKvkyfzkdY oifysufuGufcJhzl;yg
ovm;/
þae&mü &Sifaygvkajymjyxm;onfh rQwrI&Sdjcif;pnf;rsOf;
Oya'oum;tb,fenf;/ þpnf;rsOf;Oya'ou bk&m;ocif
oihfukday;tyfxm;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd tokH;jyKykHtay:ü
rnfokdYtusKd;oufa&mufapygoenf;/
toif;awmfrS aiGaMu;udpöESihf ywfoufíwm0ef,lrI? wm0efcH
rI&Sdjcif;\ ta&;ygykHtaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYrnfodkY oif,l&yg
oenf;/ EkdifiHawmfaiGaMu;udpörsm;ü wm0ef,lrI? wm0efcHrIonf
tb,fhaMumifhta&;ygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
oifhteD;&Sd ocifc&pfawmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmf\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;
qDokdY oihf&JUrsufvkH;rsm;ukd zGihf[ay;zkdY ocifbk&m;xHü awmif;
avQmufyg/ ay;urf;vkdaom oihf&JUqE´ukdtqkH;wkdif vkyfaqmif
Ekdif&ef pGrf;aqmifay;zkdY awmif;avQmufyg/
ukd,fcE¨mawmf\ aiGaMu;udpö&yfrsm;ESihfywfoufí jzpfay:
vmEkdifaom jyóemrsm;rS oifhwkdY\toif;awmfukd umuG,f
apmifhray;zkdY ocifbk&m;xHü awmif;avQmufyg/
,kHMunfolrsm;tMum;ü omíBuD;rm;aomrQwjcif;ukd aqmif,l
vmay;zdkYESifh ocifc&pfawmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmfukd vIyf&Sm;
wuf<uvmapzkdY ocifbk&m;xHü awmif;avQmufyg/
tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif186 187
toif;awmfonf 4if;wkdYuwdjyKxm;onfhtvSLaiGukday;&ef wm0ef,l
wm0efcHrI&SdaMumif;ukd awGUjrif&zkdY&Sifaygvk\ BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;
jzpfonf/ xkdYtjyif þtvSLaiGukd vkdtyfaeaomolrsm;xHokdY aqmif,l
oGm;aomolrsm;\ tusihfpm&dwåESihf ½kd;om;rIonfvnf; ar;cGef;xkwf
p&mrvdkatmif &SifaygvkBudK;pm;cJhygonf/
toif;awmfxJü aiGaMu;udpöaMumifh jyóemrnfrQay:aygufcJh
&oenf;/ ,kHMunfolrsm;onf aiGaMu;\pkHprf;aESmuf,Sufjcif;ukd tBudrf
rnfrQcHcJhMuoenf;/ El;nhHodrfarGUaom þjyóemukdukdifwG,fajz&Sif;&ef
*kPfodu©morm"dESihf jynfhpkHaomolrsm;ukd &SmazGcefYtyf&eftxl;BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfrIwpfckukd jyKvkyfjcif;jzihf toif;awmf\*kPfyk'fukd apmifhxdef;
umuG,fjcif;\ ta&;ygykHukd &Sifaygvkem;vnfcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\
*kPfyk'fukd rnd§K;i,fapzdkY xkdtwkdif; BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMu&rnfjzpfonf/
omoemvkyfief;rsm;pGmonf aiGaMu;udpöüus½IH;cJhMuonf/ EkdifiHawmf\
t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYpDrHcefYcGJaeMuonfESihftrQ þusrf;ykd'fü
&Sifaygvkazmfjyxm;onfh tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;ukd pdwfESvkH;ü
&nfrSwfxm;&ef uREkfyfwkdY*½kpkduf&rnfjzpfonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;trIudpöwGif uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfaeoabmxm;
urnfonfhtcef;u@ukd vkyfaqmifoenf;/
ay;vSLjcif;wpfckukd tqkH;wkdifjyKvkyfzkdY oifysufuGufcJhzl;yg
ovm;/
þae&mü &Sifaygvkajymjyxm;onfh rQwrI&Sdjcif;pnf;rsOf;
Oya'oum;tb,fenf;/ þpnf;rsOf;Oya'ou bk&m;ocif
oihfukday;tyfxm;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd tokH;jyKykHtay:ü
rnfokdYtusKd;oufa&mufapygoenf;/
toif;awmfrS aiGaMu;udpöESihf ywfoufíwm0ef,lrI? wm0efcH
rI&Sdjcif;\ ta&;ygykHtaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYrnfodkY oif,l&yg
oenf;/ EkdifiHawmfaiGaMu;udpörsm;ü wm0ef,lrI? wm0efcHrIonf
tb,fhaMumifhta&;ygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
oifhteD;&Sd ocifc&pfawmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmf\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;
qDokdY oihf&JUrsufvkH;rsm;ukd zGihf[ay;zkdY ocifbk&m;xHü awmif;
avQmufyg/ ay;urf;vkdaom oihf&JUqE´ukdtqkH;wkdif vkyfaqmif
Ekdif&ef pGrf;aqmifay;zkdY awmif;avQmufyg/
ukd,fcE¨mawmf\ aiGaMu;udpö&yfrsm;ESihfywfoufí jzpfay:
vmEkdifaom jyóemrsm;rS oifhwkdY\toif;awmfukd umuG,f
apmifhray;zkdY ocifbk&m;xHü awmif;avQmufyg/
,kHMunfolrsm;tMum;ü omíBuD;rm;aomrQwjcif;ukd aqmif,l
vmay;zdkYESifh ocifc&pfawmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmfukd vIyf&Sm;
wuf<uvmapzkdY ocifbk&m;xHü awmif;avQmufyg/
tvSLvufaqmifukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
1616
1616
16
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
2aum 9;1-15 ukdzwf½Iyg/
aemufqkH;qifjcifESvkH;oGif;jcif;tenf;i,fwGif wrefawmf
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKNrdKUrS nDtpfukdarmifESrrsm;tm; pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;
aus;Zl;awmfüajymifajrmufMuzdkY wkdufwGef;cJhonfukd uREkfyfwkdYjrifawGUcJh
Muonf/ pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;twGuf vrf;ñTeftcsKdUwkdYukdvnf; csrSwfay;
cJhonf/ a,½k&SvifNrdKU&Sd qif;&JEGrf;yg;aom toif;awmftwGuf tvSL
aiGay;rnf[k 4if;wkdYuwdjyKxm;csufukd jznfhqnf;Mu&ef wkdufwGef;cGef
tm;ay;zdkY ,kHMunfpdwfcs&aom nDtpfukdrsm;ukd aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdY apvTwf
xm;aMumif;ukdvnf; 4if;wkdYtm;ajymcJhonf/
bk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmfcJsUxGifjcif;twGuf pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;
vkdtyfrIESihf pyfvsOf;í&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tay:ü
vnf;aumif;? 4if;wkdY\em;vnfoabmaygufxm;rItay:üvnf;
aumif; pdwfcsvsuf&SdaecJhonf/ c&pfawmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmfü trI\
ta&;ygykHukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd txl;owdjyKrdcJhMuonf/ olwkdY
onf qif;&JEGrf;yg;aomolwkdYukd ulnDaxmufyHhay;&ef tvGeftqifoihf
jzpfaeMuaMumif;ukd &SifaygvkodaecJhonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
1616
1616
16
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
2aum 9;1-15 ukdzwf½Iyg/
aemufqkH;qifjcifESvkH;oGif;jcif;tenf;i,fwGif wrefawmf
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKNrdKUrS nDtpfukdarmifESrrsm;tm; pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;
aus;Zl;awmfüajymifajrmufMuzdkY wkdufwGef;cJhonfukd uREkfyfwkdYjrifawGUcJh
Muonf/ pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;twGuf vrf;ñTeftcsKdUwkdYukdvnf; csrSwfay;
cJhonf/ a,½k&SvifNrdKU&Sd qif;&JEGrf;yg;aom toif;awmftwGuf tvSL
aiGay;rnf[k 4if;wkdYuwdjyKxm;csufukd jznfhqnf;Mu&ef wkdufwGef;cGef
tm;ay;zdkY ,kHMunfpdwfcs&aom nDtpfukdrsm;ukd aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdY apvTwf
xm;aMumif;ukdvnf; 4if;wkdYtm;ajymcJhonf/
bk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmfcJsUxGifjcif;twGuf pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;
vkdtyfrIESihf pyfvsOf;í&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tay:ü
vnf;aumif;? 4if;wkdY\em;vnfoabmaygufxm;rItay:üvnf;
aumif; pdwfcsvsuf&SdaecJhonf/ c&pfawmf\ukd,fcE¨mawmfü trI\
ta&;ygykHukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd txl;owdjyKrdcJhMuonf/ olwkdY
onf qif;&JEGrf;yg;aomolwkdYukd ulnDaxmufyHhay;&ef tvGeftqifoihf
jzpfaeMuaMumif;ukd &SifaygvkodaecJhonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif190 191
om;rsm;\pGefYBuJay;urf;vkdpdwfukd tjcm;olrsm;xHüyif *kPf,l0g<um;
cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku þt&mukdrmaua'gedjynf&Sd ,kHMunfolrsm;xHü
az:jycJhNyD;? xkdt&monf 4if;wdkYukdtvGefcGeftm;jzpfapcJhonf (i,f 2)/
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ pdwftm;xufoefrI
aMumihf cGeftm;opfrsm;&&SdcJhaomfvnf; ay;xm;aomuwdukd tqkH;wkdif
jyKvkyfMu&ef 4if;wkdYukdwkdufwGef;cGeftm;ay;zkdY nDtpfukdrsm;ukdapvTwf
&efvkdtyfaMumif;ukdvnf; em;vnfcHpm;cJhonf/ olwkdYtay:ürdrd*kPf,l
0g<um;xm;rIukd &Sifaygvktcsnf;ESD;rjzpfvkdcJhyg (i,f 3)/ olwkdY\pGefYBuJ
ay;urf;vkdpdwfukd tqkH;wkdifjznfhqnf;vkyfaqmifMuonfukd &Sifaygvk
vkdcsifcJhonf/ aemufqkH;qifjcifESvkH;oGif;jcif;wGif uREkfyfwkdYüpGefYBuJay;
urf;zkdY pdwfqE´&Sdaomfvnf; xkdpdwfqE´ukdtqkH;wkdifjznfhqnf;vkyfaqmif
jcif;rjyKMuzdkYrSm tb,frQvG,fulonfukd uREkfyfwkdYajymqkdcJhMuonf/ þt
csif;t&mtm; aum&dE
oKNrdKUüjzpfysufrnfhta&;ukd &Sifaygvktvkdr&SdcJhyg/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHodkY &SifaygvkapvTwfvkdufaom
nDtpfukdrsm;onf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u uwday;xm;onfhtvSL
aiGtwGufpDpOfjyifqifrIrsm;ukd tqkH;owfjyKvkyfoGm;Mu&efjzpfonf/
aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdYa&mufvmMuaom nDtpfukdrsm;üwm0efokH;&yf&Sdonf/
yxrwm0efrSm uwdjyKxm;aomt&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;wm0ef
olwkdYü&Sdonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif? olwkdYonftvSLaiGaumufcH
pkaqmif;jcif;ESihf ay;a0jcif;vkyfief;pOfukd ½kd;om;ajzmifhrwfí odu©m
orm"d&Sd&Sdjzihf aoaocsmcsmNyD;qkH;apMu&ef wm0efay;cHxm;&onf/
þnDtpfukdrsm;\ 'kwd,ajrmufwm0ef0wå&m;rSm tqkH;wkdif
jyKvkyfMuzdkY cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;ESihf oufqkdifonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;u tvSLtwef;wpfckukd jyKvkyfzkdYuwday;cJhMuonf/ xkduwdukd
tqkH;wkdifvkyfaqmifoGm;Mu&efrSm 4if;wkdY\wm0efjzpfonf/ aum&dE
oKNrdKU
okdYa&muf&Sdvmaom nDtpfukdrsm;taejzihf þtvSLtwef;jynfhpkHtx
ajrmufvmjcif;twGuf cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;&efjzpfonf/ olwkdYonf
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdY\uwday;xm;csufukd wm0ef,lap
&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? xkduwdukdtqkH;wkdif vkyfaqmifMuzdkY ulnDay;
&eftwGufvnf;aumif; vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
xkdnDtpfukdrsm;\ aum&dE
oKNrdKUü vkyfaqmif&rnfhtrIawmf\
aemufqkH;u@rSm xkdtvSLtwef;ukd oihfwifhavsmufywfaom
pdwfxm;jzihf ay;urf;jcif;ukdjzpfap&ef jzpfonf/ þnDtpfukdrsm;a&muf
vmaomaMumifh xkdtvSLaiGonf qE´r&SdbJay;aomtvSL (okdY) wkdifwef;
nnf;wGm;jcif;ESihftwlay;aom tvSLaiGr[kwfbJ? apwempdwfESihfay;
urf;aomt&mjzpf&rnfhtaMumif; tcef;i,f 5 uuREkfyfwkdYukd ajymjy
xm;onf/ &Sifaygvku pdwfaeoabmxm;onf ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;\
ta&;ygaom tpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfonf[k cH,lxm;onf/ ay;urf;
jcif;wGif rSefuefaompdwf&if;pdwfxm;jzihf ay;urf;MuzdkY wkdufwGef;&ef
þnDtpfukdrsm;ukd &Sifaygvku apvTwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;trIonf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfcsJUxGif
jcif;ü r&Sdrjzpfta&;ygaom tykdif;wpfckjzpfonfukd uREkfyfwkdYem;vnf
oabmaygufxm;MuzdkYtyfonf/ apwempdwfESihf 0rf;yef;womay;urf;
vSL'gef;aomolrsm;tm;jzihf vkdtyfaomaiGaMu;ukd &&Sdxm;aomaMumihf
&SifaygvkrSm rdrd\trIawmfvkyfief;ukd vkyfaqmifaeEkdifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif190 191
om;rsm;\pGefYBuJay;urf;vkdpdwfukd tjcm;olrsm;xHüyif *kPf,l0g<um;
cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku þt&mukdrmaua'gedjynf&Sd ,kHMunfolrsm;xHü
az:jycJhNyD;? xkdt&monf 4if;wdkYukdtvGefcGeftm;jzpfapcJhonf (i,f 2)/
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ pdwftm;xufoefrI
aMumihf cGeftm;opfrsm;&&SdcJhaomfvnf; ay;xm;aomuwdukd tqkH;wkdif
jyKvkyfMu&ef 4if;wkdYukdwkdufwGef;cGeftm;ay;zkdY nDtpfukdrsm;ukdapvTwf
&efvkdtyfaMumif;ukdvnf; em;vnfcHpm;cJhonf/ olwkdYtay:ürdrd*kPf,l
0g<um;xm;rIukd &Sifaygvktcsnf;ESD;rjzpfvkdcJhyg (i,f 3)/ olwkdY\pGefYBuJ
ay;urf;vkdpdwfukd tqkH;wkdifjznfhqnf;vkyfaqmifMuonfukd &Sifaygvk
vkdcsifcJhonf/ aemufqkH;qifjcifESvkH;oGif;jcif;wGif uREkfyfwkdYüpGefYBuJay;
urf;zkdY pdwfqE´&Sdaomfvnf; xkdpdwfqE´ukdtqkH;wkdifjznfhqnf;vkyfaqmif
jcif;rjyKMuzdkYrSm tb,frQvG,fulonfukd uREkfyfwkdYajymqkdcJhMuonf/ þt
csif;t&mtm; aum&dE
oKNrdKUüjzpfysufrnfhta&;ukd &Sifaygvktvkdr&SdcJhyg/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHodkY &SifaygvkapvTwfvkdufaom
nDtpfukdrsm;onf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u uwday;xm;onfhtvSL
aiGtwGufpDpOfjyifqifrIrsm;ukd tqkH;owfjyKvkyfoGm;Mu&efjzpfonf/
aum&dE
oKNrdKUokdYa&mufvmMuaom nDtpfukdrsm;üwm0efokH;&yf&Sdonf/
yxrwm0efrSm uwdjyKxm;aomt&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;wm0ef
olwkdYü&Sdonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif? olwkdYonftvSLaiGaumufcH
pkaqmif;jcif;ESihf ay;a0jcif;vkyfief;pOfukd ½kd;om;ajzmifhrwfí odu©m
orm"d&Sd&Sdjzihf aoaocsmcsmNyD;qkH;apMu&ef wm0efay;cHxm;&onf/
þnDtpfukdrsm;\ 'kwd,ajrmufwm0ef0wå&m;rSm tqkH;wkdif
jyKvkyfMuzdkY cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;ESihf oufqkdifonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;u tvSLtwef;wpfckukd jyKvkyfzkdYuwday;cJhMuonf/ xkduwdukd
tqkH;wkdifvkyfaqmifoGm;Mu&efrSm 4if;wkdY\wm0efjzpfonf/ aum&dE
oKNrdKU
okdYa&muf&Sdvmaom nDtpfukdrsm;taejzihf þtvSLtwef;jynfhpkHtx
ajrmufvmjcif;twGuf cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;&efjzpfonf/ olwkdYonf
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdY\uwday;xm;csufukd wm0ef,lap
&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? xkduwdukdtqkH;wkdif vkyfaqmifMuzdkY ulnDay;
&eftwGufvnf;aumif; vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
xkdnDtpfukdrsm;\ aum&dE
oKNrdKUü vkyfaqmif&rnfhtrIawmf\
aemufqkH;u@rSm xkdtvSLtwef;ukd oihfwifhavsmufywfaom
pdwfxm;jzihf ay;urf;jcif;ukdjzpfap&ef jzpfonf/ þnDtpfukdrsm;a&muf
vmaomaMumifh xkdtvSLaiGonf qE´r&SdbJay;aomtvSL (okdY) wkdifwef;
nnf;wGm;jcif;ESihftwlay;aom tvSLaiGr[kwfbJ? apwempdwfESihfay;
urf;aomt&mjzpf&rnfhtaMumif; tcef;i,f 5 uuREkfyfwkdYukd ajymjy
xm;onf/ &Sifaygvku pdwfaeoabmxm;onf ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;\
ta&;ygaom tpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfonf[k cH,lxm;onf/ ay;urf;
jcif;wGif rSefuefaompdwf&if;pdwfxm;jzihf ay;urf;MuzdkY wkdufwGef;&ef
þnDtpfukdrsm;ukd &Sifaygvku apvTwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;trIonf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfcsJUxGif
jcif;ü r&Sdrjzpfta&;ygaom tykdif;wpfckjzpfonfukd uREkfyfwkdYem;vnf
oabmaygufxm;MuzdkYtyfonf/ apwempdwfESihf 0rf;yef;womay;urf;
vSL'gef;aomolrsm;tm;jzihf vkdtyfaomaiGaMu;ukd &&Sdxm;aomaMumihf
&SifaygvkrSm rdrd\trIawmfvkyfief;ukd vkyfaqmifaeEkdifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif192
ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;trIonf tvGefta&;BuD;aomaMumifh &Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rSefuefaompdwf&if;pdwfxm;? wm0ef,l
wm0efcHwwfjcif;jzihf ay;urf;aomolrsm;jzpfMuzdkY txl;*½kpkdufMu&ef
pdefac:cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ &efolonf EkdifiHawmftwGuf BudK;pm;tm;xkwf
rIrsm;ukd zsufqD;&ef aiGaMu;tm;rnfokdYtokH;jyK&rnfukd od&Sdaeonf/
xkdaiGukd pDrHrnfholrsm;tm; pkHprf;aESmuf,Sufygvdrfhrnf/ ay;urf;vSL'gef;
aomolrsm;ukdvnf; rSm;,Gif;aompdwf&if;pdwfxm;rsm;jzihf ay;urf;
vSL'gef;MuzdkY vkyfaqmifygvdrfhrnf/ xkday;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;onf uREkfyf
wkdY\tawG;? uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfESvkH;ür&Sdawmhonftxd uREkfyfwkdYukd pkHprf;
aESmuf,Sufygvdrfhrnf/
tcef;i,f 6 ESihf 7 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
tm; ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;\ aumif;BuD;r*Fvmukdjyefvnftoday;cJh
onf/ bk&m;ocifonf apwempdwfESihfvSLaomolrsm;ukd ESpfoufawmf
rlaMumif;ajymjycJhonf/ uREfkyfwkdYonf EkdifiHawmf\trIawmfvkyfief;qDokdY
apwempdwfESihfay;vSLaomtcg uREkfyfwkdYonftoD;ukd azmfaqmifay;
rnfh rsKd;aphrsm;ukd BuJaeMujcif;jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd
,kHMunfolwkdYtm; 4if;wkdYonf rsKd;aphrsm;ukdtenf;i,fom BuJMuvQif
tenf;om&dwfodrf;Mu&rnfhtaMumif;ukd today;cJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;
jzihfqkd&vQif olwkdYonfrsm;pGmaom rsKd;aphrsm;ukdrBuJvQif rsm;pGmaom
&dwfodrf;jcif;ukd rarQmfvihfEkdifaMumif;ajymcJhonf/ ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;
trIwGifvnf; þenf;vrf;twkdif;jzpfysufygonf/ 0rf;ajrmufaompdwf
ESihf uREkfyfwkdYay;urf;MuvQif bk&m;ocifuuREkfyfwkdY ay;vSLaomt&mukd
qwkd;yGg;rsm;apygvdrfhrnf/
bk&m;ocifonf rdrdxHodkYa&mufvmaom rnfonfhtvSLt'gef;
ukdrqkd tokH;jyKEkdifaMumif;rSm rSefygaomfvnf;? 0rf;ajrmufaompdwfESihf
ay;urf;aomtvSLtwef;wkdYü txl;ESpfoufarGUavsmfjcif;&Sdygonf/
xkdt&monf uREkfyfwkdYtwGufvnf; rSefaeonfr[kwfygvm;/ uREkfyfwkdY
twGuftvGef txl;wvnf&SdvSaom vufaqmifrsm;&SdMuonfr[kwfyg
vm;/ xkdvufaqmifonf uREkfyfwkdYcspfjrwfEkd;&aomolxHrS jzpfaumif;
jzpfrnf/ uREkfyfwkdY\om;orD;wpfa,mufa,mufu cufcufcJcJESihf
BudK;pm;xm;aom vufaqmifjzpfaumif;jzpfrnf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf xkdvuf
aqmifrsm;ukd tjrwfwEkd;xm;í txifu&jzpfaomae&mwGif xm;xm;
Muygonf/ bk&m;ocifvnf; xkdtwkdif;r[kwfygvm;/ arwåmpdwf? 0rf;
ajrmufaompdwfwkdYESihf ay;vSLaomt&mukd bk&m;ocifESpfouftm;&
aernf r[kwfygvm;/ xkday;vSLjcif;rsm;onf enf;onfjzpfap? rsm;onf
jzpfap bk&m;ocifonf 4if;wkdYukd EkdifiHawmfü txl;txifu&jzpfaom
ae&mukday;rnfr[kwfygvm;/
þtaMumif;aMumifh &Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;tm; 4if;wkdY\pdwfESvkH;ü bk&m;ocifwifaqmifxm;onfh ay;vSL
jcif;trIukd apwempdwfESihf ay;vSLMu&efpdefac:cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;
ocifonf apwempdwfESihf ay;vSLaomolwkYdukd ESpfoufawmfrlaMumif;
&SifaygvkuolwkdYukdtoday;cJhonf/ olwkdYonf apwempdwfESihfvnf;
aumif;? arwåmpdwfESihfvnf;aumif; ay;vSLaomtcgüom bk&m;ocif
ukd *kPfBuD;ap&ma&mufí bk&m;ocif\pdwfawmfukd om,mapEkdifMu
ygvdrfhrnf/ rvkyfraevkyf&jcif; (okdY) wm0ef&Sdívkyf&jcif;wkdYaMumifh
tifwifwifjzifh ay;vSLjcif;wkdYonf bk&m;ocifukd *kPfrBuD;apyg/
193pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif192
ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;trIonf tvGefta&;BuD;aomaMumifh &Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rSefuefaompdwf&if;pdwfxm;? wm0ef,l
wm0efcHwwfjcif;jzihf ay;urf;aomolrsm;jzpfMuzdkY txl;*½kpkdufMu&ef
pdefac:cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ &efolonf EkdifiHawmftwGuf BudK;pm;tm;xkwf
rIrsm;ukd zsufqD;&ef aiGaMu;tm;rnfokdYtokH;jyK&rnfukd od&Sdaeonf/
xkdaiGukd pDrHrnfholrsm;tm; pkHprf;aESmuf,Sufygvdrfhrnf/ ay;urf;vSL'gef;
aomolrsm;ukdvnf; rSm;,Gif;aompdwf&if;pdwfxm;rsm;jzihf ay;urf;
vSL'gef;MuzdkY vkyfaqmifygvdrfhrnf/ xkday;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;onf uREkfyf
wkdY\tawG;? uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfESvkH;ür&Sdawmhonftxd uREkfyfwkdYukd pkHprf;
aESmuf,Sufygvdrfhrnf/
tcef;i,f 6 ESihf 7 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
tm; ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;\ aumif;BuD;r*Fvmukdjyefvnftoday;cJh
onf/ bk&m;ocifonf apwempdwfESihfvSLaomolrsm;ukd ESpfoufawmf
rlaMumif;ajymjycJhonf/ uREfkyfwkdYonf EkdifiHawmf\trIawmfvkyfief;qDokdY
apwempdwfESihfay;vSLaomtcg uREkfyfwkdYonftoD;ukd azmfaqmifay;
rnfh rsKd;aphrsm;ukd BuJaeMujcif;jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd
,kHMunfolwkdYtm; 4if;wkdYonf rsKd;aphrsm;ukdtenf;i,fom BuJMuvQif
tenf;om&dwfodrf;Mu&rnfhtaMumif;ukd today;cJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;
jzihfqkd&vQif olwkdYonfrsm;pGmaom rsKd;aphrsm;ukdrBuJvQif rsm;pGmaom
&dwfodrf;jcif;ukd rarQmfvihfEkdifaMumif;ajymcJhonf/ ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;
trIwGifvnf; þenf;vrf;twkdif;jzpfysufygonf/ 0rf;ajrmufaompdwf
ESihf uREkfyfwkdYay;urf;MuvQif bk&m;ocifuuREkfyfwkdY ay;vSLaomt&mukd
qwkd;yGg;rsm;apygvdrfhrnf/
bk&m;ocifonf rdrdxHodkYa&mufvmaom rnfonfhtvSLt'gef;
ukdrqkd tokH;jyKEkdifaMumif;rSm rSefygaomfvnf;? 0rf;ajrmufaompdwfESihf
ay;urf;aomtvSLtwef;wkdYü txl;ESpfoufarGUavsmfjcif;&Sdygonf/
xkdt&monf uREkfyfwkdYtwGufvnf; rSefaeonfr[kwfygvm;/ uREkfyfwkdY
twGuftvGef txl;wvnf&SdvSaom vufaqmifrsm;&SdMuonfr[kwfyg
vm;/ xkdvufaqmifonf uREkfyfwkdYcspfjrwfEkd;&aomolxHrS jzpfaumif;
jzpfrnf/ uREkfyfwkdY\om;orD;wpfa,mufa,mufu cufcufcJcJESihf
BudK;pm;xm;aom vufaqmifjzpfaumif;jzpfrnf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf xkdvuf
aqmifrsm;ukd tjrwfwEkd;xm;í txifu&jzpfaomae&mwGif xm;xm;
Muygonf/ bk&m;ocifvnf; xkdtwkdif;r[kwfygvm;/ arwåmpdwf? 0rf;
ajrmufaompdwfwkdYESihf ay;vSLaomt&mukd bk&m;ocifESpfouftm;&
aernf r[kwfygvm;/ xkday;vSLjcif;rsm;onf enf;onfjzpfap? rsm;onf
jzpfap bk&m;ocifonf 4if;wkdYukd EkdifiHawmfü txl;txifu&jzpfaom
ae&mukday;rnfr[kwfygvm;/
þtaMumif;aMumifh &Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;tm; 4if;wkdY\pdwfESvkH;ü bk&m;ocifwifaqmifxm;onfh ay;vSL
jcif;trIukd apwempdwfESihf ay;vSLMu&efpdefac:cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;
ocifonf apwempdwfESihf ay;vSLaomolwkYdukd ESpfoufawmfrlaMumif;
&SifaygvkuolwkdYukdtoday;cJhonf/ olwkdYonf apwempdwfESihfvnf;
aumif;? arwåmpdwfESihfvnf;aumif; ay;vSLaomtcgüom bk&m;ocif
ukd *kPfBuD;ap&ma&mufí bk&m;ocif\pdwfawmfukd om,mapEkdifMu
ygvdrfhrnf/ rvkyfraevkyf&jcif; (okdY) wm0ef&Sdívkyf&jcif;wkdYaMumifh
tifwifwifjzifh ay;vSLjcif;wkdYonf bk&m;ocifukd *kPfrBuD;apyg/
193pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif194 195
þtcsif;t&monf uREkfyfwkdY\toufwmüvnf; rSefuef
aMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYodMuonf/ vlwkdYuuREkfyfwkdYukd wm0ef0wå&m;t&
vufaqmifay;vmaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYod&SdcJhvQif xkdvufaqmiftay:ü
uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdY oabmxm;Murnfenf;/ uREkfyfwkdYcspfjrwfEkd;aom
olwpfa,muftm; emusnf;cg;oD;pdwf? rausrcsrf;pdwfrsm;ESihf vuf
aqmifay;cJhvQif xkdolukduREkfyfwkdY *kPf,lav;pm;&ma&mufygovm;/
ay;ur;fpGefYBuJaomtcg uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfaeoabmxm;onf bk&m;ocif
twGufvnf;aumif;? tjcm;olrsm;twGufvnf;aumif; ta&;BuD;
ygonf/
tcef;i,f 8 (jrefrmusrf; i,f 9)wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; bk&m;ocifonfapwempdwfESihf ay;vSLaomolrsm;
tay:ürdrd\trsKd;pkHaom r*Fvmaus;Zl;ESihftxl;ojzihfjynfhpkHapEkdifpGrf;
onf[kajymjycJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf ay;urf;vSL'gef;zkdY
vkdvkdvm;vm;&SdaecJhMuvQif bk&m;ocifu4if;wkdY vdktyfaomt&mcyf
odrf;ukdaxmufyHhay;oem;cJhygvdrfhrnf/ olwkdYonf tjcm;olrsm;ukd
axmufyHhay;oem;ouJhokdY bk&m;ocifuvnf; olwkdYukdaxmufyhHay;
oem;ygvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifuvlwkdYukd 4if;wdkYutjcm;olrsm;tm;
aumif;BuD;ay;onfh tcsKd;tpm;wkdif; aumif;BuD;ay;ygonf (okwåH
19;17? vkum 6;38)/
tcef;i,f 9 ü &Sifaygvk ukd;um;xm;onfht&mukd owdjyKyg/
]]olonfpGefYBuJNyD/ qif;&Jom;wkdYtm; ay;urf;NyD/ ol\ajzmihfrwfjcif;
onf tpOftNrJwnf\/}} þudk;um;csufonf qmvH 112;9 rSjzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifu rdrd\vlrsKd;awmfwkdYtm; qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;ukd qD;BudK
vufcHí 4if;wkdY\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd ulnDaxmufyHhay;onfh ajzmifhrwf
aomolrsm;jzpfMuzdkY qifhac:aecJhygonf/ bk&m;ocif\ pdwfawmfonf
cufcJusyfwnf;aomolrsm;tay:wGif&Sdaeonf/ uREkfyfwkdYü bk&m;ocif
\pdwfESvkH;om;&SdvQif bk&m;ocif\ykHOyrmukd usihfBuHvkdufavQuf&
rnfjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocifESihf oifhwifhrSefuefaom qufqH
&if;ESD;rIü&Sdaejcif;\ taxmuftxm;ukd uREkfyfwkdY\teD;wpf0kdufrS
vlrsm;tm; uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdYyHhykd;ulnDaz;rMuonfwGifawGUjrif&onf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYonfajzmihfrwf
jcif;ukd <u,f0pGm&dwfodrf;EkdifrnfhtaMumif; bk&m;ocifu4if;wdkY\
rsKd;aphrsm;ukd wkd;yGm;ay;&efvkdvm;aeaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGmajymjycJhonf
(i,f 10)/ þae&mü uwdjyKxm;aom &dwfodrf;jcif;onf ½kyfykdif;qkdif&m
&dwfodrf;jcif;r[kwfaMumif;? ajzmihfrwfjcif;[laom0dnmOfa&;&m &dwf
odrf;jcif;jzpfaMumif;ukd owdjyKyg/ uREkfyfwkdYonf 0dnmOfa&;&m&dwfodrf;
jcif;twGuf rsKd;aphrsm;ukd BuJjzefYpkdufysKd;EkdifzkdY bk&m;ocifu vkdtyfaom
t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd axmufyHhay;oem;ygonf/
bk&m;ocif\pdwfqE´rSm uREkfyfwkdY\ukd,fykdiftusKd;tjrwf
twGuf½kyfykdif;qkdif&mESihf 0wåKypönf;qkdif&m&dwfodrf;jcif;ukd ay;oem;&ef
jzpfonf[k oGefoifay;aomolrsm;&SdMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdYüykdírsm;aom
aumif;BuD;ukd cHpm;&zkdYay;urf;vSL'gef;Mu&ef uREkfyfwkdYukdwkdufwGef;Mu
onf/ xkdolwkdYonf þae&mü&SifaygvkoGefoifxm;onfht&mukd vGJacsmf
cJhMuonf/ þae&müawGU&aom &dwfodrf;jcif;onf 0dnmOfa&;&m&dwf
odrf;jcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYykdí jyefvnf&&SdzkdY ay;vSLMuonfr[kwf?
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif194 195
þtcsif;t&monf uREkfyfwkdY\toufwmüvnf; rSefuef
aMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYodMuonf/ vlwkdYuuREkfyfwkdYukd wm0ef0wå&m;t&
vufaqmifay;vmaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYod&SdcJhvQif xkdvufaqmiftay:ü
uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdY oabmxm;Murnfenf;/ uREkfyfwkdYcspfjrwfEkd;aom
olwpfa,muftm; emusnf;cg;oD;pdwf? rausrcsrf;pdwfrsm;ESihf vuf
aqmifay;cJhvQif xkdolukduREkfyfwkdY *kPf,lav;pm;&ma&mufygovm;/
ay;ur;fpGefYBuJaomtcg uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfaeoabmxm;onf bk&m;ocif
twGufvnf;aumif;? tjcm;olrsm;twGufvnf;aumif; ta&;BuD;
ygonf/
tcef;i,f 8 (jrefrmusrf; i,f 9)wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; bk&m;ocifonfapwempdwfESihf ay;vSLaomolrsm;
tay:ürdrd\trsKd;pkHaom r*Fvmaus;Zl;ESihftxl;ojzihfjynfhpkHapEkdifpGrf;
onf[kajymjycJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf ay;urf;vSL'gef;zkdY
vkdvkdvm;vm;&SdaecJhMuvQif bk&m;ocifu4if;wkdY vdktyfaomt&mcyf
odrf;ukdaxmufyHhay;oem;cJhygvdrfhrnf/ olwkdYonf tjcm;olrsm;ukd
axmufyHhay;oem;ouJhokdY bk&m;ocifuvnf; olwkdYukdaxmufyhHay;
oem;ygvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifuvlwkdYukd 4if;wdkYutjcm;olrsm;tm;
aumif;BuD;ay;onfh tcsKd;tpm;wkdif; aumif;BuD;ay;ygonf (okwåH
19;17? vkum 6;38)/
tcef;i,f 9 ü &Sifaygvk ukd;um;xm;onfht&mukd owdjyKyg/
]]olonfpGefYBuJNyD/ qif;&Jom;wkdYtm; ay;urf;NyD/ ol\ajzmihfrwfjcif;
onf tpOftNrJwnf\/}} þudk;um;csufonf qmvH 112;9 rSjzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifu rdrd\vlrsKd;awmfwkdYtm; qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;ukd qD;BudK
vufcHí 4if;wkdY\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd ulnDaxmufyHhay;onfh ajzmifhrwf
aomolrsm;jzpfMuzdkY qifhac:aecJhygonf/ bk&m;ocif\ pdwfawmfonf
cufcJusyfwnf;aomolrsm;tay:wGif&Sdaeonf/ uREkfyfwkdYü bk&m;ocif
\pdwfESvkH;om;&SdvQif bk&m;ocif\ykHOyrmukd usihfBuHvkdufavQuf&
rnfjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocifESihf oifhwifhrSefuefaom qufqH
&if;ESD;rIü&Sdaejcif;\ taxmuftxm;ukd uREkfyfwkdY\teD;wpf0kdufrS
vlrsm;tm; uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdYyHhykd;ulnDaz;rMuonfwGifawGUjrif&onf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYonfajzmihfrwf
jcif;ukd <u,f0pGm&dwfodrf;EkdifrnfhtaMumif; bk&m;ocifu4if;wdkY\
rsKd;aphrsm;ukd wkd;yGm;ay;&efvkdvm;aeaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGmajymjycJhonf
(i,f 10)/ þae&mü uwdjyKxm;aom &dwfodrf;jcif;onf ½kyfykdif;qkdif&m
&dwfodrf;jcif;r[kwfaMumif;? ajzmihfrwfjcif;[laom0dnmOfa&;&m &dwf
odrf;jcif;jzpfaMumif;ukd owdjyKyg/ uREkfyfwkdYonf 0dnmOfa&;&m&dwfodrf;
jcif;twGuf rsKd;aphrsm;ukd BuJjzefYpkdufysKd;EkdifzkdY bk&m;ocifu vkdtyfaom
t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd axmufyHhay;oem;ygonf/
bk&m;ocif\pdwfqE´rSm uREkfyfwkdY\ukd,fykdiftusKd;tjrwf
twGuf½kyfykdif;qkdif&mESihf 0wåKypönf;qkdif&m&dwfodrf;jcif;ukd ay;oem;&ef
jzpfonf[k oGefoifay;aomolrsm;&SdMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdYüykdírsm;aom
aumif;BuD;ukd cHpm;&zkdYay;urf;vSL'gef;Mu&ef uREkfyfwkdYukdwkdufwGef;Mu
onf/ xkdolwkdYonf þae&mü&SifaygvkoGefoifxm;onfht&mukd vGJacsmf
cJhMuonf/ þae&müawGU&aom &dwfodrf;jcif;onf 0dnmOfa&;&m&dwf
odrf;jcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYykdí jyefvnf&&SdzkdY ay;vSLMuonfr[kwf?
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif196 197
ajzmifhrwfjcif;&dwfodrf;jcif;wpfck&SdvmzkdY uREkfyfwdkYay;vSLMuygonf/
ajrBuD;ay:ü ajzmihfrwfjcif;aygufyGm; BuD;xGm;vmí vlrsm;uuREkfyfwkdY\
u,fwif&SifxH a&mufvmMurnfhtaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYay;vSLMu&jcif;
jzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 11 wGif &Sifaygvku þtcsufukdjyefvnfí txl;;
azmfjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wdkY\
apwempdwfESihf ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;xJrS bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfudk
csD;rGrf;jcif;xGufay:vmrnfhtaMumif; 4if;wkdYücsrf;om<u,f0jcif;ukd
ay;cJhaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif? tjcm;olrsm;tm;
az;rulnDay;zkdY 4if;wkdYukdcsrf;om<u,f0apcJhjcif;jzpfNyD; xkdokdYjyKvkyfjcif;
tm;jzihf ajrmufjrm;pGmaomvlwkdYu bk&m;ocifukdcsD;rGrf;cJhMurnfjzpf
onf/ þcsrf;om<u,f0jcif;onf rdrdwkdY\ukd,fykdif&nfrSef;csufrsm;
twGuftokH;jyKzkdYr[kwf? tjcm;olrsm;ukd ulnDaz;ray;zkdYESihf ajzmifhrwf
jcif;EkdifiHawmfukd csJUxGif&mü tokH;jyKzdkYjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\
EkdifiHawmfukd csJUxGif&eftwGuf uREkfyfwkdYukd&ifhusufvmap&ef xkdokdYay;
urf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYrSm bk&m;ocif\aiGaMu;ESihf t&if;tjrpf
rsm;ukd xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufaeMuaom b@mxdef;rQomjzpfMuonf/
uREkfyfwkdYay;urf;pGefYBuJaomtcgü ajrmufjrm;pGmaomt&mrsm;
jzpfysufvmaMumif;ukd owdjyKyg/ tcef;i,f 12 wGif &Sifaygvku
uREkfyfwkdY\ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\vlrsm;ü vkdtyfvQuf
&Sdaeaomt&mrsm;ukd jznfhqnf;yHhykd;ay;aMumif; uREkfyfwkdYukdajymjyxm;
onf/ vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESihf&Sdaeaomolrsm;ukd ocifa,½I\emrawmfü
ulnDaz;rMu&rnf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf olwkdYonf 4if;wdkY\ av;vHaom0ef
rsm;rS oufomjcif;ukd&&Sdí arQmfvihfcsufrsm;&SdvmMurnfjzpfonf/ þ
vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdY\pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;jzihf jznfhqnf;Mu&onf/
xkdYtjyif tcef;i,f 12wGif uREkfyfwkdYay;urf;vSL'gef;vkdufaom
tvSLaiGonf bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmftm; tvQHy,fcsD;rGrf;jcif;ukd
jzpfapaMumif;ukdvnf; owdjyKyg/ oifonftoufwmü xkduJhodkYaom
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;ukd &&SdcHpm;cJh&ayvdrfhrnf/ oihftoufwmü txl;vkd
tyfaeaomt&mwpfckukd jznfhqnf;ay;cJhonfh ocifa,½I\emrawmf
üoihftm; ay;urf;cJhaom vufaqmifwpfckukd oifrnfokdYwkefYjyefcJhyg
oenf;/ oifonfocifbk&m;ukd csD;rGrf;íaus;Zl;wifcJhygovm;/ þ
tcsif;t&mukd ocifbk&m;u uREkfyfüay;tyfxm;onfh þpmtkyf
a&;om;jzefYcsDjcif;trIawmfü awGUjrifae&ygonf/
]]bk&m;ocifukd
uRefawmfcsD;rGrf;ygw,f}}
[laom pum;vkH;rsKd;jzihf tpjyKxm;aom pm
rsm;ukd urÇmwpf0Srf;rS uREkfyfvufcH&&Sdygonf/ yxrwkHUjyefcsufonf
vkdtyfaeaomt&mukd yHhykd;ulnDay;zkdY ,kHMunfolrsm;\ pdwfESvkH;ukd wkdYxd
awmfrlaom bk&m;ociftm; aus;Zl;wifjcif;jzpfonf/ ay;urf;pGefYBuJ
jcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYjyKvkyfaomtcg *kPfBuD;jcif;? *kPfjyKjcif;ukd bk&m;ocif
vufcH&&Sdonf/ ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYjyKvkyfaomtcg tjcm;
olrsm;u bk&m;ocifukd BuD;aomtoHjzihfcsD;rGrf;axmremjyKMuonf/
ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;onf bk&m;ocifukd ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;ukd jr§ifhwif
tm;ay;&ef tHHhzG,fenf;vrf;wpfckjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\cspfjcif;arwåm
ukday;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;tm;jzihf vufawGUoufaojyjcif;ukd vlwkdYuawGU
jrifaomtcg? 4if;wkdY\pdwfESvkH;rsm;onf bk&m;ocifukd ukd;uG,fcsD;rGrf;
zdkY wkdYxdjcif;cH&onf/
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif196 197
ajzmifhrwfjcif;&dwfodrf;jcif;wpfck&SdvmzkdY uREkfyfwdkYay;vSLMuygonf/
ajrBuD;ay:ü ajzmihfrwfjcif;aygufyGm; BuD;xGm;vmí vlrsm;uuREkfyfwkdY\
u,fwif&SifxH a&mufvmMurnfhtaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYay;vSLMu&jcif;
jzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 11 wGif &Sifaygvku þtcsufukdjyefvnfí txl;;
azmfjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wdkY\
apwempdwfESihf ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;xJrS bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfudk
csD;rGrf;jcif;xGufay:vmrnfhtaMumif; 4if;wkdYücsrf;om<u,f0jcif;ukd
ay;cJhaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif? tjcm;olrsm;tm;
az;rulnDay;zkdY 4if;wkdYukdcsrf;om<u,f0apcJhjcif;jzpfNyD; xkdokdYjyKvkyfjcif;
tm;jzihf ajrmufjrm;pGmaomvlwkdYu bk&m;ocifukdcsD;rGrf;cJhMurnfjzpf
onf/ þcsrf;om<u,f0jcif;onf rdrdwkdY\ukd,fykdif&nfrSef;csufrsm;
twGuftokH;jyKzkdYr[kwf? tjcm;olrsm;ukd ulnDaz;ray;zkdYESihf ajzmifhrwf
jcif;EkdifiHawmfukd csJUxGif&mü tokH;jyKzdkYjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\
EkdifiHawmfukd csJUxGif&eftwGuf uREkfyfwkdYukd&ifhusufvmap&ef xkdokdYay;
urf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYrSm bk&m;ocif\aiGaMu;ESihf t&if;tjrpf
rsm;ukd xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufaeMuaom b@mxdef;rQomjzpfMuonf/
uREkfyfwkdYay;urf;pGefYBuJaomtcgü ajrmufjrm;pGmaomt&mrsm;
jzpfysufvmaMumif;ukd owdjyKyg/ tcef;i,f 12 wGif &Sifaygvku
uREkfyfwkdY\ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\vlrsm;ü vkdtyfvQuf
&Sdaeaomt&mrsm;ukd jznfhqnf;yHhykd;ay;aMumif; uREkfyfwkdYukdajymjyxm;
onf/ vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESihf&Sdaeaomolrsm;ukd ocifa,½I\emrawmfü
ulnDaz;rMu&rnf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf olwkdYonf 4if;wdkY\ av;vHaom0ef
rsm;rS oufomjcif;ukd&&Sdí arQmfvihfcsufrsm;&SdvmMurnfjzpfonf/ þ
vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdY\pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;jzihf jznfhqnf;Mu&onf/
xkdYtjyif tcef;i,f 12wGif uREkfyfwkdYay;urf;vSL'gef;vkdufaom
tvSLaiGonf bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmftm; tvQHy,fcsD;rGrf;jcif;ukd
jzpfapaMumif;ukdvnf; owdjyKyg/ oifonftoufwmü xkduJhodkYaom
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;ukd &&SdcHpm;cJh&ayvdrfhrnf/ oihftoufwmü txl;vkd
tyfaeaomt&mwpfckukd jznfhqnf;ay;cJhonfh ocifa,½I\emrawmf
üoihftm; ay;urf;cJhaom vufaqmifwpfckukd oifrnfokdYwkefYjyefcJhyg
oenf;/ oifonfocifbk&m;ukd csD;rGrf;íaus;Zl;wifcJhygovm;/ þ
tcsif;t&mukd ocifbk&m;u uREkfyfüay;tyfxm;onfh þpmtkyf
a&;om;jzefYcsDjcif;trIawmfü awGUjrifae&ygonf/
]]bk&m;ocifukd
uRefawmfcsD;rGrf;ygw,f}}
[laom pum;vkH;rsKd;jzihf tpjyKxm;aom pm
rsm;ukd urÇmwpf0Srf;rS uREkfyfvufcH&&Sdygonf/ yxrwkHUjyefcsufonf
vkdtyfaeaomt&mukd yHhykd;ulnDay;zkdY ,kHMunfolrsm;\ pdwfESvkH;ukd wkdYxd
awmfrlaom bk&m;ociftm; aus;Zl;wifjcif;jzpfonf/ ay;urf;pGefYBuJ
jcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYjyKvkyfaomtcg *kPfBuD;jcif;? *kPfjyKjcif;ukd bk&m;ocif
vufcH&&Sdonf/ ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYjyKvkyfaomtcg tjcm;
olrsm;u bk&m;ocifukd BuD;aomtoHjzihfcsD;rGrf;axmremjyKMuonf/
ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;onf bk&m;ocifukd ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;ukd jr§ifhwif
tm;ay;&ef tHHhzG,fenf;vrf;wpfckjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\cspfjcif;arwåm
ukday;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;tm;jzihf vufawGUoufaojyjcif;ukd vlwkdYuawGU
jrifaomtcg? 4if;wkdY\pdwfESvkH;rsm;onf bk&m;ocifukd ukd;uG,fcsD;rGrf;
zdkY wkdYxdjcif;cH&onf/
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif198 199
bk&m;ociftm; BuD;rm;teuf½dIif;qkH;aom ukd;uG,fcsD;rGrf;jcif;
tcsKdUonf nDtpfukdarmifESrrsm;u bk&m;ocifukd emcHírdrdwkdY\ tdwf
uyfrsm;EIdufum ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;twGuf bk&m;ocifu 4if;wkdY\ pdwf
ESvkH;rsm;ukd wkdYxdawmfrlonfhtwkdif; ay;urf;pGefYBuJcJhjcif;rsm;\ &vm'f
rsm;jzpfMuonf/ tcef;i,f 13wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd ,kHMunf
olwkdYtm; ocifc&pfawmfukd 4if;wkdY\0efcHtyfESHjcif;ESihf 'GefwGJíygvm
aomemcHjcif;aMumifh vltrsm;ubk&m;ocifukd csD;rGrf;cJhMurnfhtaMumif;
today;cJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif a,½k&SvifNrdKUrS ,kHMunfol
rsm;ESihftjcm;t&yfa'orS,kHMunfolrsm;u aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;onf
ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;twGuf bk&m;ocifh0dnmOfawmf\aphaqmfjcif;tm;
wkefYjyefjcif;ukd Mum;odMuaomtcg 4if;wkdYonf aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;
\,kHMunfjcif;tm;jzihf cGeftm;opfrsm;ukd&&Sdíbk&m;ocifukd toHjr§ifhí
csD;rGrf;Muygvdrfhrnf/
ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;trI\ aemufxyf&vm'fwpfck&Sdao;onf/
bk&m;ocif\vlrsm;onf ay;urf;pGefYBuJolukd ukd,fawmf&Sif\ rsuf
arSmufawmfokdY qkawmif;jcif;jzihf aqmif,lvm&ef wkdYxdjcif;ukdcHMu&
onf (i,f 14)/ wpfzefþtcsif;t&mukd uREkfyf\omoemvkyfief;wGif
jrifawGU&ygonf/ pmwkdufrSwpfqifh uREkfyf\pmtkyfukdvufcH&&SdcJh&aom
aMumihf uREkfyftwGufqkawmif;ay;aeMuaom urÇmwpf0Srf;rS ,kHMunf
olrsm;twGuf bk&m;ocifukd uREkfyfcsD;rGrf;rdygonf/ þqkawmif;csuf
rsm;u þtrIawmfukdqufvufvkyfaqmifEkdif&ef uREkfyfukdpGrf;aqmifay;
Muygonf/ þqkawmif;csufrsm;\ oufa&mufrIpGrf;tm;ukd uREkfyfþ
avmuü aexkdifpOfwGif od&vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ pmtkyfrsm;ukd uREkfyf
qufvufía&;om;aeonfESihftrQ uREkfyfvkdtyfaeaom xkd;xGif;odjrif
EkdifpGrf;rsm;ukd uREkfyftm;ay;oem;&ef xdkqkawmif;csufrsm;u bk&m;
ocif\0dnmOfawmfukd wkdYxdcJhMuonf/ xkdYtjyif xkdqkawmif;csufrsm;
onf trIawmfjrwfü tywfwukwfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfí tqkH;wkdifquf
vufwnfNrJae&ef wkdYxdaphaqmfay;NyD;? omíBuD;rm;aomtcGihfta&;
rsm;ukday;í bk&m;ocifxHrSaxmufyHhay;oem;jcif;ukd vufcH&&SdapMu
onfukd oHo,&Sdp&mr&Sdyg/ oifay;urf;pGefYBuJaomtcg oifhtwGuff
qkawmif;ay;aeMuaom bk&m;ocifhvlwkdY\ qkawmif;csufrsm;\
tusKd;aus;Zl;ukd oifcHpm;&ygonf/ oihf&JUajzmifhrwfjcif;&dwfodrf;jcif;rSm
wkd;yGm;vm&ygonf/
tcef;i,f 15 wGif &Sifaygvkuatmufygpum;vkH;rsm;jzihf þ
tcef;ukd ed*kH;csKyfxm;ygonf/ ]]ajymírukefEkdifaom bk&m;ocif\ qk
aus;Zl;awmfukd atmufarhí csD;rGrf;jcif;&Sdapownf;/
}}
þae&mü ajymjy
xm;aomqkaus;Zl;qkdonfrSm ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;qkaus;Zl; jzpfEkdifacs
&Sdonf/ xkdqkaus;Zl;onf ay;urf;pGefYBuJaomolrsm;\ toufwmü
vnf;aumif;? vufcH&&Sdaom olwkdY\toufwmüvnf;aumif; tHhzG,f
aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJjzpfwnfMuonf/ odkYaomfxkdqk
aus;Zl;ukd ocifa,½I\jzpfwnfrIü ykdrkdíjynfh0pGm jrifawGU&ygonf/
xkdocifonf uREkfyfwkdYtm; ay;oem;xm;aom qkaus;Zl;rsm;teufrS
tBuD;jrwfqkH;aus;Zl;jzpfNyD;? uREkfyfwkdY\ ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;trIukd aemuf
uG,frS wGef;ykYdaphaqmfay;aomolvnf;jzpfonf/ ocifc&pfawmfwnf;
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif198 199
bk&m;ociftm; BuD;rm;teuf½dIif;qkH;aom ukd;uG,fcsD;rGrf;jcif;
tcsKdUonf nDtpfukdarmifESrrsm;u bk&m;ocifukd emcHírdrdwkdY\ tdwf
uyfrsm;EIdufum ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;twGuf bk&m;ocifu 4if;wkdY\ pdwf
ESvkH;rsm;ukd wkdYxdawmfrlonfhtwkdif; ay;urf;pGefYBuJcJhjcif;rsm;\ &vm'f
rsm;jzpfMuonf/ tcef;i,f 13wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd ,kHMunf
olwkdYtm; ocifc&pfawmfukd 4if;wkdY\0efcHtyfESHjcif;ESihf 'GefwGJíygvm
aomemcHjcif;aMumifh vltrsm;ubk&m;ocifukd csD;rGrf;cJhMurnfhtaMumif;
today;cJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif a,½k&SvifNrdKUrS ,kHMunfol
rsm;ESihftjcm;t&yfa'orS,kHMunfolrsm;u aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;onf
ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;twGuf bk&m;ocifh0dnmOfawmf\aphaqmfjcif;tm;
wkefYjyefjcif;ukd Mum;odMuaomtcg 4if;wkdYonf aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;
\,kHMunfjcif;tm;jzihf cGeftm;opfrsm;ukd&&Sdíbk&m;ocifukd toHjr§ifhí
csD;rGrf;Muygvdrfhrnf/
ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;trI\ aemufxyf&vm'fwpfck&Sdao;onf/
bk&m;ocif\vlrsm;onf ay;urf;pGefYBuJolukd ukd,fawmf&Sif\ rsuf
arSmufawmfokdY qkawmif;jcif;jzihf aqmif,lvm&ef wkdYxdjcif;ukdcHMu&
onf (i,f 14)/ wpfzefþtcsif;t&mukd uREkfyf\omoemvkyfief;wGif
jrifawGU&ygonf/ pmwkdufrSwpfqifh uREkfyf\pmtkyfukdvufcH&&SdcJh&aom
aMumihf uREkfyftwGufqkawmif;ay;aeMuaom urÇmwpf0Srf;rS ,kHMunf
olrsm;twGuf bk&m;ocifukd uREkfyfcsD;rGrf;rdygonf/ þqkawmif;csuf
rsm;u þtrIawmfukdqufvufvkyfaqmifEkdif&ef uREkfyfukdpGrf;aqmifay;
Muygonf/ þqkawmif;csufrsm;\ oufa&mufrIpGrf;tm;ukd uREkfyfþ
avmuü aexkdifpOfwGif od&vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ pmtkyfrsm;ukd uREkfyf
qufvufía&;om;aeonfESihftrQ uREkfyfvkdtyfaeaom xkd;xGif;odjrif
EkdifpGrf;rsm;ukd uREkfyftm;ay;oem;&ef xdkqkawmif;csufrsm;u bk&m;
ocif\0dnmOfawmfukd wkdYxdcJhMuonf/ xkdYtjyif xkdqkawmif;csufrsm;
onf trIawmfjrwfü tywfwukwfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfí tqkH;wkdifquf
vufwnfNrJae&ef wkdYxdaphaqmfay;NyD;? omíBuD;rm;aomtcGihfta&;
rsm;ukday;í bk&m;ocifxHrSaxmufyHhay;oem;jcif;ukd vufcH&&SdapMu
onfukd oHo,&Sdp&mr&Sdyg/ oifay;urf;pGefYBuJaomtcg oifhtwGuff
qkawmif;ay;aeMuaom bk&m;ocifhvlwkdY\ qkawmif;csufrsm;\
tusKd;aus;Zl;ukd oifcHpm;&ygonf/ oihf&JUajzmifhrwfjcif;&dwfodrf;jcif;rSm
wkd;yGm;vm&ygonf/
tcef;i,f 15 wGif &Sifaygvkuatmufygpum;vkH;rsm;jzihf þ
tcef;ukd ed*kH;csKyfxm;ygonf/ ]]ajymírukefEkdifaom bk&m;ocif\ qk
aus;Zl;awmfukd atmufarhí csD;rGrf;jcif;&Sdapownf;/
}}
þae&mü ajymjy
xm;aomqkaus;Zl;qkdonfrSm ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;qkaus;Zl; jzpfEkdifacs
&Sdonf/ xkdqkaus;Zl;onf ay;urf;pGefYBuJaomolrsm;\ toufwmü
vnf;aumif;? vufcH&&Sdaom olwkdY\toufwmüvnf;aumif; tHhzG,f
aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJjzpfwnfMuonf/ odkYaomfxkdqk
aus;Zl;ukd ocifa,½I\jzpfwnfrIü ykdrkdíjynfh0pGm jrifawGU&ygonf/
xkdocifonf uREkfyfwkdYtm; ay;oem;xm;aom qkaus;Zl;rsm;teufrS
tBuD;jrwfqkH;aus;Zl;jzpfNyD;? uREkfyfwkdY\ ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;trIukd aemuf
uG,frS wGef;ykYdaphaqmfay;aomolvnf;jzpfonf/ ocifc&pfawmfwnf;
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif200 201
[laom tBuD;jrwfqkH;qkaus;Zl;twGufvnf; &Sifaygvku bk&m;ocifukd
csD;rGrf;axmremjyKcJhygonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
þtcef;wGif bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmftm; csJUxGifjcif;trIü
ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif; qkaus;Zl;\ta&;ygykHESihf ywfoufí uREkfyf
wkdYrnfonfht&mukd oif,l&ygoenf;/
ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;wGif oihf&JUpdwfaeoabmxm;onf ta&;
BuD;ygovm;/ &Sif;jyyg/
toif;awmfü aiGaMu;udpörsm;ukd *½kwpfpkdufpDrHcefYcGJjcif;\
ta&;ygykHESifhpyfvQOf;í &Sifaygvku ,aeYwGifuREkfyfwkdYtm;
rnfonfh t&mukd oGefoifay;ygoenf;/ oifwkdY&JUtoif;awmfü
aiGaMu;udpörsm;ukd rnfokdYpDrHcefYcGJMuygoenf;/
bk&m;ocif\ EkdfifiHawmfü uREkfyfwkdYrsKd;aphBuJaomtcg rnfonfh
t&mukd &dwfodrf;zdkY uREkfyfwkdY&SmBuHMu&rnfenf;/
ay;urf;pGefYBuJaomolwpfOD;onf 0wfjyKukd;uG,fjcif;acgif;
aqmifwpfOD;jzpfygonf[k uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdYajymEkdifoenf;/
ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;\ &vm'fum;tb,fenf;/ ay;urf;pGefYBuJ
jcif;trIawmftm;jzihf csD;rGrf;jcif;ukd bk&m;ocifrnfokdY vufcH
&&Sd &ygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;trIü oihf&JUpdwfaeoabmxm;ukd qef;ppf
ay;&ef ocifbk&m;ukd awmif;avQmufyg/
oihfteD;wpf0kdufü&Sdaeaom apwempdwfESihfvSL'gef;Ekdifrnfh
tcGihfta&;rsm;ukd awGUjrifEkdifzkdY oifh&JUrsufpdrsm;ukd zGihf[ay;
zkdYbk&m;ocifukd awmif;avQmufyg/
oihf&JUvkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd ukd,fcE¨mawmf&Sd tjcm;olrsm;tm;jzihf
axmufyHhay;oem;cJhonfhtcsdefrsm;twGuf ocifbk&m;ukd
aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
oifvkdtyfaeaomtcsdefü oihfukday;urf;zdkY bk&m;ocif\
tokH;jyKjcif;ukd cH&aomolrsm;twGuf qkawmif;ay;zdkY tcsdef
tenf;i,f,lyg/
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif200 201
[laom tBuD;jrwfqkH;qkaus;Zl;twGufvnf; &Sifaygvku bk&m;ocifukd
csD;rGrf;axmremjyKcJhygonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
þtcef;wGif bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmftm; csJUxGifjcif;trIü
ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif; qkaus;Zl;\ta&;ygykHESihf ywfoufí uREkfyf
wkdYrnfonfht&mukd oif,l&ygoenf;/
ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;wGif oihf&JUpdwfaeoabmxm;onf ta&;
BuD;ygovm;/ &Sif;jyyg/
toif;awmfü aiGaMu;udpörsm;ukd *½kwpfpkdufpDrHcefYcGJjcif;\
ta&;ygykHESifhpyfvQOf;í &Sifaygvku ,aeYwGifuREkfyfwkdYtm;
rnfonfh t&mukd oGefoifay;ygoenf;/ oifwkdY&JUtoif;awmfü
aiGaMu;udpörsm;ukd rnfokdYpDrHcefYcGJMuygoenf;/
bk&m;ocif\ EkdfifiHawmfü uREkfyfwkdYrsKd;aphBuJaomtcg rnfonfh
t&mukd &dwfodrf;zdkY uREkfyfwkdY&SmBuHMu&rnfenf;/
ay;urf;pGefYBuJaomolwpfOD;onf 0wfjyKukd;uG,fjcif;acgif;
aqmifwpfOD;jzpfygonf[k uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdYajymEkdifoenf;/
ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;\ &vm'fum;tb,fenf;/ ay;urf;pGefYBuJ
jcif;trIawmftm;jzihf csD;rGrf;jcif;ukd bk&m;ocifrnfokdY vufcH
&&Sd &ygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;trIü oihf&JUpdwfaeoabmxm;ukd qef;ppf
ay;&ef ocifbk&m;ukd awmif;avQmufyg/
oihfteD;wpf0kdufü&Sdaeaom apwempdwfESihfvSL'gef;Ekdifrnfh
tcGihfta&;rsm;ukd awGUjrifEkdifzkdY oifh&JUrsufpdrsm;ukd zGihf[ay;
zkdYbk&m;ocifukd awmif;avQmufyg/
oihf&JUvkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd ukd,fcE¨mawmf&Sd tjcm;olrsm;tm;jzihf
axmufyHhay;oem;cJhonfhtcsdefrsm;twGuf ocifbk&m;ukd
aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
oifvkdtyfaeaomtcsdefü oihfukday;urf;zdkY bk&m;ocif\
tokH;jyKjcif;ukd cH&aomolrsm;twGuf qkawmif;ay;zdkY tcsdef
tenf;i,f,lyg/
pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif;\aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
1717
1717
17
aygvkvlaMumufvm;aygvkvlaMumufvm;
aygvkvlaMumufvm;aygvkvlaMumufvm;
aygvkvlaMumufvm;
2aum 10;1-12 ukdzwf½Iyg/
&SifaygvkESihfaum&dE
oKtoif;awmfrS vlwpfcsKdUtMum;ü &Sdae
cJhaomjyóemrsm;\ t&dyft>rufukd uREkfyffwkdYjrifawGUcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/
&SifaygvkwGif qefYusifykwfcwfolrsm;&SdaecJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;awmf
wGif&Sifaygvk\ trIawmfvkyfief;ukd rBudKufrESpfoufí &Sifaygvk\
vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd avsmhyg;xdckdufap&ef BudK;pm;aeonfh rSm;,Gif;aom
q&mrsm;ESihf vlwpfcsKdU&SdcJhMuonf/ &Sifaygvku þjyóemukd txl;
owdxm;rdcJhNyD; ajz&Sif;zkdYBudK;pm;cJhonf/
tcef;i,f 1 wGif aum&dE
oKNrdKUtoif;awmfxJrS vlwpfcsKdUu
&Sifaygvku pma&;&mwGif vlpGmvkyfaomfvnf;/ vlcsif;rsufESmcsif;qkdif
awGUaomtcgwGif vlaMumufjzpfonf[k ajymqkdaeMuaMumif;ukd owdjyK
yg/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf &Sifaygvkukd vla&SUwGifwpfrsKd; aemufuG,fwGif
wpfrsKd;[k pGyfpGJajymqkdjcif;jzihf &Sifaygvkukd ½IwfcszkdY BudK;pm;aeMuonfukd
uREkfyfwkdY oabmaygufzkdYvkdtyfonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;u &Sifaygvkonf
rdrdwdkYESihf ta0;wpfae&mü&dSaecsdefwGif &J&ihfjywfom;pGmjzihf pma&;ay;
ydkYcJhaomfvnf; rdrdwkdYESihf rsufESmcsif;qkdifawGUqkHcsdefwGif olajymcJhonfh
t&mrsm;ukd ausmaxmufaemufcHjyKay;zkdY owådr&Sd[k ajymqkdaecJhMu
onf/
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
1717
1717
17
aygvkvlaMumufvm;aygvkvlaMumufvm;
aygvkvlaMumufvm;aygvkvlaMumufvm;
aygvkvlaMumufvm;
2aum 10;1-12 ukdzwf½Iyg/
&SifaygvkESihfaum&dE
oKtoif;awmfrS vlwpfcsKdUtMum;ü &Sdae
cJhaomjyóemrsm;\ t&dyft>rufukd uREkfyffwkdYjrifawGUcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/
&SifaygvkwGif qefYusifykwfcwfolrsm;&SdaecJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;awmf
wGif&Sifaygvk\ trIawmfvkyfief;ukd rBudKufrESpfoufí &Sifaygvk\
vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd avsmhyg;xdckdufap&ef BudK;pm;aeonfh rSm;,Gif;aom
q&mrsm;ESihf vlwpfcsKdU&SdcJhMuonf/ &Sifaygvku þjyóemukd txl;
owdxm;rdcJhNyD; ajz&Sif;zkdYBudK;pm;cJhonf/
tcef;i,f 1 wGif aum&dE
oKNrdKUtoif;awmfxJrS vlwpfcsKdUu
&Sifaygvku pma&;&mwGif vlpGmvkyfaomfvnf;/ vlcsif;rsufESmcsif;qkdif
awGUaomtcgwGif vlaMumufjzpfonf[k ajymqkdaeMuaMumif;ukd owdjyK
yg/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf &Sifaygvkukd vla&SUwGifwpfrsKd; aemufuG,fwGif
wpfrsKd;[k pGyfpGJajymqkdjcif;jzihf &Sifaygvkukd ½IwfcszkdY BudK;pm;aeMuonfukd
uREkfyfwkdY oabmaygufzkdYvkdtyfonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;u &Sifaygvkonf
rdrdwdkYESihf ta0;wpfae&mü&dSaecsdefwGif &J&ihfjywfom;pGmjzihf pma&;ay;
ydkYcJhaomfvnf; rdrdwkdYESihf rsufESmcsif;qkdifawGUqkHcsdefwGif olajymcJhonfh
t&mrsm;ukd ausmaxmufaemufcHjyKay;zkdY owådr&Sd[k ajymqkdaecJhMu
onf/
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif204 205
wpfpdwfwpfykdif;tm;jzihf þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf 4if;wkdY\toif;
awmfü&Sdaeaom jyóemtcsKdUukd &Sifaygvkuaxmufjyajz&Sif;ay;onfh
taejzihf a&;om;cJhonfhpmukd wkefYjyefaecJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ þpmapmifü
&Sifaygvkajymxm;csufrsm;ukd vufrcHEkdifjzpfcJhMuNyD;? &Sifaygvk\vkyfykdif
cGihftmPmukd xdcdkufavsmhyg;oGm;ap&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaecJhMuygonf/
&Sifaygvku rdrdukdpGyfpGJajymqkdaeaomolrsm;tm; ocifc&pf
awmf\ El;nHhodrfarGUajz;n§if;awmfrljcif;tm;jzihf awmif;yefcJhonf/ wpf
enf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif olonfa'goxGufjcif;? em;usnf;cg;oD;jcif;wkdY
jzihf rwkefYjyefcJhyg/ olonfEl;nHhodrfarGUajz;n§if;jcif;pdwfjzihf awmif;yef
ajymqkdcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdYukdjypfwifa0zefjcif;tm; trsufa'goESihfwkefYjyef
&efrSm rnfrQvG,fulaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYtm;vkH;odxm;Muygonf/ Zmwd
yuwdpdwfonf pum;jzihfvnf;aumif;? ukd,fxdvufa&mufusL;vGefjcif;
tm;jzihf4if; csufcsif;wkdufckdufí? vufpm;acsrIukd jyKvkyfvkdonf/ &Sifayg
vkonf þae&mwGif Zmwdyuwdpdwfjzihf rjyKrlcJhyg/ olonf0dnmOf
awmf\vrf;jyrItwkdif;om jyKrlcJhygonf/ jypfwifpGyfpGJjcif;rsm;ukd &ifqkdif
&mü &Sifaygvkonf rdrd\El;nHhodrfarGUajz;n§if;jcif;vufeufukd qGJukdifcJh
onf/ þonfrSm &SifaygvkwkdufyGJ0ifonfhykHpHjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku olonftrIawmfvkyfief;ü &J&J0Hh0Hh&yfwnfzkdYvkdtyf
onfhtcsdefrsm;&SdaecJhaMumif;ukd 0efcHcJhonf/ okdYaomftjzpfEkdifqkH; El;nHh
odrfarGUjcif;jzihf jyKrlzdkYola&G;cs,fcJhonf/ tcef;i,f 2 wGif &Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdaum&dE
oKNrdKUokdYrvmrDþjyóemukd
ajz&Sif;xm;MuzdkY awmif;yefcJhonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf &Sifaygvkaum&dE
oKNrdKU
ukdvma&mufvnfywfaomtcgwGif toif;om;rsm;ukd twif;t"r®
wkdufwGef;zkdY vkdrnfr[kwfawmhyg/
&SifaygvkESihf wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf avmuDpHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;jzihf
aexkdifaeMuygonf[k ajymqkdaeaomolrsm;&SdcJhonf/ þpGyfpGJajymqkd
csufrsm;onf bk&m;ocifhwynfhfawmfrsm;\ tusihfpm&dwåukd xdckduf
n§dK;EGrf;apaomaMumihf &Sifaygvku þpGyfpGJajymqkdcsufrsm;ukd ayghaygh
wefwefrxm;cJhyg/ þpGyfpGJajymqkdcsufrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiH
awmfcsJUxGifjcif;trIrS t"duacgif;aqmifrsm;\ toufwmukd oHo,
jzpfapaomaMumifh EkdifiHawmfcsJUxGifjcif;trIukd qD;wm;aESmuf,Sufaeyg
onf/ þ½Iwfcsa0zefolrsm;onf toif;awmfüpdwf0rf;uGJjcif;ukd
jzpfay:apaomaMumihf 4if;wkdY\yg;pyfrsm;ukd ydwfypfzkdYvkdtyfcJhonf/
&Sifaygvkonf ukd,fwkdifvma&mufí þyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESihf xdyfwkdufajz&Sif;
csifcJhonf/ rdrdrnfrQ&J&ifhjywfom;EkdifaMumif;ukd þyk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; vuf
awGUoufaojyvkdcJhonf/ okdYaomf&Sifaygvkonf 4if;wkdYxHokdY El;nhHodrf
arGUjcif;ESifhtwla&mufvm&jcif;ukd ykdíESpfoufcJhonf/ xkdYaMumihf toif;
awmftm; þjyóemukd rdrdwdkYzmomtjrefqkH;ajz&Sif;MuzkdY wkdufwGef;cJh
jcif;jzpfonf/
bk&m;ocif\ tapcHrsm;tm; qefYusifykwfcwfajymqkdjcif;\
tEÅ&m,fukd uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfzdkYta&;BuD;onf/ toif;awmfukd vrf;rSm;
qDokdYOD;aqmifaeaom acgif;aqmifwpfa,muftm; ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;
jcif;onf wpfrsKd;jzpfí? bk&m;ocif\vlwpfa,muftm; 4if;\vkyfenf;
vkyf[efukd oabmrusí jypfwif½IwfcsuJh&JUjcif;onf wpfrsKd;jzpfonf/
aygvkvlaMumufvm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif204 205
wpfpdwfwpfykdif;tm;jzihf þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf 4if;wkdY\toif;
awmfü&Sdaeaom jyóemtcsKdUukd &Sifaygvkuaxmufjyajz&Sif;ay;onfh
taejzihf a&;om;cJhonfhpmukd wkefYjyefaecJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ þpmapmifü
&Sifaygvkajymxm;csufrsm;ukd vufrcHEkdifjzpfcJhMuNyD;? &Sifaygvk\vkyfykdif
cGihftmPmukd xdcdkufavsmhyg;oGm;ap&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaecJhMuygonf/
&Sifaygvku rdrdukdpGyfpGJajymqkdaeaomolrsm;tm; ocifc&pf
awmf\ El;nHhodrfarGUajz;n§if;awmfrljcif;tm;jzihf awmif;yefcJhonf/ wpf
enf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif olonfa'goxGufjcif;? em;usnf;cg;oD;jcif;wkdY
jzihf rwkefYjyefcJhyg/ olonfEl;nHhodrfarGUajz;n§if;jcif;pdwfjzihf awmif;yef
ajymqkdcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdYukdjypfwifa0zefjcif;tm; trsufa'goESihfwkefYjyef
&efrSm rnfrQvG,fulaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYtm;vkH;odxm;Muygonf/ Zmwd
yuwdpdwfonf pum;jzihfvnf;aumif;? ukd,fxdvufa&mufusL;vGefjcif;
tm;jzihf4if; csufcsif;wkdufckdufí? vufpm;acsrIukd jyKvkyfvkdonf/ &Sifayg
vkonf þae&mwGif Zmwdyuwdpdwfjzihf rjyKrlcJhyg/ olonf0dnmOf
awmf\vrf;jyrItwkdif;om jyKrlcJhygonf/ jypfwifpGyfpGJjcif;rsm;ukd &ifqkdif
&mü &Sifaygvkonf rdrd\El;nHhodrfarGUajz;n§if;jcif;vufeufukd qGJukdifcJh
onf/ þonfrSm &SifaygvkwkdufyGJ0ifonfhykHpHjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku olonftrIawmfvkyfief;ü &J&J0Hh0Hh&yfwnfzkdYvkdtyf
onfhtcsdefrsm;&SdaecJhaMumif;ukd 0efcHcJhonf/ okdYaomftjzpfEkdifqkH; El;nHh
odrfarGUjcif;jzihf jyKrlzdkYola&G;cs,fcJhonf/ tcef;i,f 2 wGif &Sifaygvku
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdaum&dE
oKNrdKUokdYrvmrDþjyóemukd
ajz&Sif;xm;MuzdkY awmif;yefcJhonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf &Sifaygvkaum&dE
oKNrdKU
ukdvma&mufvnfywfaomtcgwGif toif;om;rsm;ukd twif;t"r®
wkdufwGef;zkdY vkdrnfr[kwfawmhyg/
&SifaygvkESihf wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf avmuDpHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;jzihf
aexkdifaeMuygonf[k ajymqkdaeaomolrsm;&SdcJhonf/ þpGyfpGJajymqkd
csufrsm;onf bk&m;ocifhwynfhfawmfrsm;\ tusihfpm&dwåukd xdckduf
n§dK;EGrf;apaomaMumihf &Sifaygvku þpGyfpGJajymqkdcsufrsm;ukd ayghaygh
wefwefrxm;cJhyg/ þpGyfpGJajymqkdcsufrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiH
awmfcsJUxGifjcif;trIrS t"duacgif;aqmifrsm;\ toufwmukd oHo,
jzpfapaomaMumifh EkdifiHawmfcsJUxGifjcif;trIukd qD;wm;aESmuf,Sufaeyg
onf/ þ½Iwfcsa0zefolrsm;onf toif;awmfüpdwf0rf;uGJjcif;ukd
jzpfay:apaomaMumihf 4if;wkdY\yg;pyfrsm;ukd ydwfypfzkdYvkdtyfcJhonf/
&Sifaygvkonf ukd,fwkdifvma&mufí þyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESihf xdyfwkdufajz&Sif;
csifcJhonf/ rdrdrnfrQ&J&ifhjywfom;EkdifaMumif;ukd þyk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; vuf
awGUoufaojyvkdcJhonf/ okdYaomf&Sifaygvkonf 4if;wkdYxHokdY El;nhHodrf
arGUjcif;ESifhtwla&mufvm&jcif;ukd ykdíESpfoufcJhonf/ xkdYaMumihf toif;
awmftm; þjyóemukd rdrdwdkYzmomtjrefqkH;ajz&Sif;MuzkdY wkdufwGef;cJh
jcif;jzpfonf/
bk&m;ocif\ tapcHrsm;tm; qefYusifykwfcwfajymqkdjcif;\
tEÅ&m,fukd uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfzdkYta&;BuD;onf/ toif;awmfukd vrf;rSm;
qDokdYOD;aqmifaeaom acgif;aqmifwpfa,muftm; ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;
jcif;onf wpfrsKd;jzpfí? bk&m;ocif\vlwpfa,muftm; 4if;\vkyfenf;
vkyf[efukd oabmrusí jypfwif½IwfcsuJh&JUjcif;onf wpfrsKd;jzpfonf/
aygvkvlaMumufvm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif206 207
þtajctaeESpfckvkH;wGif uREkfyfwkdYtxl;owdxm;zdkY vdktyfonf/ uREkfyf
wdkY\ wnfaqmufp&mtzkdYvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdY\cGeftm;,lp&mtzkdY
vnf;aumif; ocifbk&m;u uREkfyfwkdY\tv,füxm;&Sdxm;aom vkyfykdif
cGihftmPm&Sdolrsm;tm; jypfwif½Iwfcsonfhtjypfukd uREkfyfwkdYrusL;vGef
oihfyg/ xkdokdYjypfwif½Iwfcsonfhtjypfukd usL;vGefjcif;onf bk&m;ocifukd
qefYusiftHwkjcif;omjzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifu rdrdwkdYtay:ü cefYtyfxm;aomvkyfykdifcGif
tmPm&Sdolukd av;pm;*kPfjyKvkdpdwf&Sdaomolrsm;wGif 'g0d'fonfxif&Sm;
aom ykHOyrmwpfckjzpfonf/ a&Smvkonf'g0d'fukd vkyfBuHowfjzwfzdkY&Sm
BuHcJhaomfvnf; 'g0d'fonf a&Smvkukd EIwftm;jzihfvnf;aumif;? tjyK
trltm;jzihfvnf;aumif; qufvufí½kdaoav;pm;cJhonf/ 'g0d'f\ ykHOy
rmukd uREkfyfwkdYvkdufavQmufusihfBuHMuzkdY vkdtyfonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ,kHMunfolwkdYonf
þavmuü &SifoefaexkdifMu&aomfvnf; avmuDom;rsm;uJhokdY ppfukd
rwkdufMuaMumif;today;cJhonf/ þuJhokdYaomtjyKtrl\ xif&Sm;aom
ykHOyrmukd yxrqkH;tcef;i,fü uREkfyfwkdYawGUjrifcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ xkd
tcef;i,fwGif &Sifaygvkonf El;nHhodrfarGUjznf;n§if;jcif;vufeufukd
tokH; jyK&efa&G;cs,fcJhonf/ avmuDom;rsm;\enf;vrf;onf wrlxl;
jcm;aMumif;ukd olodcJhygonf/ avmuDom;rsm;onf vufpm;acsjcif;ukd
&SmBuHMuonf/ emusnf;cg;oD;rIrsm;ESihf jynfhírausrcsrf;jzpfMuonf/
csufcsif;qkdovkd jyKrlwkefYjyefwwfMuonf/ tqkd;ukdtqkd;tm;jzihf wkefYjyef
acsyMuonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; þvufeuf
rsm;onf bk&m;ocifxHrS r[kwfMuouJhokdY toif;awmfüvnf; ae&m
r&SdMuyg[k ajymjycJhonf/
0dnmOfawmf\vufeufrsm;onf avmuDvufeufrsm;xufykdí
tpGrf;xufMuonf/ 0dnmOfawmf\vufeufrsm;onf NrdKU½kd;? NrdKUjywkdYukd
NzdKzsufEkdifaom vufeufrsm;jzpfMuonf/ cspfjcif;arwåmw&m;onf
rkef;wD;jcif;w&m;xuf tqD;twm;rsm;ukd ykdíNzdKzsufEkdifpGrf;onf/ El;nHh
odrfarGUjcif;onf &efol\wefckd;ukd atmifEkdifNyD;? rmefrmeBuD;jcif;onf
4if;\qkyfukdifxm;rIukd ykdíomckdifrmapygonf/ pdwf&Snfonf;cHjcif;
onf atmifEkdifjcif;ukd&&Sdí pdwfr&Snfjcif;onf jyóemukdykdíom qkd;0g;
apygonf/ þvufeufrsm;tm;vkH;onf uREkfyfwkdY\toufwm&Sd bk&m;
ocifh0dnmOfawmf\toD;jzpfonf/ oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf
0dnmOfpGrf;&nfqkaus;Zl;rsm;ESihf 0dnmOftoD;tm;jzihf &efol\wefckd;
tpGrf;ukdNzdKzsuf&ef uREkfyfwkdYtxJüvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdYtm;jzihf
vnf;aumif; tvkyfvkyfawmfrlonf/ odkYaomf uREkfyfwkdYonf rMumcP
qkdovkd avmuDenf;vrf;rsm;qDokdY ukdif;nTwfwwfMuonf/ avmuD
vufeufrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYpGJukdiftokH;jyKvQif tvGefBuD;rm;aom ysufpD;
jcif;ukd jyKvkyfrdEkdifonf/ bk&m;ocihfEkdifiHawmf\ aumif;&maumif;usKd;
ukduREkfyfwkdY &SmBuHEkdifygaomfvnf; xkd&SmBuHjcif;ukd Zmwdyuwdtm;jzihf
vkyfaqmif&efrSmvnf; jzpfEkdifaomt&mjzpfonf/ toif;awmfrsm;onf
Zmwdyuwdpdwfjzihf toif;awmfpnf;urf;ukd jy|mef;usihfokH;Ekdifonf/
w&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf ZmwdyuwdrSvmaom w&m;a'oemrsm;ukd
a[majymEkdifMuonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;awmf&Sd raumif;rI'kp½kdufukd jywf
jywfom;om; ½Iwfcsjypfwifjcif;vkyf&yfonf &SifaygvktwGufrSefuef
aygvkvlaMumufvm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif206 207
þtajctaeESpfckvkH;wGif uREkfyfwkdYtxl;owdxm;zdkY vdktyfonf/ uREkfyf
wdkY\ wnfaqmufp&mtzkdYvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdY\cGeftm;,lp&mtzkdY
vnf;aumif; ocifbk&m;u uREkfyfwkdY\tv,füxm;&Sdxm;aom vkyfykdif
cGihftmPm&Sdolrsm;tm; jypfwif½Iwfcsonfhtjypfukd uREkfyfwkdYrusL;vGef
oihfyg/ xkdokdYjypfwif½Iwfcsonfhtjypfukd usL;vGefjcif;onf bk&m;ocifukd
qefYusiftHwkjcif;omjzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifu rdrdwkdYtay:ü cefYtyfxm;aomvkyfykdifcGif
tmPm&Sdolukd av;pm;*kPfjyKvkdpdwf&Sdaomolrsm;wGif 'g0d'fonfxif&Sm;
aom ykHOyrmwpfckjzpfonf/ a&Smvkonf'g0d'fukd vkyfBuHowfjzwfzdkY&Sm
BuHcJhaomfvnf; 'g0d'fonf a&Smvkukd EIwftm;jzihfvnf;aumif;? tjyK
trltm;jzihfvnf;aumif; qufvufí½kdaoav;pm;cJhonf/ 'g0d'f\ ykHOy
rmukd uREkfyfwkdYvkdufavQmufusihfBuHMuzkdY vkdtyfonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ,kHMunfolwkdYonf
þavmuü &SifoefaexkdifMu&aomfvnf; avmuDom;rsm;uJhokdY ppfukd
rwkdufMuaMumif;today;cJhonf/ þuJhokdYaomtjyKtrl\ xif&Sm;aom
ykHOyrmukd yxrqkH;tcef;i,fü uREkfyfwkdYawGUjrifcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ xkd
tcef;i,fwGif &Sifaygvkonf El;nHhodrfarGUjznf;n§if;jcif;vufeufukd
tokH; jyK&efa&G;cs,fcJhonf/ avmuDom;rsm;\enf;vrf;onf wrlxl;
jcm;aMumif;ukd olodcJhygonf/ avmuDom;rsm;onf vufpm;acsjcif;ukd
&SmBuHMuonf/ emusnf;cg;oD;rIrsm;ESihf jynfhírausrcsrf;jzpfMuonf/
csufcsif;qkdovkd jyKrlwkefYjyefwwfMuonf/ tqkd;ukdtqkd;tm;jzihf wkefYjyef
acsyMuonf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; þvufeuf
rsm;onf bk&m;ocifxHrS r[kwfMuouJhokdY toif;awmfüvnf; ae&m
r&SdMuyg[k ajymjycJhonf/
0dnmOfawmf\vufeufrsm;onf avmuDvufeufrsm;xufykdí
tpGrf;xufMuonf/ 0dnmOfawmf\vufeufrsm;onf NrdKU½kd;? NrdKUjywkdYukd
NzdKzsufEkdifaom vufeufrsm;jzpfMuonf/ cspfjcif;arwåmw&m;onf
rkef;wD;jcif;w&m;xuf tqD;twm;rsm;ukd ykdíNzdKzsufEkdifpGrf;onf/ El;nHh
odrfarGUjcif;onf &efol\wefckd;ukd atmifEkdifNyD;? rmefrmeBuD;jcif;onf
4if;\qkyfukdifxm;rIukd ykdíomckdifrmapygonf/ pdwf&Snfonf;cHjcif;
onf atmifEkdifjcif;ukd&&Sdí pdwfr&Snfjcif;onf jyóemukdykdíom qkd;0g;
apygonf/ þvufeufrsm;tm;vkH;onf uREkfyfwkdY\toufwm&Sd bk&m;
ocifh0dnmOfawmf\toD;jzpfonf/ oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf
0dnmOfpGrf;&nfqkaus;Zl;rsm;ESihf 0dnmOftoD;tm;jzihf &efol\wefckd;
tpGrf;ukdNzdKzsuf&ef uREkfyfwkdYtxJüvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdYtm;jzihf
vnf;aumif; tvkyfvkyfawmfrlonf/ odkYaomf uREkfyfwkdYonf rMumcP
qkdovkd avmuDenf;vrf;rsm;qDokdY ukdif;nTwfwwfMuonf/ avmuD
vufeufrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYpGJukdiftokH;jyKvQif tvGefBuD;rm;aom ysufpD;
jcif;ukd jyKvkyfrdEkdifonf/ bk&m;ocihfEkdifiHawmf\ aumif;&maumif;usKd;
ukduREkfyfwkdY &SmBuHEkdifygaomfvnf; xkd&SmBuHjcif;ukd Zmwdyuwdtm;jzihf
vkyfaqmif&efrSmvnf; jzpfEkdifaomt&mjzpfonf/ toif;awmfrsm;onf
Zmwdyuwdpdwfjzihf toif;awmfpnf;urf;ukd jy|mef;usihfokH;Ekdifonf/
w&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf ZmwdyuwdrSvmaom w&m;a'oemrsm;ukd
a[majymEkdifMuonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;awmf&Sd raumif;rI'kp½kdufukd jywf
jywfom;om; ½Iwfcsjypfwifjcif;vkyf&yfonf &SifaygvktwGufrSefuef
aygvkvlaMumufvm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif208 209
cJhygonf/ okdYaomfolonf 0dnmOfawmfüajymqkdjcif;? 0dnmOfawmfü
vkyfaqmifjcif;wkdYtwGuf txl;BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhygonf/
0dnmOfawmfüvnf;aumif;? cspfjcif;arwåmüvnf;aumif; uREkfyf
wkdYavQmufvSrf;&SifoefvQif uREkfyfwkdYonf olwpfyg;ukdjyif;jyif;xefxef
qufqHjyKrlrnfr[kwf (okdY) jypfwif½IwfcsMurnfr[kwf[k ,kHMunfxm;
aomolrsm;&SdMuonf/ þtcsufonf rrSefuefyg/ 0dnmOfawmfütrsuf
a'goxGufrd&efrSm jzpfEkdifacs&Sdaomt&mjzpfonf/ AdrmefawmfxJodkY
ocifa,½I0ifa&mufoGm;cJhí aiGvJvS,folrsm;ukd awGUjrifaomtcg
trsufxGufcJhNyD; 4if;wkdYukdAdrmefawmfxJrS ESifxkwfcJhonf/ bk&m;ocif
ukd,füuyif tjypfESihfraumif;rI'kp½kdufukd tvGefrkef;wD;&GHU&Smawmfrl
onf/ xm0&'PfcwfpD&ifjcif;ae&mjzpfonfh ty,fi&Jonf bk&m;
ocif\ w&m;rQwpGm pD&ifjcif;ESihfbk&m;ocif\ajzmifhrwfaom trsuf
awmfwkdY\ oufaowpfckjzpfcJhygvdrfhrnf/ olwpfyg;ukd uREkfyfwkdYppfrSefpGm
cspfvQif 4if;wkdY\tjypfukdvufcHay;Muvdrfhrnf[k oGefoifay;aom
olrsm;&Sdonf/ ppfrSefaomcspfjcif;arwåmonf wpfcgwpf&HwGif jyif;xef
usyfwnf;aomqkH;roGefoifay;jcif;ukd rjzpfraejy|mef;aMumif; rdb
wkdif;uodxm;Muonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif cspfjcif;arwåmonf tusihf
pm&dwåukd wnfaqmufjyKjyifay;zdkY ,m,DemusifrIukd jzpfapzdkYvkdtyfonf/
tcef;i,f 5wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdYonf bk&m;ociftm; oduRrf;jcif;ukdqD;wm;aom &efjzpfjiif;ckH
jcif;tm;vkH;ESihf cyfodrf;aom[efaqmifjcif;rsm;ukd oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOf
awmf\ wefckd;awmftm;jzihf NzdKzsufEkdifaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ wpfenf;
tm;jzihfqkd&vQif ,kHMunfolrsm;txJü udef;0yfawmfrlaom oefY&Sif;
aom0dnmOfawmfonf bk&m;ocifESihfbk&m;ocif\ tBuHtpnfrsm;ukd
qD;wm;aom avmuDtawG;tac:rsm;ESihfenf;vrf;rsm;ukd 0dnmOf
vufeufrsm;jzihf wkdufckdufygonf/
þavmuBuD;ü ,kHMunfolrsm;jyKvkyf&rnfht&mukd jyñTefay;
&eftwGuf&Sifaygvkonf tvGefav;eufjyif;xefaom pum;vkH;rsm;ukd
tokH;jyKcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf &efol\ajcukyfrsm;ukd NzdKzsufaeMuyg
onf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf raumif;aomavmuDtawG;tac:rsm;ukd wpfppD
csKd;zJhaeMuygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf pmwefwnfaqmufxm;aom pnf;½kd;
rsm;ukd NzdKzsufz,f&Sm;aeMuygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf vlwkdYukd4if;wkdYtm;
zsufqD;vkdaeonfh rmefrme\csKyfukdifzrf;qD;jcif;rS u,fwifay;aeMu
ygonf/
0dnmOfawmfü avQmufvSrf;&Sifoefí 0dnmOfawmf\vufeuf
rsm;jzihf trIawmfaqmifaomolrsm;onf tm;enf;csnfheJYaomolrsm;
r[kwfMuyg/ olwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmftwGuf tmoDojyif;jy
rIrsm;ESihf jynfh0aeaomolrsm;omjzpfMuonf/ olwkdYonf &efoluzefwD;
jzpfay:apcJhaom tysuftqD;rsm;ukd jrifawGUcJhMu&onf/ xkdYtwGuf
aMumifh,kHMunfolrsm;u pmwefukdtEkdif,lzkdY wkdufckdufaeMuygonf/
avmuDom;rsm;\ jyóemrsm;twGuftajzrSm bk&m;ocifukdoduRrf;
jcif;ESihfbkk&m;ocif\ u,fwifjcif;omjzpfaMumif;ukd olwkdYodxm;Mu
onf/ þt&mukd taumiftxnfaz:zkdY rdrdwkdY\toufukdyif olwkdY
pGefYvTwfMuygvdrfhrnf/ olwkdYonf avmuDvufeufrsm;jzihf wkdufyGJukd
rETJMuyg/ olwkdYonf jyif;jyaomqE´rsm;ESihf jynfhaeípmwefESihf pmwef\
aygvkvlaMumufvm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif208 209
cJhygonf/ okdYaomfolonf 0dnmOfawmfüajymqkdjcif;? 0dnmOfawmfü
vkyfaqmifjcif;wkdYtwGuf txl;BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhygonf/
0dnmOfawmfüvnf;aumif;? cspfjcif;arwåmüvnf;aumif; uREkfyf
wkdYavQmufvSrf;&SifoefvQif uREkfyfwkdYonf olwpfyg;ukdjyif;jyif;xefxef
qufqHjyKrlrnfr[kwf (okdY) jypfwif½IwfcsMurnfr[kwf[k ,kHMunfxm;
aomolrsm;&SdMuonf/ þtcsufonf rrSefuefyg/ 0dnmOfawmfütrsuf
a'goxGufrd&efrSm jzpfEkdifacs&Sdaomt&mjzpfonf/ AdrmefawmfxJodkY
ocifa,½I0ifa&mufoGm;cJhí aiGvJvS,folrsm;ukd awGUjrifaomtcg
trsufxGufcJhNyD; 4if;wkdYukdAdrmefawmfxJrS ESifxkwfcJhonf/ bk&m;ocif
ukd,füuyif tjypfESihfraumif;rI'kp½kdufukd tvGefrkef;wD;&GHU&Smawmfrl
onf/ xm0&'PfcwfpD&ifjcif;ae&mjzpfonfh ty,fi&Jonf bk&m;
ocif\ w&m;rQwpGm pD&ifjcif;ESihfbk&m;ocif\ajzmifhrwfaom trsuf
awmfwkdY\ oufaowpfckjzpfcJhygvdrfhrnf/ olwpfyg;ukd uREkfyfwkdYppfrSefpGm
cspfvQif 4if;wkdY\tjypfukdvufcHay;Muvdrfhrnf[k oGefoifay;aom
olrsm;&Sdonf/ ppfrSefaomcspfjcif;arwåmonf wpfcgwpf&HwGif jyif;xef
usyfwnf;aomqkH;roGefoifay;jcif;ukd rjzpfraejy|mef;aMumif; rdb
wkdif;uodxm;Muonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif cspfjcif;arwåmonf tusihf
pm&dwåukd wnfaqmufjyKjyifay;zdkY ,m,DemusifrIukd jzpfapzdkYvkdtyfonf/
tcef;i,f 5wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdYonf bk&m;ociftm; oduRrf;jcif;ukdqD;wm;aom &efjzpfjiif;ckH
jcif;tm;vkH;ESihf cyfodrf;aom[efaqmifjcif;rsm;ukd oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOf
awmf\ wefckd;awmftm;jzihf NzdKzsufEkdifaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ wpfenf;
tm;jzihfqkd&vQif ,kHMunfolrsm;txJü udef;0yfawmfrlaom oefY&Sif;
aom0dnmOfawmfonf bk&m;ocifESihfbk&m;ocif\ tBuHtpnfrsm;ukd
qD;wm;aom avmuDtawG;tac:rsm;ESihfenf;vrf;rsm;ukd 0dnmOf
vufeufrsm;jzihf wkdufckdufygonf/
þavmuBuD;ü ,kHMunfolrsm;jyKvkyf&rnfht&mukd jyñTefay;
&eftwGuf&Sifaygvkonf tvGefav;eufjyif;xefaom pum;vkH;rsm;ukd
tokH;jyKcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf &efol\ajcukyfrsm;ukd NzdKzsufaeMuyg
onf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf raumif;aomavmuDtawG;tac:rsm;ukd wpfppD
csKd;zJhaeMuygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf pmwefwnfaqmufxm;aom pnf;½kd;
rsm;ukd NzdKzsufz,f&Sm;aeMuygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf vlwkdYukd4if;wkdYtm;
zsufqD;vkdaeonfh rmefrme\csKyfukdifzrf;qD;jcif;rS u,fwifay;aeMu
ygonf/
0dnmOfawmfü avQmufvSrf;&Sifoefí 0dnmOfawmf\vufeuf
rsm;jzihf trIawmfaqmifaomolrsm;onf tm;enf;csnfheJYaomolrsm;
r[kwfMuyg/ olwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmftwGuf tmoDojyif;jy
rIrsm;ESihf jynfh0aeaomolrsm;omjzpfMuonf/ olwkdYonf &efoluzefwD;
jzpfay:apcJhaom tysuftqD;rsm;ukd jrifawGUcJhMu&onf/ xkdYtwGuf
aMumifh,kHMunfolrsm;u pmwefukdtEkdif,lzkdY wkdufckdufaeMuygonf/
avmuDom;rsm;\ jyóemrsm;twGuftajzrSm bk&m;ocifukdoduRrf;
jcif;ESihfbkk&m;ocif\ u,fwifjcif;omjzpfaMumif;ukd olwkdYodxm;Mu
onf/ þt&mukd taumiftxnfaz:zkdY rdrdwkdY\toufukdyif olwkdY
pGefYvTwfMuygvdrfhrnf/ olwkdYonf avmuDvufeufrsm;jzihf wkdufyGJukd
rETJMuyg/ olwkdYonf jyif;jyaomqE´rsm;ESihf jynfhaeípmwefESihf pmwef\
aygvkvlaMumufvm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif210 211
tpDtrHrsm;ukd qefYusifíoefY&Sif;aom trsufa'goESihfjynfhaeMuyg
onf/
wkdufyGJtwGif;odkY uREkfyfwkdY0ifa&mufaomtcg uREkfyfwkdY\Zmwd
yuwdü obm0twkdif; xGufay:vmaomvufeufrsm;jzihf wkdufckduf
&efrS uREkfyfwkdYtwGuftrSefwu,f&Sdaeaom pkHprf;aESmuf,Sufjcif;
jzpfonf/ pdwfqkd;a'goxGufí emusnf;cg;oD;pdwfrsm;jzpfay:vmzkdY
pkHprf;aESmuf,SufcH&ygvdrfhrnf/ &efol\vufeufukdpGJukdifí 4if;ukd
&ifqkdifwkdufckdufzdkY pkHprf;aESmuf,Sufjcif; cH&ygvdrfhrnf/ okdYaomf þtcef;
i,f 5 wGif &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYtm;cyfodrf;aom pdwfwkdYukdzrf;csKyf
xdef;odrf;í ocifa,½Ic&pfawmf\pum;ukd emcHMuzkdYtoday;cJhonf/
þtcsif;t&monf c&pf,mefppfol&Jrsm;twGuf xkdqkd;npfí vufpm;
acsvkdpdwfrsm;ESihf trltusihfrsm;tm; zrf;csKyfxdef;odrf;jcif;ukd qkdvkd
onf/ xkdt&monf Zmwdyuwdpdwfü obm0twkdif;jzpfay:vmaom
t&mrsm;üaoí bk&m;ocif\enf;vrf;jzihf usihfBuHvkyfaqmifjcif;ukd
qkdvkdonf/ xkdt&monf emusnf;cg;oD;rIrsm;ESihf rSm;,Gif;aompdwfxm;
rsm;ukd ukpm;ay;zkdY ocifa,½IxHodkYvma&mufjcif;ukdqkdvkdonf/ xkdt&m
onf uREkfyfwkdYukd xdckdufemusifapaomolwkdYtm; cGihfvTwfay;jcif;ukd
qkdvkdonf/ xkdt&monf rSm;,Gif;aompdwf&if;pdwfxm;rsm;ukd tokH;jyK
í wkdufyGJ0ifjcif;tm; jiif;qefjcif;ukdqkdvkdonf/ qkd;npfaomtawG;
rsm; (okdY) cyfodrf;aomvdrfnmajymqkdrIrsm;ukd &yfwefYí bk&m;ocifh
EIwfuywfawmf\ or®mw&m;jzihf zrf;qD;xdef;csKyf&rnfjzpfonf/ uREkfyf
wkdYonf ocifa,½I\pdwfESvkH;tawG;tac:ESihftwl &efolYukd&ifqkdif
Mu&ygrnf/
rdrdwkdY\teD;wpf0kdufü&SdaeaomwkdufyGJrsm;ukd &ifqkdifwkdufvSef
Muaomfvnf; pdwfESvkH;twGif;&Sd wkdufyGJukdrwdkufaomolrsm;&SdMuonf/
olwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfukd csJUxGifzkdYBudK;pm;aeMuaomfvnf;
olwkdYonf pdwfrausrcsrf;ESifh azmfa&GcifrifrIr&SdjzpfaeMuonf/ remvkd
0efwkdjcif;ESihf vufpm;acsjcif;vufeufukd olwkdYpGJukdifMuonf/ rdrdwkdY\
tjypf'kp½kdufrsm;tm; qefYusifwkdufvSefjcif;[laom twGif;wkdufyGJukd
olwkdY½IH;edrfhcJhMuonf/ rdrdwkdY\tjcm;nDtpfukd armifESrrsm;uJhokdYyif wlnD
aomtajccHtaMumif;t&mrsm;twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifaumif;0ifaeMuyg
vdrfhrnf/ odkYaomfolwkdYonf avmuDvufeufrsm;jzihf wkdufyGJ0ifaeMu
onf/ þtcsif;t&mukd uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfoabmaygufaomtcgüom
vQif ocifc&pfawmfukd qefYusifrnfhtpm; ocifc&pfawmftwGuf
uREkfyfwkdYwkdufyGJ0ifoihfonfhtwkdif; wkdufyGJ0ifEkdifMurnfjzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 6 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; opöm
ESihfjynfhpkHaomolwkdYu 4if;wkdYukd,fukd tjypf'kp½kdufü &SifoefaeMuaom
olrsm;ESihf oD;oefYcGJxm;NyD;aemufwGif remcHjcif;vkyf&yfrsm;ukd 'Pfay;zkdY
rdrdwkdYtqifoihf&SdaeaMumif; today;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku olvma&muf
rvnfywfrDwGif þtzGJUESpfzGJUMum;ü &Sif;vif;jywfom;aompnf;rsm;ukd
a&;qGJapvkdcJhonf/ jiif;qefykefuefaeolrsm;u aemifw&zkYd jiif;y,fcJh
vQif pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;jzihf qkH;rzdkY&Sifaygvk toifh&SdaecJhygonf/
tcef;i,f 7 wGif&Sifaygvku olYukdqefYusifykwfcwfajymqkd
aeaomolrsm;onf tjzpftysuftajctaersm;ukd tay:,Hom okH;oyf
cJhMuaomaMumihfjzpfonf[k ajymcJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif
aygvkvlaMumufvm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif210 211
tpDtrHrsm;ukd qefYusifíoefY&Sif;aom trsufa'goESihfjynfhaeMuyg
onf/
wkdufyGJtwGif;odkY uREkfyfwkdY0ifa&mufaomtcg uREkfyfwkdY\Zmwd
yuwdü obm0twkdif; xGufay:vmaomvufeufrsm;jzihf wkdufckduf
&efrS uREkfyfwkdYtwGuftrSefwu,f&Sdaeaom pkHprf;aESmuf,Sufjcif;
jzpfonf/ pdwfqkd;a'goxGufí emusnf;cg;oD;pdwfrsm;jzpfay:vmzkdY
pkHprf;aESmuf,SufcH&ygvdrfhrnf/ &efol\vufeufukdpGJukdifí 4if;ukd
&ifqkdifwkdufckdufzdkY pkHprf;aESmuf,Sufjcif; cH&ygvdrfhrnf/ okdYaomf þtcef;
i,f 5 wGif &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYtm;cyfodrf;aom pdwfwkdYukdzrf;csKyf
xdef;odrf;í ocifa,½Ic&pfawmf\pum;ukd emcHMuzkdYtoday;cJhonf/
þtcsif;t&monf c&pf,mefppfol&Jrsm;twGuf xkdqkd;npfí vufpm;
acsvkdpdwfrsm;ESihf trltusihfrsm;tm; zrf;csKyfxdef;odrf;jcif;ukd qkdvkd
onf/ xkdt&monf Zmwdyuwdpdwfü obm0twkdif;jzpfay:vmaom
t&mrsm;üaoí bk&m;ocif\enf;vrf;jzihf usihfBuHvkyfaqmifjcif;ukd
qkdvkdonf/ xkdt&monf emusnf;cg;oD;rIrsm;ESihf rSm;,Gif;aompdwfxm;
rsm;ukd ukpm;ay;zkdY ocifa,½IxHodkYvma&mufjcif;ukdqkdvkdonf/ xkdt&m
onf uREkfyfwkdYukd xdckdufemusifapaomolwkdYtm; cGihfvTwfay;jcif;ukd
qkdvkdonf/ xkdt&monf rSm;,Gif;aompdwf&if;pdwfxm;rsm;ukd tokH;jyK
í wkdufyGJ0ifjcif;tm; jiif;qefjcif;ukdqkdvkdonf/ qkd;npfaomtawG;
rsm; (okdY) cyfodrf;aomvdrfnmajymqkdrIrsm;ukd &yfwefYí bk&m;ocifh
EIwfuywfawmf\ or®mw&m;jzihf zrf;qD;xdef;csKyf&rnfjzpfonf/ uREkfyf
wkdYonf ocifa,½I\pdwfESvkH;tawG;tac:ESihftwl &efolYukd&ifqkdif
Mu&ygrnf/
rdrdwkdY\teD;wpf0kdufü&SdaeaomwkdufyGJrsm;ukd &ifqkdifwkdufvSef
Muaomfvnf; pdwfESvkH;twGif;&Sd wkdufyGJukdrwdkufaomolrsm;&SdMuonf/
olwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfukd csJUxGifzkdYBudK;pm;aeMuaomfvnf;
olwkdYonf pdwfrausrcsrf;ESifh azmfa&GcifrifrIr&SdjzpfaeMuonf/ remvkd
0efwkdjcif;ESihf vufpm;acsjcif;vufeufukd olwkdYpGJukdifMuonf/ rdrdwkdY\
tjypf'kp½kdufrsm;tm; qefYusifwkdufvSefjcif;[laom twGif;wkdufyGJukd
olwkdY½IH;edrfhcJhMuonf/ rdrdwkdY\tjcm;nDtpfukd armifESrrsm;uJhokdYyif wlnD
aomtajccHtaMumif;t&mrsm;twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifaumif;0ifaeMuyg
vdrfhrnf/ odkYaomfolwkdYonf avmuDvufeufrsm;jzihf wkdufyGJ0ifaeMu
onf/ þtcsif;t&mukd uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfoabmaygufaomtcgüom
vQif ocifc&pfawmfukd qefYusifrnfhtpm; ocifc&pfawmftwGuf
uREkfyfwkdYwkdufyGJ0ifoihfonfhtwkdif; wkdufyGJ0ifEkdifMurnfjzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 6 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolwkdYtm; opöm
ESihfjynfhpkHaomolwkdYu 4if;wkdYukd,fukd tjypf'kp½kdufü &SifoefaeMuaom
olrsm;ESihf oD;oefYcGJxm;NyD;aemufwGif remcHjcif;vkyf&yfrsm;ukd 'Pfay;zkdY
rdrdwkdYtqifoihf&SdaeaMumif; today;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku olvma&muf
rvnfywfrDwGif þtzGJUESpfzGJUMum;ü &Sif;vif;jywfom;aompnf;rsm;ukd
a&;qGJapvkdcJhonf/ jiif;qefykefuefaeolrsm;u aemifw&zkYd jiif;y,fcJh
vQif pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;jzihf qkH;rzdkY&Sifaygvk toifh&SdaecJhygonf/
tcef;i,f 7 wGif&Sifaygvku olYukdqefYusifykwfcwfajymqkd
aeaomolrsm;onf tjzpftysuftajctaersm;ukd tay:,Hom okH;oyf
cJhMuaomaMumihfjzpfonf[k ajymcJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif
aygvkvlaMumufvm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif212
olwkdYonf tcsuftvuftaMumif;t&mrsm;tm;vkH;ukd xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;okH;oyfjcif;r&SdcJhMuyg/ olwkdYonf tcsuftvuftaMumif;
t&mrsm;ukd rdrdwdkY½IjrifokH;oyfvkdonfhtwkdif;om ½IjrifokH;oyfcJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvku olwkdYtm; ocifa,½IESihf4if;wkdYywfoufpyfqkdifoavmuf
rddrdvnf;ocifa,½IESihfywfoufpyfqkdifaMumif; ajymMum;today;cJh
onf/ &Sifaygvku 4if;wkdYudk 4if;wkdY\u,fwifjcif;ESihf pyfvsOf;í ar;cGef;
rxkwfcJhaMumif;ukd owdjyKyg/ olonf þyk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; ocifc&pfawmf
ü wnfaomrdrd\ nDtpfukdarmifESrrsm;tjzpf rSwf,lcJhonf/ olwkdYMum;
ü 0dnmOfa&; aESmifBudK;&SdaecJhonf/ &Sifaygvku þyk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; rdrdwkdY
onfwpfzGJUwnf;om;csif;rsm;jzpfaMumif; ajymjyaecJhonf/ &efolukd
ypfcGif;&rnfhtpm;? rdrdwkdY\aoewfrsm;ukd rdrdwkdY\wyfom;csif;tay:
okdYcsdef&G,fypfcwfvQif wkdufyGJukdrnfokdY tEkdifwkdufEdkifrnfhtaMumif; ukd
olwkdYpOf;pm; csihfcsdefzkdYvkdtyfonf/
&efolukd ESdrfeif;tEkdif,lzkdY arQmfvifhaeaom rnfonfhppfwyf
onf 4if;\acgif;aqmifrsm;\ tmPmpufukdxdckdufavsmhyg;atmif
BudK;pm;&mü 4if;wkdY\tcsdefrsm;ukd tokH;jyKvdrfhrnfenf;/ uREkfyfwkdYonf
wpfzGJUom;csif;rsm;jzpfMuvQif uREkfyfwkdY\bkH&efolukd twlwuGwkdufckduf
Murnhftpm; tb,faMumifhtcsif;csif;wpfa,mufESihfwpfa,muf jiif;ckH
zkdYtcsdefjzKef;aeMuygoenf;/ &efolonfuREkfyfwkdYukd b,fESpfBudrfb,f
ESpfcgaoG;cGJaecJhygoenf;/ toif;awmfrsm;pGmonf tcsif;csif;tMum;ü
jypfwifuJh&JUjcif;? jiif;ckHpum;rsm;jcif;rsm;twGuf tcsdeftm;vkH;ukd tokH;
jyKaecJhMuaomaMumihf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfcsJUxGifjcif;trIukd BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfrIrsm;wGif ½IH;edrfhusqif;aeMuygonf/
&Sifaygvku þpGyfpGJolnDtpfukdrsm;tm; rdrdü&SdaomtcGifh
tmPmukdvnf;aumif;? rdrd\vkyfazmfukdifzufwrefawmfrsm;ü&Sdaom
tcGihftmPmukdvnf;aumif; ocifa,½Iuay;cJhaMumif; 4if;wkdYtaejzihf
em;vnfoabmaygufzkdY vdkaMumif;today;cJhonf/ þtcGihftmPmonf
toif;awmfukd wpfppDqGJNzJzkdY ay;xm;onfr[kwf? toif;awmfukd
wnfaqmufzkdY ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ocifbk&m;u &Sifaygvkukdqifhac:
ívkyfaqmifapaomtrIawmfukd þpGyfpGJolrsm;u qefYusifcJhMuonf/
ocifbk&m;onf &Sifaygvkukd þtrIawmftwGuf a&G;cs,fcGJcefYcJhNyD;
þtrIawmftwGuf jyifqifrGrf;rHay;cJhygonf/ þtcsufukd wrefawmf
BuD;rsm;tm;vkH;ESihf aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfukd,fwkdifuyif twnfjyKcJhNyD;
jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\toif;awmfukd wnfaqmuf&efwnf;[laom
&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf bk&m;ocif\vufawmfonf &Sifaygvktay:ü
&SdaecJhygonf/
tcef;i,f 8 wGif &Sifaygvku rdrdtm;pGyfpGJajymqkdaeaomol
rsm;xHü rdrdonfbk&m;ocif\a&SUawmfü &SufaMumufp&mtaMumif;
r&Sd[ktoday;cJhonf/ olonf bk&m;ocifuay;oem;awmfrlxm;aom
tcGihftmPmü MowåyÜpdwfMunfvifpGmjzihf &SifoefítrIawmfaqmif
cJhonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf &Sifaygvk\omoemvkyfief;ukd xdkcdkufavsmh
yg;vmatmif rvkyfaqmifrDwGif bk&m;ocif\opömESihf jynfhpkHaom
tapcHukd ckcHwkdufckdufaecJhMuygonf/ þtajctae&yfwnfrIonf
olwkdYtwGuf tvGeftEÅ&m,f&Sdaom tajctaewpfckjzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 9 wGif&Sifaygvku rdrd\þpmapmifjzihf aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolrsm;tm; pkd;&drfylyefap&efrSm rdrd\&nf&G,fcsufr[kwfaMumif;
213aygvkvlaMumufvm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif212
olwkdYonf tcsuftvuftaMumif;t&mrsm;tm;vkH;ukd xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;okH;oyfjcif;r&SdcJhMuyg/ olwkdYonf tcsuftvuftaMumif;
t&mrsm;ukd rdrdwdkY½IjrifokH;oyfvkdonfhtwkdif;om ½IjrifokH;oyfcJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvku olwkdYtm; ocifa,½IESihf4if;wkdYywfoufpyfqkdifoavmuf
rddrdvnf;ocifa,½IESihfywfoufpyfqkdifaMumif; ajymMum;today;cJh
onf/ &Sifaygvku 4if;wkdYudk 4if;wkdY\u,fwifjcif;ESihf pyfvsOf;í ar;cGef;
rxkwfcJhaMumif;ukd owdjyKyg/ olonf þyk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; ocifc&pfawmf
ü wnfaomrdrd\ nDtpfukdarmifESrrsm;tjzpf rSwf,lcJhonf/ olwkdYMum;
ü 0dnmOfa&; aESmifBudK;&SdaecJhonf/ &Sifaygvku þyk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; rdrdwkdY
onfwpfzGJUwnf;om;csif;rsm;jzpfaMumif; ajymjyaecJhonf/ &efolukd
ypfcGif;&rnfhtpm;? rdrdwkdY\aoewfrsm;ukd rdrdwkdY\wyfom;csif;tay:
okdYcsdef&G,fypfcwfvQif wkdufyGJukdrnfokdY tEkdifwkdufEdkifrnfhtaMumif; ukd
olwkdYpOf;pm; csihfcsdefzkdYvkdtyfonf/
&efolukd ESdrfeif;tEkdif,lzkdY arQmfvifhaeaom rnfonfhppfwyf
onf 4if;\acgif;aqmifrsm;\ tmPmpufukdxdckdufavsmhyg;atmif
BudK;pm;&mü 4if;wkdY\tcsdefrsm;ukd tokH;jyKvdrfhrnfenf;/ uREkfyfwkdYonf
wpfzGJUom;csif;rsm;jzpfMuvQif uREkfyfwkdY\bkH&efolukd twlwuGwkdufckduf
Murnhftpm; tb,faMumifhtcsif;csif;wpfa,mufESihfwpfa,muf jiif;ckH
zkdYtcsdefjzKef;aeMuygoenf;/ &efolonfuREkfyfwkdYukd b,fESpfBudrfb,f
ESpfcgaoG;cGJaecJhygoenf;/ toif;awmfrsm;pGmonf tcsif;csif;tMum;ü
jypfwifuJh&JUjcif;? jiif;ckHpum;rsm;jcif;rsm;twGuf tcsdeftm;vkH;ukd tokH;
jyKaecJhMuaomaMumihf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfcsJUxGifjcif;trIukd BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfrIrsm;wGif ½IH;edrfhusqif;aeMuygonf/
&Sifaygvku þpGyfpGJolnDtpfukdrsm;tm; rdrdü&SdaomtcGifh
tmPmukdvnf;aumif;? rdrd\vkyfazmfukdifzufwrefawmfrsm;ü&Sdaom
tcGihftmPmukdvnf;aumif; ocifa,½Iuay;cJhaMumif; 4if;wkdYtaejzihf
em;vnfoabmaygufzkdY vdkaMumif;today;cJhonf/ þtcGihftmPmonf
toif;awmfukd wpfppDqGJNzJzkdY ay;xm;onfr[kwf? toif;awmfukd
wnfaqmufzkdY ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ocifbk&m;u &Sifaygvkukdqifhac:
ívkyfaqmifapaomtrIawmfukd þpGyfpGJolrsm;u qefYusifcJhMuonf/
ocifbk&m;onf &Sifaygvkukd þtrIawmftwGuf a&G;cs,fcGJcefYcJhNyD;
þtrIawmftwGuf jyifqifrGrf;rHay;cJhygonf/ þtcsufukd wrefawmf
BuD;rsm;tm;vkH;ESihf aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfukd,fwkdifuyif twnfjyKcJhNyD;
jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\toif;awmfukd wnfaqmuf&efwnf;[laom
&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf bk&m;ocif\vufawmfonf &Sifaygvktay:ü
&SdaecJhygonf/
tcef;i,f 8 wGif &Sifaygvku rdrdtm;pGyfpGJajymqkdaeaomol
rsm;xHü rdrdonfbk&m;ocif\a&SUawmfü &SufaMumufp&mtaMumif;
r&Sd[ktoday;cJhonf/ olonf bk&m;ocifuay;oem;awmfrlxm;aom
tcGihftmPmü MowåyÜpdwfMunfvifpGmjzihf &SifoefítrIawmfaqmif
cJhonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf &Sifaygvk\omoemvkyfief;ukd xdkcdkufavsmh
yg;vmatmif rvkyfaqmifrDwGif bk&m;ocif\opömESihf jynfhpkHaom
tapcHukd ckcHwkdufckdufaecJhMuygonf/ þtajctae&yfwnfrIonf
olwkdYtwGuf tvGeftEÅ&m,f&Sdaom tajctaewpfckjzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 9 wGif&Sifaygvku rdrd\þpmapmifjzihf aum&dE
oK
,kHMunfolrsm;tm; pkd;&drfylyefap&efrSm rdrd\&nf&G,fcsufr[kwfaMumif;
213aygvkvlaMumufvm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif214 215
qufvufí ajymjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\pmonf av;eufjyif;xefaomf
vnf; ajymvkdaomt&mrsm;onf t"dyÜg,fuif;rJhí txifBuD;p&mr&Sd[k
ajymqkdaeaomolrsm;&SdcJhonf/ okdYaomf &Sifaygvk\&nf&G,fcsufrSm rdrd\
pmtm;jzihfvnf;aumif;? rdrd\a[majymcsuftm;jzihfvnf;aumif;
bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfukd wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf/ tcsKdUudpö&yfrsm;ü
&Sifaygvkjyif;jyif;xefxef ajymqkdzkdYvkdtyfonfh tcsdefrsm;&Sdonf/
&Sifaygvk\&nf&G,fcsufrSm av;pm;xkdufí &Sifaygvk\pdwfqE´rSm
aum&dE
oKNrdKUü bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfukd csJUxGif&efjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvku
rdrdtm; pGyfpGJajymqkdaeaomolrsm;tm; 4if;wkdYxHodkY rdrdvma&muf
vnfywfaomtcgwGif rdrd\pmrsm;uom jyif;xefav;eufMuonf
r[kwf? rdrdukd,fwkdifuyifav;eufjyif;xefaMumif;ukd oufaojyrnf[k
ajymjycJhonf/ olonf 4if;wkdYukdrsufESmcsif;qkdifajymqkdqkH;rzkdYukd vnf;
aumif;? bk&m;ociftm; 4if;wkdYqefYusifykefuefaejcif;ukd ukdifwG,f
ajz&Sif;&ef oifhwifhavsmufywfaom 'PfcwfpD&ifjcif;ukd jyKvkyfzkdYukd
vnf;aumif; wGefYqkwfawGa0aecJhrnf r[kwfyg/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
&Sifaygvk\ trIawmfvkyfief;ukd vufrcHcJhaomolrsm;&SdcJhyg
onf/ ocifa,½Iüvnf; &efolrsm;&SdcJhygonf/ vlwkdif;uuREkfyf
wkdYukd cspfjrwfEkd;Muvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhoihfygovm;/
Zmwdyuwdvufeufrsm;ukdtokH;jyKí &efolukd,SOfNydKifwkduf
vSefzkdY pkHprf;aESmuf,SufcH&zl;ygovm;/ &Sif;jyyg/ þvufeuf
rsm;jzihf atmifjrifrIukdoif&&SdEkdifygrnfvm;/
,aeYkwGif toif;awmfxJrS ,kHMunfolrsm;ukd pdwf0rf;cGJ&mü
&efolonf rnfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzihf atmifjrifrI&&Sdaeyg
oenf;/
oihftxufü cefYtyfxm;aom vkyfykdifcGihftmPm&Sdyk*¾dKvfrsm;ukd
a0zefykwfcwfzkdY pkHprf;aESmuf,SufcH&zl;ygovm;/ þkokdYa0zef
ykwfcwfjcif;\tEÅ&m,ftaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdYoif,lcJh&
ygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
oifESihfoihf&JUrdwfaqG ,kHMunfolrsm;Mum;&Sd rwluGJjym;rIrsm;ukd
vufcHEkdifzdkY oihfukdaus;Zl;awmfoGef;avmif;ay;&ef ocifbk&m;
ukdawmif;avQmufyg/
uREkfyfwkdY\ jzpfwnfaerItwkdif; bk&m;ocifuuREkfyfwkdYukd tokH;
jyKaomaMumihf aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
ocifc&pfawmfüwnfaom tjcm;,kHMunfoltay:üxm;&Sd
aom oihf&JU rSm;,Gif;aompdwfxm;rsm;udk 0efcHawmif;yef&eft
csdeftenf;i,f,lyg/ cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;olwpfOD;jzpfvmzdkY
oifhukdpGrf;aqmifay;&ef bk&m;ocifukdawmif;avQmufyg/
oihftxufücGJcefYxm;aom vkyfykdifcGihftmPm&Sdolrsm;twGuf
qkawmif;ay;&ef tcsdeftenf;i,f,lyg/ olwkdYukdaumif;BuD;
ay;í olwkdYonfocifbk&m;tay:üvnf;aumif;? ocifbk&m;
\EIwfuywfawmftay:üvnf;aumif; ppfrSefaeMu&efapmifhr
ay;zkdY bk&m;ocifukdawmif;avQmufyg/
aygvkvlaMumufvm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif214 215
qufvufí ajymjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\pmonf av;eufjyif;xefaomf
vnf; ajymvkdaomt&mrsm;onf t"dyÜg,fuif;rJhí txifBuD;p&mr&Sd[k
ajymqkdaeaomolrsm;&SdcJhonf/ okdYaomf &Sifaygvk\&nf&G,fcsufrSm rdrd\
pmtm;jzihfvnf;aumif;? rdrd\a[majymcsuftm;jzihfvnf;aumif;
bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfukd wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf/ tcsKdUudpö&yfrsm;ü
&Sifaygvkjyif;jyif;xefxef ajymqkdzkdYvkdtyfonfh tcsdefrsm;&Sdonf/
&Sifaygvk\&nf&G,fcsufrSm av;pm;xkdufí &Sifaygvk\pdwfqE´rSm
aum&dE
oKNrdKUü bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfukd csJUxGif&efjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvku
rdrdtm; pGyfpGJajymqkdaeaomolrsm;tm; 4if;wkdYxHodkY rdrdvma&muf
vnfywfaomtcgwGif rdrd\pmrsm;uom jyif;xefav;eufMuonf
r[kwf? rdrdukd,fwkdifuyifav;eufjyif;xefaMumif;ukd oufaojyrnf[k
ajymjycJhonf/ olonf 4if;wkdYukdrsufESmcsif;qkdifajymqkdqkH;rzkdYukd vnf;
aumif;? bk&m;ociftm; 4if;wkdYqefYusifykefuefaejcif;ukd ukdifwG,f
ajz&Sif;&ef oifhwifhavsmufywfaom 'PfcwfpD&ifjcif;ukd jyKvkyfzkdYukd
vnf;aumif; wGefYqkwfawGa0aecJhrnf r[kwfyg/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
&Sifaygvk\ trIawmfvkyfief;ukd vufrcHcJhaomolrsm;&SdcJhyg
onf/ ocifa,½Iüvnf; &efolrsm;&SdcJhygonf/ vlwkdif;uuREkfyf
wkdYukd cspfjrwfEkd;Muvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhoihfygovm;/
Zmwdyuwdvufeufrsm;ukdtokH;jyKí &efolukd,SOfNydKifwkduf
vSefzkdY pkHprf;aESmuf,SufcH&zl;ygovm;/ &Sif;jyyg/ þvufeuf
rsm;jzihf atmifjrifrIukdoif&&SdEkdifygrnfvm;/
,aeYkwGif toif;awmfxJrS ,kHMunfolrsm;ukd pdwf0rf;cGJ&mü
&efolonf rnfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzihf atmifjrifrI&&Sdaeyg
oenf;/
oihftxufü cefYtyfxm;aom vkyfykdifcGihftmPm&Sdyk*¾dKvfrsm;ukd
a0zefykwfcwfzkdY pkHprf;aESmuf,SufcH&zl;ygovm;/ þkokdYa0zef
ykwfcwfjcif;\tEÅ&m,ftaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYrnfokdYoif,lcJh&
ygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
oifESihfoihf&JUrdwfaqG ,kHMunfolrsm;Mum;&Sd rwluGJjym;rIrsm;ukd
vufcHEkdifzdkY oihfukdaus;Zl;awmfoGef;avmif;ay;&ef ocifbk&m;
ukdawmif;avQmufyg/
uREkfyfwkdY\ jzpfwnfaerItwkdif; bk&m;ocifuuREkfyfwkdYukd tokH;
jyKaomaMumihf aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
ocifc&pfawmfüwnfaom tjcm;,kHMunfoltay:üxm;&Sd
aom oihf&JU rSm;,Gif;aompdwfxm;rsm;udk 0efcHawmif;yef&eft
csdeftenf;i,f,lyg/ cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;olwpfOD;jzpfvmzdkY
oifhukdpGrf;aqmifay;&ef bk&m;ocifukdawmif;avQmufyg/
oihftxufücGJcefYxm;aom vkyfykdifcGihftmPm&Sdolrsm;twGuf
qkawmif;ay;&ef tcsdeftenf;i,f,lyg/ olwkdYukdaumif;BuD;
ay;í olwkdYonfocifbk&m;tay:üvnf;aumif;? ocifbk&m;
\EIwfuywfawmftay:üvnf;aumif; ppfrSefaeMu&efapmifhr
ay;zkdY bk&m;ocifukdawmif;avQmufyg/
aygvkvlaMumufvm;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
1818
1818
18
ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
2aum 10;12-18 ukdzwf½Iyg/
aum&dE
oKNrdKU&SdvltcsKdUu &Sifaygvk\trIawmfvkyfief;ukd rnfokdY
ar;cGef;xkwfcJhaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYawGU&SdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf
&Sifaygvk\tusihfpm&dwåESihf vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd ar;cGef;xkwfcJhMuNyD;
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfxJü pdwf0rf;uGJjcif;ukdjzpfay:apcJhMuonf/
&kSifaygvkonf þudpöukdaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHü rjzpfraeajymjy
zkdY jzpfvmcJhonf/ &SifaygvkajymcJhonfhtcsKdUaomt&mrsm;ukd &Sifaygvk\
&efolrsm;u *kPf,l0g<um;rItjzpf wvGJt"dyÜg,faumufcJhMuonf/
Oyrm aemufqkH;qifjcifESvkH;oGif;jcif;wGif &Sifaygvku rdrdonfwref
awmfwpfyg;tjzpfESihf trIawmfaqmif&efqihfac:jcif;cH&í bdodPf ay;
jcif;ukdcHcJh&NyD;? xkdtrIawmfukd *kPftoa&n§dK;EGrf;atmif rnfonfh
t&mukdrQ rusL;vGefcJhaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ þpum;vkH;rsm;ukd &efolu
arSmufvSefí 0g<um;rIykHpHrsKd;ay:atmif zefwD;cJhMuonf/
þtcsufu &Sifaygvkukd 0g<um;jcif;taMumif; a&;om;aqG;aEG;
&efjzpfvmapcJhonf/ *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;qkdonfrSm t&mwpfckckütxl;
0rf;ajrmufMunfEl;jcif;jzpfonf/ wpfpkHwpfck (okdY) wpfpkHwpfa,mufü
tBuD;tus,f0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjcif; (okdY) *kPf,ljcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
1818
1818
18
ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
2aum 10;12-18 ukdzwf½Iyg/
aum&dE
oKNrdKU&SdvltcsKdUu &Sifaygvk\trIawmfvkyfief;ukd rnfokdY
ar;cGef;xkwfcJhaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYawGU&SdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf
&Sifaygvk\tusihfpm&dwåESihf vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd ar;cGef;xkwfcJhMuNyD;
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfxJü pdwf0rf;uGJjcif;ukdjzpfay:apcJhMuonf/
&kSifaygvkonf þudpöukdaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHü rjzpfraeajymjy
zkdY jzpfvmcJhonf/ &SifaygvkajymcJhonfhtcsKdUaomt&mrsm;ukd &Sifaygvk\
&efolrsm;u *kPf,l0g<um;rItjzpf wvGJt"dyÜg,faumufcJhMuonf/
Oyrm aemufqkH;qifjcifESvkH;oGif;jcif;wGif &Sifaygvku rdrdonfwref
awmfwpfyg;tjzpfESihf trIawmfaqmif&efqihfac:jcif;cH&í bdodPf ay;
jcif;ukdcHcJh&NyD;? xkdtrIawmfukd *kPftoa&n§dK;EGrf;atmif rnfonfh
t&mukdrQ rusL;vGefcJhaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ þpum;vkH;rsm;ukd &efolu
arSmufvSefí 0g<um;rIykHpHrsKd;ay:atmif zefwD;cJhMuonf/
þtcsufu &Sifaygvkukd 0g<um;jcif;taMumif; a&;om;aqG;aEG;
&efjzpfvmapcJhonf/ *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;qkdonfrSm t&mwpfckckütxl;
0rf;ajrmufMunfEl;jcif;jzpfonf/ wpfpkHwpfck (okdY) wpfpkHwpfa,mufü
tBuD;tus,f0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjcif; (okdY) *kPf,ljcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyf
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif218 219
wkdY\*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf tusKd;rJhaomtcsdefrsm;&SdouJhokdY tjypfyif
xkdufonfhtcsdefrsm;&Sdygonf/ okdYaomf *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;tm;vkH;ukd
wpfykHpHwnf; rokH;oyfoihfyg/ þae&mü &Sifaygvkajymqkdxm;onfh
*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;taMumif;ukd pOf;pm;okH;oyfMunfhMuygpkdY/
rSm;,Gif;aompHcsdefpHñTef;ü tajccHí*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
tcef;i,f 12 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm;
rdrdonf ukd,fhukd,fukdcsD;rGrf;ajymqdkaomolrsm;ESihf a&wGuf0ifjcif; (okdY)
NydKifEIdif;jcif;ukd r0HhaMumif;ajymjyjcif;jzihf tpjyKcJhonf/ tjcm;olrsm;ESihf
NydKifEIdif;&efrSm uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf tb,frQvG,fulygoenf;/ uREkfyfwkdY
onf olwkdYESihfwef;wlnDwljzpfonf[lívnf;aumif;? olwkdYxufykdí
omvGefaumif;jrwfonf[lívnf;aumif; xifrSwfvQif uREkfyfwkdY\
jzpfwnfjcif;tay:ü *kPf,l0g<um;í ,kHMunfpdwfcsrI&Sd&ef taMumif;
jycsuf&Sdygonf[k xifrSwfMuonf/ þtcsif;t&mtrsKd;ukd rdrdrvkyf0Hh
aMumif; &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd ajymjycJhonf/ tu,f
pifppfuREkfyfwkdY\ toufwmpHcsdefpHñTef;ukd tjcm;olrsm;tm;jzihf rwkdif;
wmyg/ bk&m;ocif\ EIwfuywfawmftm;jzihfom wkdif;wm&ygonf/
uREkfyfwkdYonf ukd,fhukd,fukdwkdif;wmowfrSwf&ef tjcm;olrsm;ukd
aywHtjzpf rMumcPqkdovkdtokH;jyKMuygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYukd,fhukd,fukd
EIwfuywfawmfjzihf wkdif;wmppfaq;rnfhtpm;? vlYpHcsdefpHñTef;jzihf
wkdif;wmppfaq;aeMuonhftjzpfukd &efolonftvGeftm;&auseyfvQuf
&Sdonf/ bk&m;ocifhEIwfuywfawmf\ pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;ukd vspfvsL½Ií
rdrdwkdY\ ukd,fykdifpHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;jzihf ukd,fhukd,fukdcsD;rGrf;aeMuaom
olrsm;ESihf ukd,fhukd,fukd rEIdif;0HhaMumif; &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;tm; ajymjycJhonf/
toif;awmforkdif;wGif vlwkdYonf&efol\ þy&d,m,fü om;
aumiftjzpf tBudrfBudrfusa&mufcJhMu&onf/ £oa&vvlwkdYonf
bk&m;ocif\ EIwfuywfawmfukd ausmckdif;í rdrdwdkY\ukd,fykdif pHcsdef
pHñTef;rsm;ukd tNrJvkdvkdowfrSwfzefwD;cJhMuonf/ bk&m;ocifu uREkfyf
wdkYtwGuf owfrSwfay;xm;aom pHcsdefpHñTef;xufedrfhuspGm &Sifoef
aexkdifMupOfüyif uREkfyfwkdYonftjcm;olwpfa,mufa,mufxuf ykdí
omvGefaumif;jrwfygonf[k *kPf,l0g<um;ae&efrSm jzpfEkdifaomt&m
jzpfonf/
ukd,fhukd,fukdtjcm;olrsm;ESihf EIdif;,SOfírdrdwkdY\ukd,fykdifpHcdsef
pHñTef;rsm;jzihf ukd,fhukd,fukdwkdif;wmaomolrsm;onf tajrmftjrifr&Sd
aomolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ tqkH;wGif bk&m;ocif\w&m;pD&ifjcif;onf
vltcsif;csif; EIdif;,SOfcsufrsm;ü tajccHcJhrnfr[kwfyg/ bk&m;ocifonf
pHcsdefpHñTef;wpfckwnf;wGifom tajccHíw&m;pD&ifygvdrfhrnf/ xkdpHcsdef
pHñTef;rSm EIwfuywfawmfjzpfonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf tjcm;wpfOD;
wpfa,mufrQ aumif;rGefaumif; aumif;rGefaeygvdrfhrnf (okdY) ykdíyif
aumif;rGefaeygvdrfhrnf/ okdYaomfysufpD;jcif;okdYyif a&muf&ayrnf/
uREkfyfwkdY\ tjrifrsm;ukdjr§ifhwifzkdY vdktyfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf ukd,fhukd,f
ukdEIwfuywfawmf wpfyg;wnf;ESihfom EIdif;,SOfMunfh½IzkdY vkdtyfonf/
ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif218 219
wkdY\*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf tusKd;rJhaomtcsdefrsm;&SdouJhokdY tjypfyif
xkdufonfhtcsdefrsm;&Sdygonf/ okdYaomf *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;tm;vkH;ukd
wpfykHpHwnf; rokH;oyfoihfyg/ þae&mü &Sifaygvkajymqkdxm;onfh
*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;taMumif;ukd pOf;pm;okH;oyfMunfhMuygpkdY/
rSm;,Gif;aompHcsdefpHñTef;ü tajccHí*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
tcef;i,f 12 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;tm;
rdrdonf ukd,fhukd,fukdcsD;rGrf;ajymqdkaomolrsm;ESihf a&wGuf0ifjcif; (okdY)
NydKifEIdif;jcif;ukd r0HhaMumif;ajymjyjcif;jzihf tpjyKcJhonf/ tjcm;olrsm;ESihf
NydKifEIdif;&efrSm uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf tb,frQvG,fulygoenf;/ uREkfyfwkdY
onf olwkdYESihfwef;wlnDwljzpfonf[lívnf;aumif;? olwkdYxufykdí
omvGefaumif;jrwfonf[lívnf;aumif; xifrSwfvQif uREkfyfwkdY\
jzpfwnfjcif;tay:ü *kPf,l0g<um;í ,kHMunfpdwfcsrI&Sd&ef taMumif;
jycsuf&Sdygonf[k xifrSwfMuonf/ þtcsif;t&mtrsKd;ukd rdrdrvkyf0Hh
aMumif; &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd ajymjycJhonf/ tu,f
pifppfuREkfyfwkdY\ toufwmpHcsdefpHñTef;ukd tjcm;olrsm;tm;jzihf rwkdif;
wmyg/ bk&m;ocif\ EIwfuywfawmftm;jzihfom wkdif;wm&ygonf/
uREkfyfwkdYonf ukd,fhukd,fukdwkdif;wmowfrSwf&ef tjcm;olrsm;ukd
aywHtjzpf rMumcPqkdovkdtokH;jyKMuygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYukd,fhukd,fukd
EIwfuywfawmfjzihf wkdif;wmppfaq;rnfhtpm;? vlYpHcsdefpHñTef;jzihf
wkdif;wmppfaq;aeMuonhftjzpfukd &efolonftvGeftm;&auseyfvQuf
&Sdonf/ bk&m;ocifhEIwfuywfawmf\ pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;ukd vspfvsL½Ií
rdrdwkdY\ ukd,fykdifpHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;jzihf ukd,fhukd,fukdcsD;rGrf;aeMuaom
olrsm;ESihf ukd,fhukd,fukd rEIdif;0HhaMumif; &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;tm; ajymjycJhonf/
toif;awmforkdif;wGif vlwkdYonf&efol\ þy&d,m,fü om;
aumiftjzpf tBudrfBudrfusa&mufcJhMu&onf/ £oa&vvlwkdYonf
bk&m;ocif\ EIwfuywfawmfukd ausmckdif;í rdrdwdkY\ukd,fykdif pHcsdef
pHñTef;rsm;ukd tNrJvkdvkdowfrSwfzefwD;cJhMuonf/ bk&m;ocifu uREkfyf
wdkYtwGuf owfrSwfay;xm;aom pHcsdefpHñTef;xufedrfhuspGm &Sifoef
aexkdifMupOfüyif uREkfyfwkdYonftjcm;olwpfa,mufa,mufxuf ykdí
omvGefaumif;jrwfygonf[k *kPf,l0g<um;ae&efrSm jzpfEkdifaomt&m
jzpfonf/
ukd,fhukd,fukdtjcm;olrsm;ESihf EIdif;,SOfírdrdwkdY\ukd,fykdifpHcdsef
pHñTef;rsm;jzihf ukd,fhukd,fukdwkdif;wmaomolrsm;onf tajrmftjrifr&Sd
aomolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ tqkH;wGif bk&m;ocif\w&m;pD&ifjcif;onf
vltcsif;csif; EIdif;,SOfcsufrsm;ü tajccHcJhrnfr[kwfyg/ bk&m;ocifonf
pHcsdefpHñTef;wpfckwnf;wGifom tajccHíw&m;pD&ifygvdrfhrnf/ xkdpHcsdef
pHñTef;rSm EIwfuywfawmfjzpfonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf tjcm;wpfOD;
wpfa,mufrQ aumif;rGefaumif; aumif;rGefaeygvdrfhrnf (okdY) ykdíyif
aumif;rGefaeygvdrfhrnf/ okdYaomfysufpD;jcif;okdYyif a&muf&ayrnf/
uREkfyfwkdY\ tjrifrsm;ukdjr§ifhwifzkdY vdktyfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf ukd,fhukd,f
ukdEIwfuywfawmf wpfyg;wnf;ESihfom EIdif;,SOfMunfh½IzkdY vkdtyfonf/
ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
bk&m;ocifay;tyfxm;aomt&mü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
'kwd,taejzihf &kSifaygvkuaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrd\
*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf bk&m;ocifuay;tyfxm;aomt&mrsm;üom
uefYowfxm;aMumif; ajymjycJhonf (i,f 13)/ &Sifaygvk\ *kPf,l
0g<um;jcif;onf bk&m;ocifuolYukd qifhac:ívkyfaqmifapaom
t&müomjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrd\qifhac:jcif;wGif tm;&auseyf
aeonf/ olonf a&G;cs,fjcif;cH wrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfí ra&wGufEkdif
aomwyg;trsKd;om;rsm;ukd owif;aumif;w&m;awmfjzihf a&muf&Sd&ef
bk&m;ocif\ tokH;awmfcHjcif;tay:ü 0rf;ajrmufvQuf&SdaecJhonf/
&Sifaygvku bk&m;ocif\tapcHjzpfae&jcif;ukd *kPf,l0ifh<um;aecJh
onf/
oihfukdoifwkdY\ EkdifiHawmfacgif;aqmifBuD;u ol(okdY)olr\
ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef qifhac:cJhvQifoifonf
xkdt½kduft&mtwGuf aus;Zl;wifaernfr[kwfygvm;/ oifwkdY&JU
a'oEÅ&toif;awmfu oifhukdbk&m;ocif\bdodPfay;cH tapcHtjzpf
todtrSwfjyKí owif;aumif;w&m;twGuf oD;oefYqifhac: xm;
aMumif;ukd oabmaygufxm;MuvQif oifonfxkdqifhac:jcif;ukd
xrf;aqmif&mü 0rf;ajrmufaernfr[kwfygvm;/
&Sifaygvkonf trIawmfvkyfief;ü bk&m;ocif\tokH;awmfcH&
jcif;twGuf aus;Zl;wif&Sdaeygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrdtm;jzihf EkdifiH
awmfxJodkY 0dnmOfrsm;pGmukd oGwfoGif;aecJhjcif;ukd &Sifaygvk0rf;ajrmuf
MunfEl;aecJhygonf/ c&pfawmf\ ukd,fcE¨mawmfü ESpfodrfhjcif;ESihf
cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;ukd ,laqmifvmzkdY bk&m;ocifuolYukd tokH;
jyKaejcif;twGuf &Sifaygvk0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfcJhygonf/ &Sifaygvk
onf rdrdtxJüvnf;aumif;? rdrdtm;jzihfvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocif
vkyfaqmifaeonfht&mtwGuf r&SufcJhyg/ þae&mü &Sifaygvkajymjy
aeonfh *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf rdrdür[kwfouJhokdY rdrd\yifukdtpGrf;
tpüvnf;r[kwfcJhyg/ rdrdvkyfaqmifaeaom trIawmfvkyfief;ü tx
ajrmufjynfhpkHcJhonfh aumif;jrwfaomt&mtm;vkH;onf bk&m;ocif\
wefckd;awmftm;jzihf jzpfcJhaMumif;ukd &SifaygvkodaecJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\
*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf ocifbk&m;üjzpfonf/ tapcHwrQtjzpfESihf
olUtxJü bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifaeaomt&mü &Sifaygvk*kPf,l0g<um;
cJhygonf/
bk&m;ocifonf oihfukdrnfonfht&may;tyfxm;ygoenf;/
oifhtoufwmü bk&m;ocif\qifhac:jcif;um; tb,ft&menf;/
xkdqifhac:jcif;ukd aus;Zl;odwwfjcif;? 0rf;ajrmufjcif;wkdYESihftwl vkyf
aqmifyg/ acgif;armhíMunfhyg/ oifonf bk&m;ocif\om;orD;
wpfa,mufjzpfí a&G;lcs,fcHtapcHvnf;jzpfonf/ oihf&JU0wfpkHukd *kPf,l
pGmjzihf 0wfqifyg/ oihf&JUtm;enf;csufrsm;ESihf xkdufwefrIr&Sdjcif;ukd
odrSwfem;vnfí oifhukdtokH;jyKvkdaombk&m;ocif\ pdwfqE´ü 0rf;
ajrmufyg/ bk&m;ocif\ tapcHjzpf&jcif;t&mtm;jzihf oihf&JUpdwfESvkH;
ukdpdwfvIyf&Sm;aysmf&Tifapí 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESihfjynfh0apyg/ oihfukda&G;cs,f
xm;jcif;ESihf tokH;jyKaejcif;twGuf aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/ bk&m;ocifü
vnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifaecJhaomt&müvnf;aumif;
220 221ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
bk&m;ocifay;tyfxm;aomt&mü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
'kwd,taejzihf &kSifaygvkuaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrd\
*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf bk&m;ocifuay;tyfxm;aomt&mrsm;üom
uefYowfxm;aMumif; ajymjycJhonf (i,f 13)/ &Sifaygvk\ *kPf,l
0g<um;jcif;onf bk&m;ocifuolYukd qifhac:ívkyfaqmifapaom
t&müomjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrd\qifhac:jcif;wGif tm;&auseyf
aeonf/ olonf a&G;cs,fjcif;cH wrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfí ra&wGufEkdif
aomwyg;trsKd;om;rsm;ukd owif;aumif;w&m;awmfjzihf a&muf&Sd&ef
bk&m;ocif\ tokH;awmfcHjcif;tay:ü 0rf;ajrmufvQuf&SdaecJhonf/
&Sifaygvku bk&m;ocif\tapcHjzpfae&jcif;ukd *kPf,l0ifh<um;aecJh
onf/
oihfukdoifwkdY\ EkdifiHawmfacgif;aqmifBuD;u ol(okdY)olr\
ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef qifhac:cJhvQifoifonf
xkdt½kduft&mtwGuf aus;Zl;wifaernfr[kwfygvm;/ oifwkdY&JU
a'oEÅ&toif;awmfu oifhukdbk&m;ocif\bdodPfay;cH tapcHtjzpf
todtrSwfjyKí owif;aumif;w&m;twGuf oD;oefYqifhac: xm;
aMumif;ukd oabmaygufxm;MuvQif oifonfxkdqifhac:jcif;ukd
xrf;aqmif&mü 0rf;ajrmufaernfr[kwfygvm;/
&Sifaygvkonf trIawmfvkyfief;ü bk&m;ocif\tokH;awmfcH&
jcif;twGuf aus;Zl;wif&Sdaeygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrdtm;jzihf EkdifiH
awmfxJodkY 0dnmOfrsm;pGmukd oGwfoGif;aecJhjcif;ukd &Sifaygvk0rf;ajrmuf
MunfEl;aecJhygonf/ c&pfawmf\ ukd,fcE¨mawmfü ESpfodrfhjcif;ESihf
cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;ukd ,laqmifvmzkdY bk&m;ocifuolYukd tokH;
jyKaejcif;twGuf &Sifaygvk0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfcJhygonf/ &Sifaygvk
onf rdrdtxJüvnf;aumif;? rdrdtm;jzihfvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocif
vkyfaqmifaeonfht&mtwGuf r&SufcJhyg/ þae&mü &Sifaygvkajymjy
aeonfh *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf rdrdür[kwfouJhokdY rdrd\yifukdtpGrf;
tpüvnf;r[kwfcJhyg/ rdrdvkyfaqmifaeaom trIawmfvkyfief;ü tx
ajrmufjynfhpkHcJhonfh aumif;jrwfaomt&mtm;vkH;onf bk&m;ocif\
wefckd;awmftm;jzihf jzpfcJhaMumif;ukd &SifaygvkodaecJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\
*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf ocifbk&m;üjzpfonf/ tapcHwrQtjzpfESihf
olUtxJü bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifaeaomt&mü &Sifaygvk*kPf,l0g<um;
cJhygonf/
bk&m;ocifonf oihfukdrnfonfht&may;tyfxm;ygoenf;/
oifhtoufwmü bk&m;ocif\qifhac:jcif;um; tb,ft&menf;/
xkdqifhac:jcif;ukd aus;Zl;odwwfjcif;? 0rf;ajrmufjcif;wkdYESihftwl vkyf
aqmifyg/ acgif;armhíMunfhyg/ oifonf bk&m;ocif\om;orD;
wpfa,mufjzpfí a&G;lcs,fcHtapcHvnf;jzpfonf/ oihf&JU0wfpkHukd *kPf,l
pGmjzihf 0wfqifyg/ oihf&JUtm;enf;csufrsm;ESihf xkdufwefrIr&Sdjcif;ukd
odrSwfem;vnfí oifhukdtokH;jyKvkdaombk&m;ocif\ pdwfqE´ü 0rf;
ajrmufyg/ bk&m;ocif\ tapcHjzpf&jcif;t&mtm;jzihf oihf&JUpdwfESvkH;
ukdpdwfvIyf&Sm;aysmf&Tifapí 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESihfjynfh0apyg/ oihfukda&G;cs,f
xm;jcif;ESihf tokH;jyKaejcif;twGuf aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/ bk&m;ocifü
vnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifaecJhaomt&müvnf;aumif;
220 221ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif222 223
pl;pkdufxm;yg/ ukd,fhukd,fukdü rpl;pkdufxm;ygESihf/ &Sifaygvkonf bk&m;
ocifu olYtm;ay;tyfxm;aomt&mü *kPf,l0g<um;aecJhaomfvnf;
olY&JUrxkdufrwefjzpfaerItajctaeukd rsufajcrjywfapmifhMunfhaecJh
ygonf/
rdrdwkdY\trIawmfvkyfief;rsm;ü *kPf,l0g<um;í bk&m;ocifu
a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;ü 0rf;omtHhtm;oihfjcif;r&Sdawmhaomolrsm;&Sdonf/
&Sifaygvkonf tHhMo0rf;omjcif;pdwfukd b,faomtcgwGifrQ raysmuf
qkH;cJhyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\ t½kduft&m (okdY) qifhac:jcif;ESihf twkdif;twm
wpfcktxd uREkfyfwkdYxkdufwefygonf[k pwifcHpm;rSwf,laomtcsdefwGif
uREkfyfwkdYabmifausmfoGm;MuNyDjzpfaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYodMu&rnf/ uREkfyf
wkdY\*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf tjcm;teYHt&omwpfrsKd;ukd pwifjrnf;prf;
pm;okH;vmonf/ bk&m;ocifü A[kdjyKxm;&rnfhtpm; uREkfyfwkdYtay:ü
A[kdjyKvmMuonf/ bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYukda&G;cs,fcJhjcif;twGuf
csD;rGrf;csifpdwfrsm; vGihfaysmufoGm;Muonf/ uREkfyfwkdYcHpm;&aom
aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;aMumifh ukdk,fhukd,fukd tjcm;olrsm;xufykdí
aumif;rGefomvGefonf[kxifrSwf&if; rmefrmeaxmifvTm;Muawmhonf/
&Sifaygvk\*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifaeaomt&m
üomuefYowfxm;ygonf/
tjcm;olrsm;\tvkyfü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
tcef;i,f 15 wGif&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd ,kHMunfolrsm;
tm; rdrd\*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf tjcm;olrsm;vkyfaqmifNyD;ajrmufxm;
aomae&mü 0ifa&mufí0g<um;jcif;r[kwfaMumif; today;cJhonf/
tjcm;olwpfa,mufa,mufu vkyfaqmifoGm;cJhaomt&mü emrnf
aumif;,lcsifpdwfrsKd; oifjzpfcJhzl;ygovm;/ &Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tv,fü tpGrf;xufaomtrIawmfvkyfief;wpfckukd
vkyfaqmifcJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh&Sifaygvk\trIawmfvkyfief;tm;jzihf ocif
bk&m;xHokdY vltajrmuftjrm; a&mufvmcJhMurnfrSm oHo,yGm;p&m
r&Sdyg/ &Sifaygvktaejzihf ]]igomrvkyfcJh&if? aum&dE
oKNrdKUrSm bmrSjzpfvm
rSmr[kwfbl;}} [k ajymqkdrd&efrSm tb,frQvG,fulygoenf;/ aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tv,fü cyfodrf;aom0dnmOfa&;&mBuD;xGm;rIrsm;
twGuf emrnfaumif;ukd,l&ef &SifaygvktwGuftb,frQvG,fulcJhvdrfh
rnfenf;/
oifonf þ&Sif;vif;csufpmtkyfukd zwf½IavhvmonfESihftrQ
EIwfuywfawmf\ oGefoifcsufrsm;jzihf vTrf;rkd;jcif;ukdcHaumif; cH&ay
rnf/ xkdYaemuf þae&müoif,lcJh&aomt&mukd tjcm;ol wpfa,muf
a,mufxHüoGm;ía0iSaumif; a0iSayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfa&;om;xm;aom
t&mrsm;ukd oifa0iSajymqkdcJhjcif;aMumifh xkdyk*¾dKvfrSmwkdYxdcH&NyD; touf
wmajymif;vJaumif; ajymif;vJayvdrfhrnf/ oihf&JUoufaojzpfjcif;
tay:ü uREkfyfemrnfaumif;,lEkdifygovm;/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf tokH;jyKcH&rIukd tvGeftrif;
vkdcsifMuaomaMumihf uREkfyfwkdYemrnfaumif;,lEkdifrnfht&mtm;vkH;ukd
BudK;pm;&SmBuHwwfMuonf/ þaxmifacsmufü roufqif;rdzkdY uREkfyfwkdYukd
þae&mwGif cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;xm;ygonf/ uRekfyfwkdYtjcm;olrsm;\
ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif222 223
pl;pkdufxm;yg/ ukd,fhukd,fukdü rpl;pkdufxm;ygESihf/ &Sifaygvkonf bk&m;
ocifu olYtm;ay;tyfxm;aomt&mü *kPf,l0g<um;aecJhaomfvnf;
olY&JUrxkdufrwefjzpfaerItajctaeukd rsufajcrjywfapmifhMunfhaecJh
ygonf/
rdrdwkdY\trIawmfvkyfief;rsm;ü *kPf,l0g<um;í bk&m;ocifu
a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;ü 0rf;omtHhtm;oihfjcif;r&Sdawmhaomolrsm;&Sdonf/
&Sifaygvkonf tHhMo0rf;omjcif;pdwfukd b,faomtcgwGifrQ raysmuf
qkH;cJhyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\ t½kduft&m (okdY) qifhac:jcif;ESihf twkdif;twm
wpfcktxd uREkfyfwkdYxkdufwefygonf[k pwifcHpm;rSwf,laomtcsdefwGif
uREkfyfwkdYabmifausmfoGm;MuNyDjzpfaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYodMu&rnf/ uREkfyf
wkdY\*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf tjcm;teYHt&omwpfrsKd;ukd pwifjrnf;prf;
pm;okH;vmonf/ bk&m;ocifü A[kdjyKxm;&rnfhtpm; uREkfyfwkdYtay:ü
A[kdjyKvmMuonf/ bk&m;ocifu uREkfyfwkdYukda&G;cs,fcJhjcif;twGuf
csD;rGrf;csifpdwfrsm; vGihfaysmufoGm;Muonf/ uREkfyfwkdYcHpm;&aom
aumif;BuD;r*Fvmrsm;aMumifh ukdk,fhukd,fukd tjcm;olrsm;xufykdí
aumif;rGefomvGefonf[kxifrSwf&if; rmefrmeaxmifvTm;Muawmhonf/
&Sifaygvk\*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifaeaomt&m
üomuefYowfxm;ygonf/
tjcm;olrsm;\tvkyfü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
tcef;i,f 15 wGif&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd ,kHMunfolrsm;
tm; rdrd\*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf tjcm;olrsm;vkyfaqmifNyD;ajrmufxm;
aomae&mü 0ifa&mufí0g<um;jcif;r[kwfaMumif; today;cJhonf/
tjcm;olwpfa,mufa,mufu vkyfaqmifoGm;cJhaomt&mü emrnf
aumif;,lcsifpdwfrsKd; oifjzpfcJhzl;ygovm;/ &Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tv,fü tpGrf;xufaomtrIawmfvkyfief;wpfckukd
vkyfaqmifcJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh&Sifaygvk\trIawmfvkyfief;tm;jzihf ocif
bk&m;xHokdY vltajrmuftjrm; a&mufvmcJhMurnfrSm oHo,yGm;p&m
r&Sdyg/ &Sifaygvktaejzihf ]]igomrvkyfcJh&if? aum&dE
oKNrdKUrSm bmrSjzpfvm
rSmr[kwfbl;}} [k ajymqkdrd&efrSm tb,frQvG,fulygoenf;/ aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tv,fü cyfodrf;aom0dnmOfa&;&mBuD;xGm;rIrsm;
twGuf emrnfaumif;ukd,l&ef &SifaygvktwGuftb,frQvG,fulcJhvdrfh
rnfenf;/
oifonf þ&Sif;vif;csufpmtkyfukd zwf½IavhvmonfESihftrQ
EIwfuywfawmf\ oGefoifcsufrsm;jzihf vTrf;rkd;jcif;ukdcHaumif; cH&ay
rnf/ xkdYaemuf þae&müoif,lcJh&aomt&mukd tjcm;ol wpfa,muf
a,mufxHüoGm;ía0iSaumif; a0iSayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfa&;om;xm;aom
t&mrsm;ukd oifa0iSajymqkdcJhjcif;aMumifh xkdyk*¾dKvfrSmwkdYxdcH&NyD; touf
wmajymif;vJaumif; ajymif;vJayvdrfhrnf/ oihf&JUoufaojzpfjcif;
tay:ü uREkfyfemrnfaumif;,lEkdifygovm;/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf tokH;jyKcH&rIukd tvGeftrif;
vkdcsifMuaomaMumihf uREkfyfwkdYemrnfaumif;,lEkdifrnfht&mtm;vkH;ukd
BudK;pm;&SmBuHwwfMuonf/ þaxmifacsmufü roufqif;rdzkdY uREkfyfwkdYukd
þae&mwGif cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;xm;ygonf/ uRekfyfwkdYtjcm;olrsm;\
ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif224 225
trIawmfvkyfief;tay:ü emrnfaumif;r,lMuyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\ ½kd;&Sif;
aom tcef;u@wGif ESpfaxmif;tm;&auseyfMuygonf (1aum 3;4-
7 ukdMunfhyg)/
&Sifaygvk\ pdwfqE´onf 0dnmOftcsKdUukd vSrf;rDzrf;qkyfí
xkdolwkdYtm; trIawmfukdaqmifapNyD;? rdrdrSmrlZdrfESihfxkdifí emrnf
aumif;ukd,laezkdYr[kwfaMumif; owdjyKyg/ &Sifaygvk\ pdwfqE´rSm rdrd\
ukd,fwkdifBudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;jzihf toD;ukdqufvufoD;ae&efjzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 15 &Sd &Sifaygvk\pdwfqE´rSm aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;onf
,kHMunfjcif;üBuD;xGm;&ihfusufvmNyD; rdrdrSmtjcm;ae&mü oDwif;
aumif;ukd vGwfvGwfvyfvyfoGm;a&mufa[majym&efjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk
u aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; BuD;xGm;&ihfusufvmMuí bk&m;ocif
u 4if;wkdYüay;tyfxm;aomt&mü 0rf;ajrmufMu&eftvkd&SdcJhonf/
bkef;BuD;jcif;ESihf toD;oD;jcif;\ 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ukd a0iSMu&efolwkdYukd
tvkd&SdcJhonf/
&Sifaygvk\ 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESihf *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf bk&m;
ocif\tapcHwpfyg;jzpf&jcif; tcGihfxl;wGifjzpfonf/ olonfrdrd\
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfatmifjrifrIrsm;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;r&SdcJh/ olYtm;jzihf
om bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifaeaomt&mü *kPf,l0g<um;cJhonf/
tcef;i,f 18 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
ukdk,fhukd,fukd csD;usL;ajymqkdjcif;onf t"dyÜg,fr&Sdaomt&mjzpfaMumif;
ajymqkdjcif;jzihf ed*kH;csKyfcJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf vlwkdY\toufwmukd
ppfrSefaom pD&ifoljzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif uREkfyfwkdY\atmifjrif
NyD;ajrmufjcif;rsm;twGuf ukd,fhukd,fukd csD;rGrf;jcif;ESifhtwl ukd,fhukd,fukd
ESpfodrhf tm;ay;&efBudK;pm;cJhMuayrnf/ okdYaomf uREkfyfwkdYxifjrifcsuf
onf ta&;rBuD;yg/ taMumif;rSm aemufqkH;wGif bk&m;ocif xifjrif
csufonfom ta&;BuD;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ ocifc&pfawmfwpfyg;
wnf;uom uREkfyfwkdY\toufwmukd pD&ifqkH;jzwfygvdrfhrnf (5;10
ukdvnf; Munfh yg)/
þtykdif;ü &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYukdajymjyxm;onfht&mukd
tusOf;csKyfMunfhMuygpkdY/ &Sifaygvku rSm;,Gif;aompHcsdefpHñTef;ü tajc
cHí *kPf,l0g<um;aeaomolrsm;&SdaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYukdtoday;xm;
onf/ xkdolwkdYonf ukd,fhukd,fukd bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmfESihf rEIdif;
,SOfbJ? tjcm;olrsm;ESihf EIdif;,SOfMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
onf uREkfyfwkdYtxJü bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifaeaomt&mrsm;ü jzpf&
rnfhtaMumif;ukdvnf; today;xm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdY*kPf,l0g<um;
jcif;onf uREkfyfwkdYü r[kwfvQif? uREkfyfwkdYukd vlwkdYutm½kHpkdufvmatmif
vkyfaqmifjcif;onf rkdufrJaomvkyf&yfomjzpfonf/ tm½kHpl;pkdufrIrsm;
ESifhcsD;rGrf;jcif;rsm;onf bk&m;ocifqDokdYom OD;wnfoGm;aeMu&rnf/
okdYaomf uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\tapcHrsm;tjzpfESihf *kPf,lpGmjzihf
OD;armhxm;í uREkfyfwkdYukdtokH;awmfcH&ef a&G;cs,fxm;jcif;ü auseyf
tm;&vQuf EkdifiHawmftwGuf uREkfyfwkdY\toufwmukd aus;Zl;ododjzihf
tokH;jyKMu&rnfjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;\ pl;pkdufrIonf
bk&m;ocifüvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdYtxJü&Sdaeaom bk&m;ocif\
tHhzG,fvkyf&yfrsm;üvnf;aumif; jzpfae&rnf/
ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif224 225
trIawmfvkyfief;tay:ü emrnfaumif;r,lMuyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\ ½kd;&Sif;
aom tcef;u@wGif ESpfaxmif;tm;&auseyfMuygonf (1aum 3;4-
7 ukdMunfhyg)/
&Sifaygvk\ pdwfqE´onf 0dnmOftcsKdUukd vSrf;rDzrf;qkyfí
xkdolwkdYtm; trIawmfukdaqmifapNyD;? rdrdrSmrlZdrfESihfxkdifí emrnf
aumif;ukd,laezkdYr[kwfaMumif; owdjyKyg/ &Sifaygvk\ pdwfqE´rSm rdrd\
ukd,fwkdifBudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;jzihf toD;ukdqufvufoD;ae&efjzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 15 &Sd &Sifaygvk\pdwfqE´rSm aum&dE
oK,kHMunfolrsm;onf
,kHMunfjcif;üBuD;xGm;&ihfusufvmNyD; rdrdrSmtjcm;ae&mü oDwif;
aumif;ukd vGwfvGwfvyfvyfoGm;a&mufa[majym&efjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk
u aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; BuD;xGm;&ihfusufvmMuí bk&m;ocif
u 4if;wkdYüay;tyfxm;aomt&mü 0rf;ajrmufMu&eftvkd&SdcJhonf/
bkef;BuD;jcif;ESihf toD;oD;jcif;\ 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ukd a0iSMu&efolwkdYukd
tvkd&SdcJhonf/
&Sifaygvk\ 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESihf *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;onf bk&m;
ocif\tapcHwpfyg;jzpf&jcif; tcGihfxl;wGifjzpfonf/ olonfrdrd\
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfatmifjrifrIrsm;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;r&SdcJh/ olYtm;jzihf
om bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifaeaomt&mü *kPf,l0g<um;cJhonf/
tcef;i,f 18 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
ukdk,fhukd,fukd csD;usL;ajymqkdjcif;onf t"dyÜg,fr&Sdaomt&mjzpfaMumif;
ajymqkdjcif;jzihf ed*kH;csKyfcJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf vlwkdY\toufwmukd
ppfrSefaom pD&ifoljzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif uREkfyfwkdY\atmifjrif
NyD;ajrmufjcif;rsm;twGuf ukd,fhukd,fukd csD;rGrf;jcif;ESifhtwl ukd,fhukd,fukd
ESpfodrhf tm;ay;&efBudK;pm;cJhMuayrnf/ okdYaomf uREkfyfwkdYxifjrifcsuf
onf ta&;rBuD;yg/ taMumif;rSm aemufqkH;wGif bk&m;ocif xifjrif
csufonfom ta&;BuD;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ ocifc&pfawmfwpfyg;
wnf;uom uREkfyfwkdY\toufwmukd pD&ifqkH;jzwfygvdrfhrnf (5;10
ukdvnf; Munfh yg)/
þtykdif;ü &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYukdajymjyxm;onfht&mukd
tusOf;csKyfMunfhMuygpkdY/ &Sifaygvku rSm;,Gif;aompHcsdefpHñTef;ü tajc
cHí *kPf,l0g<um;aeaomolrsm;&SdaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYukdtoday;xm;
onf/ xkdolwkdYonf ukd,fhukd,fukd bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmfESihf rEIdif;
,SOfbJ? tjcm;olrsm;ESihf EIdif;,SOfMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
onf uREkfyfwkdYtxJü bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifaeaomt&mrsm;ü jzpf&
rnfhtaMumif;ukdvnf; today;xm;onf/ uREkfyfwkdY*kPf,l0g<um;
jcif;onf uREkfyfwkdYü r[kwfvQif? uREkfyfwkdYukd vlwkdYutm½kHpkdufvmatmif
vkyfaqmifjcif;onf rkdufrJaomvkyf&yfomjzpfonf/ tm½kHpl;pkdufrIrsm;
ESifhcsD;rGrf;jcif;rsm;onf bk&m;ocifqDokdYom OD;wnfoGm;aeMu&rnf/
okdYaomf uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\tapcHrsm;tjzpfESihf *kPf,lpGmjzihf
OD;armhxm;í uREkfyfwkdYukdtokH;awmfcH&ef a&G;cs,fxm;jcif;ü auseyf
tm;&vQuf EkdifiHawmftwGuf uREkfyfwkdY\toufwmukd aus;Zl;ododjzihf
tokH;jyKMu&rnfjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\*kPf,l0g<um;jcif;\ pl;pkdufrIonf
bk&m;ocifüvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdYtxJü&Sdaeaom bk&m;ocif\
tHhzG,fvkyf&yfrsm;üvnf;aumif; jzpfae&rnf/
ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif226 227
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
uREkfyfwkdYukd,fukd bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmfESihf EIdif;,SOfMunfh
½I&rnfhtpm;? tjcm;olrsm;ESihfEIdif;,SOfMunfh½Ijcif;onf tb,fh
aMumihf tvGeftEÅ&m,f&Sdygoenf;/
bk&m;ocifu oihftxJüvkyfaqmifaeaomtrIü auseyftm;
&jcif;&Sdygovm;/ xkdtrIum;tb,fenf;/
rdrdukd,fü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;ESihf bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifaeaom
t&mü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;\jcm;em;csufrSm tb,fenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
bk&m;ocifu oihfukday;tyfxm;aom trIawmfESihfpGrf;&nf
qkaus;Zl;rsm;twGuf aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
bk&m;ocif\tapcHtjzpfESihf oifcHpm;aumif; cHpm;cJhrnhf
&SufaMumufjcif;twGuf cGihfvTwfay;zkdY awmif;avQmufyg/ oihfukd
ay;tyfxm;aomtrIawmfü aus;Zl;ododESihf0rf;ajrmufpGm
&SifoefavQmufvSrf;ap&ef awmif;avQmufyg/
bk&m;ocif\ EIwfuywfawmfwpfyg;wnf;om oihf&JUpHcsdef
pHñTef;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;&SdEkdif&ef pGrf;aqmifay;zkdY awmif;
avQmufyg/
oihf&JUukd,fwkdifBudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;r&SdbJ?
oihftxJü vkyfaqmifzkdYbk&m;ocifa&G;cs,fxm;onfh tHhzG,f
trIüom *kPf,l0rf;ajrmuf&ef ulnDaz;ray;zkdY awmif;avQmuf
yg/
bk&m;ocifu oihfukd*kPf,l0ihfMum;aernfhtoufwmrsKd;jzihf
&SifoefEkdif&ef pGrf;aqmifay;zkdY awmif;avQmufyg/
ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif226 227
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
uREkfyfwkdYukd,fukd bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmfESihf EIdif;,SOfMunfh
½I&rnfhtpm;? tjcm;olrsm;ESihfEIdif;,SOfMunfh½Ijcif;onf tb,fh
aMumihf tvGeftEÅ&m,f&Sdygoenf;/
bk&m;ocifu oihftxJüvkyfaqmifaeaomtrIü auseyftm;
&jcif;&Sdygovm;/ xkdtrIum;tb,fenf;/
rdrdukd,fü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;ESihf bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifaeaom
t&mü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;\jcm;em;csufrSm tb,fenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
bk&m;ocifu oihfukday;tyfxm;aom trIawmfESihfpGrf;&nf
qkaus;Zl;rsm;twGuf aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
bk&m;ocif\tapcHtjzpfESihf oifcHpm;aumif; cHpm;cJhrnhf
&SufaMumufjcif;twGuf cGihfvTwfay;zkdY awmif;avQmufyg/ oihfukd
ay;tyfxm;aomtrIawmfü aus;Zl;ododESihf0rf;ajrmufpGm
&SifoefavQmufvSrf;ap&ef awmif;avQmufyg/
bk&m;ocif\ EIwfuywfawmfwpfyg;wnf;om oihf&JUpHcsdef
pHñTef;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;&SdEkdif&ef pGrf;aqmifay;zkdY awmif;
avQmufyg/
oihf&JUukd,fwkdifBudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;r&SdbJ?
oihftxJü vkyfaqmifzkdYbk&m;ocifa&G;cs,fxm;onfh tHhzG,f
trIüom *kPf,l0rf;ajrmuf&ef ulnDaz;ray;zkdY awmif;avQmuf
yg/
bk&m;ocifu oihfukd*kPf,l0ihfMum;aernfhtoufwmrsKd;jzihf
&SifoefEkdif&ef pGrf;aqmifay;zkdY awmif;avQmufyg/
ocifbk&m;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
1919
1919
19
tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;
tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;
tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;
2aum 10;12-18 ukdzwf½Iyg/
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfü &Sdaeaomjyóemrsm;teufrS wpfckrSm
4if;wkdYtv,fü wrefawmfr[kwfbJ? ukd,fhukd,fukdwrefawmf[k ac:qkd
aeaomolrsm;&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf &SifaygvkESihftjcm;
wrefawmfppfrsm;\ vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd ykwfcwfavQmhcsaecJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvkonf þyk*¾dKvfrsm;oGefoifay;aeonfh tvdrftnmrsm;ukd
vnf;aumif;? þyk*¾dKvfrsm;u bk&m;ocif\vlwkdYukd vrf;rSm;okdYaqmif
,loGm;rnfhtjzpfukdvnf;aumif; pkd;&drfcJhonf/ þtaMumif;t&mukd
tcef;BuD; 11wGif vdyfrlajymqkdcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku toif;awmftm; olYukdonf;cHMuzdkYawmif;qkdjcif;
jzihftpjyKcJhonf/ tcef;i,f 1 wGif ]]igh&JUrkdufrJrIav;ukd cPavmuf
onf;cHay;zkdY igarQmfvifhw,f}} [kajymcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku rdrdajymqkd
aeaomt&mrsm;onf rkdufrJrIrsm;trSefjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfaeaMumif;
þusrf;ykd'ftm;jzihf rqkdvkdoihfyg/ þae&mü &Sifaygvkajymjyaeonfh
t&mrsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;twGuf ta&;rygaomt&mjzpfaumif;
jzpfaeMurnfjzpfaomfvnf; &SifaygvktwGuf tvGefav;eufaomt&m
rsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/ þpkd;&drfrIrsm;ukd &Sifaygvku rkdufrJrI[k ajymqkdcJh
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
1919
1919
19
tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;
tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;
tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;
2aum 10;12-18 ukdzwf½Iyg/
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfü &Sdaeaomjyóemrsm;teufrS wpfckrSm
4if;wkdYtv,fü wrefawmfr[kwfbJ? ukd,fhukd,fukdwrefawmf[k ac:qkd
aeaomolrsm;&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf &SifaygvkESihftjcm;
wrefawmfppfrsm;\ vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd ykwfcwfavQmhcsaecJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvkonf þyk*¾dKvfrsm;oGefoifay;aeonfh tvdrftnmrsm;ukd
vnf;aumif;? þyk*¾dKvfrsm;u bk&m;ocif\vlwkdYukd vrf;rSm;okdYaqmif
,loGm;rnfhtjzpfukdvnf;aumif; pkd;&drfcJhonf/ þtaMumif;t&mukd
tcef;BuD; 11wGif vdyfrlajymqkdcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku toif;awmftm; olYukdonf;cHMuzdkYawmif;qkdjcif;
jzihftpjyKcJhonf/ tcef;i,f 1 wGif ]]igh&JUrkdufrJrIav;ukd cPavmuf
onf;cHay;zkdY igarQmfvifhw,f}} [kajymcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku rdrdajymqkd
aeaomt&mrsm;onf rkdufrJrIrsm;trSefjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfaeaMumif;
þusrf;ykd'ftm;jzihf rqkdvkdoihfyg/ þae&mü &Sifaygvkajymjyaeonfh
t&mrsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;twGuf ta&;rygaomt&mjzpfaumif;
jzpfaeMurnfjzpfaomfvnf; &SifaygvktwGuf tvGefav;eufaomt&m
rsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/ þpkd;&drfrIrsm;ukd &Sifaygvku rkdufrJrI[k ajymqkdcJh
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif230 231
onf/ taMumif;rSm vlwkdif;uxkdt&mrsm;tay:ü xm;&Sdaom &Sifaygvk
\jyif;xefaompdwfcHpm;csufukd em;rvnfMuaomaMumihfjzpfonf/
tvm;wlpGmyif? oif&JUtrIawmfvkyfief;ukdvnf;aumif;? oifh&JU
tav;xm;pl;pkdufaomt&mukdvnf;aumif; vlwkdif;uem;vnfoabm
aygufMurnfr[kwfyg/ bk&m;ocifu oifhpdwfESvkH;xJüxnfhxm;aom
0efxkyfonf tjcm;olrsm;o,fykd;aeaom 0efxkyfESifhwlrnfr[kwfyg/
&Sifaygvk\ pdwfESvkH;xJü bk&m;ocifxnfhoGif;ay;xm;aom 0efxkyfukd
toif;awmfu em;rvnfonfhtcsdefrsm;&SdcJhygonf/ xkd0efxkyfonf
tvGefBuD;rm;av;vHaomaMumihf &SifaygvkrSm EIwfqdwfíraeEkdifcJhyg/
þta&;udpörsm;onf &Sifaygvk\ pdwfESvkH;ü awmufavmifvQuf&Sdae
Muonf/ vlwkdYu olYukdrkdufrJaomol[k ½IjrifcJhMuvQifyif oefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmf\ vrf;jyay;rItwkdif; olajymqkdzkdYvkdtyfcJhonf/
þae&müawGU&onfh &Sifaygvk\ rkdufrJrIrSm aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd
toif;awmftwGuf o0efwkdjcif;jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk\ o0efwkdjcif;onf
bk&m;tvkdawmfESihfnDaom trltusihfwpfyg;jzpfonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;
awmfonf &ifhusufjcif;üBuD;xGm;í ocifc&pfawmf\oefY&Sif;jzLpif
aom owkdYorD;unmjzpfvmjcif;ukd jrifawGU&efrSm &Sifaygvk\pdwfESvkH;rS
jyif;jyaom qE´jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvku þtoif;awmfukd ocifa,½IxHü
tyfESHxm;cJhNyD;? &Sifaygvk\eufeJaompdwfqE´rSm toif;awmfukd
cyfodrf;aomtnpftaMu;ESihf vGwfuif;í oefY&Sif;aq;aMumcHxm;onfh
oefY&Sif;jzLpifaom owkdYorD;unmtjzpf ocifa,½IxHqufo&efjzpf
onf/ þtcsufaMumihf &Sifaygvk\o0efwkdpdwfrSm tvGefBuD;rm;cJh
aomaMumihf vlwkdYuolUwkd tpGef;a&mufvGef;oltjzpf ½IjrifcJhMujcif;
jzpfonf/ xkdokdYjzpfaomaMumihf &Sifaygvku toif;awmftm; rdrd\
rkdufrJjcif;ukd onf;cHay;MuzdkY awmif;qkdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
toif;awmfoefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;twGuf xm;&Sdaomþjyif;jy
onfhpdwfqE´u &Sifaygvkudktwkdif;twmwpfckokdY armif;ESifwGef;ykdYcJh
onf/ bk&m;ocif\toif;awmfonf ocifa,½ItwGuf oefY&Sif;pif
Mu,fí temtqmuif;aom owkdYorD;tjzpfjrifawGU&&ef[laom
&Sifaygvk\ eufeJaom0efwkdpdwfonf ajrmufjrm;pGmaomapmfum;
jcif;ESihf jiif;y,fjcif;wkdYukd &ifqkdifcHpm;cJhygvdrfhrnf/ þjyif;jyaom
pdwfqE´ukdtaumiftxnfaz:zdkY rdrd\toufukdyif &Sifaygvkpaw;
cJhygvdrfhrnf/
trIawmfjrwfü oihf&JUjyif;jyaom pdwfqE´rSm tb,fft&m
enf;/ jyif;jyaompdwfqE´r&SdvQif EkdifiHawmftwGuf wm0efxrf;aqmif
&mwGif &Snf&Snfa0;a0;txdoGm;Ekdifrnfr[kwfyg/ jyif;jyaompdwfqE´
r&SdvQif uREkfyfwkdYonf t&mwpfckrStjcm;t&mwpfckqDokdY rwnfrNidrf
ajymif;vJaeMuygvdrfhrnf/ jyif;jyaompdwfqE´u uREkfyfwkdYtm; wGef;tm;
ESihfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfvkdpdwfukd ay;onf/ cufcJaomtcsdefESihft&mtm;
vkH;uuREkfyfwkdYukd qefYusiftefwkaeoa,mif xif&aomtcsdefrsm;wGif
jyif;jyaompdwfqE´u uREkfyfwkdYukdqufvufí a&SUqufEkdif&ef wGef;ykdYay;
ygonf/ tjcm;olrsm;\ a0zefokH;oyfcsufrsm;ukd ab;z,fí&nfrSef;csuf
yef;wkdiftay:ü pl;pkdufae&efvnf; uREkfyfwkdYukdpGrf;aqmifay;ygonf/
&Sifaygvk\ jyif;jyaompdwfqE´rSm tvGefMunfvifjywfom;vSonf/
tcef;i,f 3 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
{0onf {'ifO,smOfBuD;xJwGifpmwef\ vSnfhjzm;jcif;ukdcHcJh&ouJhokdY
tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif230 231
onf/ taMumif;rSm vlwkdif;uxkdt&mrsm;tay:ü xm;&Sdaom &Sifaygvk
\jyif;xefaompdwfcHpm;csufukd em;rvnfMuaomaMumihfjzpfonf/
tvm;wlpGmyif? oif&JUtrIawmfvkyfief;ukdvnf;aumif;? oifh&JU
tav;xm;pl;pkdufaomt&mukdvnf;aumif; vlwkdif;uem;vnfoabm
aygufMurnfr[kwfyg/ bk&m;ocifu oifhpdwfESvkH;xJüxnfhxm;aom
0efxkyfonf tjcm;olrsm;o,fykd;aeaom 0efxkyfESifhwlrnfr[kwfyg/
&Sifaygvk\ pdwfESvkH;xJü bk&m;ocifxnfhoGif;ay;xm;aom 0efxkyfukd
toif;awmfu em;rvnfonfhtcsdefrsm;&SdcJhygonf/ xkd0efxkyfonf
tvGefBuD;rm;av;vHaomaMumihf &SifaygvkrSm EIwfqdwfíraeEkdifcJhyg/
þta&;udpörsm;onf &Sifaygvk\ pdwfESvkH;ü awmufavmifvQuf&Sdae
Muonf/ vlwkdYu olYukdrkdufrJaomol[k ½IjrifcJhMuvQifyif oefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmf\ vrf;jyay;rItwkdif; olajymqkdzkdYvkdtyfcJhonf/
þae&müawGU&onfh &Sifaygvk\ rkdufrJrIrSm aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd
toif;awmftwGuf o0efwkdjcif;jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk\ o0efwkdjcif;onf
bk&m;tvkdawmfESihfnDaom trltusihfwpfyg;jzpfonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;
awmfonf &ifhusufjcif;üBuD;xGm;í ocifc&pfawmf\oefY&Sif;jzLpif
aom owkdYorD;unmjzpfvmjcif;ukd jrifawGU&efrSm &Sifaygvk\pdwfESvkH;rS
jyif;jyaom qE´jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvku þtoif;awmfukd ocifa,½IxHü
tyfESHxm;cJhNyD;? &Sifaygvk\eufeJaompdwfqE´rSm toif;awmfukd
cyfodrf;aomtnpftaMu;ESihf vGwfuif;í oefY&Sif;aq;aMumcHxm;onfh
oefY&Sif;jzLpifaom owkdYorD;unmtjzpf ocifa,½IxHqufo&efjzpf
onf/ þtcsufaMumihf &Sifaygvk\o0efwkdpdwfrSm tvGefBuD;rm;cJh
aomaMumihf vlwkdYuolUwkd tpGef;a&mufvGef;oltjzpf ½IjrifcJhMujcif;
jzpfonf/ xkdokdYjzpfaomaMumihf &Sifaygvku toif;awmftm; rdrd\
rkdufrJjcif;ukd onf;cHay;MuzdkY awmif;qkdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
toif;awmfoefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;twGuf xm;&Sdaomþjyif;jy
onfhpdwfqE´u &Sifaygvkudktwkdif;twmwpfckokdY armif;ESifwGef;ykdYcJh
onf/ bk&m;ocif\toif;awmfonf ocifa,½ItwGuf oefY&Sif;pif
Mu,fí temtqmuif;aom owkdYorD;tjzpfjrifawGU&&ef[laom
&Sifaygvk\ eufeJaom0efwkdpdwfonf ajrmufjrm;pGmaomapmfum;
jcif;ESihf jiif;y,fjcif;wkdYukd &ifqkdifcHpm;cJhygvdrfhrnf/ þjyif;jyaom
pdwfqE´ukdtaumiftxnfaz:zdkY rdrd\toufukdyif &Sifaygvkpaw;
cJhygvdrfhrnf/
trIawmfjrwfü oihf&JUjyif;jyaom pdwfqE´rSm tb,fft&m
enf;/ jyif;jyaompdwfqE´r&SdvQif EkdifiHawmftwGuf wm0efxrf;aqmif
&mwGif &Snf&Snfa0;a0;txdoGm;Ekdifrnfr[kwfyg/ jyif;jyaompdwfqE´
r&SdvQif uREkfyfwkdYonf t&mwpfckrStjcm;t&mwpfckqDokdY rwnfrNidrf
ajymif;vJaeMuygvdrfhrnf/ jyif;jyaompdwfqE´u uREkfyfwkdYtm; wGef;tm;
ESihfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfvkdpdwfukd ay;onf/ cufcJaomtcsdefESihft&mtm;
vkH;uuREkfyfwkdYukd qefYusiftefwkaeoa,mif xif&aomtcsdefrsm;wGif
jyif;jyaompdwfqE´u uREkfyfwkdYukdqufvufí a&SUqufEkdif&ef wGef;ykdYay;
ygonf/ tjcm;olrsm;\ a0zefokH;oyfcsufrsm;ukd ab;z,fí&nfrSef;csuf
yef;wkdiftay:ü pl;pkdufae&efvnf; uREkfyfwkdYukdpGrf;aqmifay;ygonf/
&Sifaygvk\ jyif;jyaompdwfqE´rSm tvGefMunfvifjywfom;vSonf/
tcef;i,f 3 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
{0onf {'ifO,smOfBuD;xJwGifpmwef\ vSnfhjzm;jcif;ukdcHcJh&ouJhokdY
tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif232
4if;wkdYonfvnf; vSnfhjzm;cH&í ocifc&pfawmftay:üxm;&Sdaom
4if;wkdY\ qufuyftyfESHjcif;rS aoGz,foGm;rnfukd rdrdpkd;&drfaMumif;
ajymjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvku ]]t<uif;rJhcspfaompdwf}} [laompum;pktm;
tokH;jyKxm;onfukd owdjyKyg/ toif;awmfonf ocifa,½IxHü uwd
ay;tyfESHxm;onfrSm &Sifaygvk\pdwfü oHo,r&Sdyg/ olwkdYonf ocif
a,½I\emrawmfü twlwuGykHrSefpk½kH;Muí olwkdYukd,folwkdYc&pf,mef
rsm; (okdY) ocifa,½I\aemufvkdufrsm;[k ac:qkd&ef0efav;wkHYqkdif;
raeMuyg/ okdYaomfolwkdY\ t<uif;rJhcspfaompdwf rjzLrpifjzpfoGm;rnfukd
&Sifaygvkpkd;&drfcJhonf/ ocifa,½IxHü 4if;wkdYqufuyftyfESHxm;jcif;
onf pl;pkdufrIenf;yg;vmatmif aESmuf,Sufjcif;cHae&onf/ olwkdYonf
rdpämq&mrsm;\ rSm;,Gif;aomoGefoifjcif;rsm;ukd,kHpm;í ocifa,½I
tm;t<uif;rJhcspfaompdwfukd pGefYvTwfaecJhMuygonf/
&Sifaygvkjzpfapvkdaomt&mrSm ocifc&pfawmf\owkdYorD;
unmonf ocifc&pfawmfxHü t<uif;rJhqufuyftyfESHxm;&efjzpf
onf/ toif;awmfonf ocifbk&m;tay:üxm;&Sdaom 4if;\qufuyf
tyfESHrIü rpifMu,f? roefY&Sif;orQumvywfvkH; &Sifaygvktaejzihf
auseyfa&mifh&JcJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ þtcsufonf &Sifaygvkukd xkdacwf
umv&Sd tjcm;,kHMunfolrsm;ESihf jyóemwufapaomtcsuf jzpfaumif;
jzpfEkdifonf/ rdrdwkdY\ ajcaxmufwpfzufukd avmuDt&mücsxm;í
tjcm;wpfzufukd ,kHMunfjcif;ü csxm;onfhtoif;awmfrsKd;ukd &Sifaygvk
pdwfr0ifpm;yg/ ocifa,½IxHü t<uif;rJha&mif;pm;jcif;cHxm;&aom
toif;awmfrsKd;ukd &SifaygvkjrifawGUvkdcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku ocifa,½Iukd
t<uif;rJhcspfjrwfEkd;í t<uif;rJhopöm&Sdum? ocifa,½IrSocifa,½Ijzpf
aeaomtoif;awmfwpfyg;ukd ocifa,½IxHüqufovkdcJhonf/ bk&m;
ocifESihf uREkfyfwkdY\qufqH&if;ESD;rIwGif pdwfryghwygjzpfae&ef rSmtb,f
rQvG,fulygoenf;/ bk&m;ocifukdcspfygonf[k uREkfyfwkdYajymqkdaeMu
csdefwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf olYxHüt<uif;rJh qufuyftyfESHaeMuygovm;/
þtcef;i,fonf uREfkfyfwkdYtwGuf tvGefav;eufaom pdefac:csuf
wpfckr[kwfygvm;/
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfonf trSefESihftrSm;ukdcGJjcm;odjrifEkdif
avmufatmif r&ifhusufao;aMumif;ukd &SifaygvkowdjyKrdcJhonf/
þ,kHMunfolrsm;tm; 4if;wkdYonf pifMu,faomowif;aumif;w&m;ukd
ra[majymonfholrsm;ukd onf;cHxm;MuaMumif; today;cJhonf/ rdpäm
wrefawmfrsm;onf &Sifaygvka[majymcJhaom ocifc&pfawmfukd ra[m
ajymMuonfhtjyif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;uvnf; pmwef\þxkd;ESuf
csufukdrjiif;y,fcJhMuyg/ olwkdYonf xkdvdrfvnfa[majymrIrsm;ukd azmf
xkwfjcif;rjyKbJ? qufvufícGihfjyKay;cJhMuonf/ þvkyf&yfu &Sifaygvk
\o0efwkdpdwfukd ykdíjyif;xefawmufavmifapcJhonf/
tcef;i,f 5 wGif &Sifaygvku þyk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; ]]tBuD;qkH;aom
wrefawmfrsm;}} [k ajymqkdcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku xkdokdYajymqkd&jcif;rSm
4if;wkdY\ajymqkdoGefoifcsufukd ol,kHMunfaomaMumifhr[kwf? olwkdYukd
olwkdYajymqkdaeykHaMumifhjzpfonf/ olwkdYonf aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfxJokdY
0ifa&mufvmMuNyD;? rdrdwdkYüor®mw&m;&Sdonf[k MunfndKav;pm;atmif
vkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/ olwkdYukd,folwkdY ppfrSefaomwrefawmfrsm;txufü
csD;ajr§muf&if;a&mufvmcJhMuonf/ olwkdYonf avvkH;xGm;aomtajym
tqkdrsm;ESihftwl a&mufvmcJhMuNyD;? &Sifaygvk\vkyfykdifcGihftmPmESihf
233tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif232
4if;wkdYonfvnf; vSnfhjzm;cH&í ocifc&pfawmftay:üxm;&Sdaom
4if;wkdY\ qufuyftyfESHjcif;rS aoGz,foGm;rnfukd rdrdpkd;&drfaMumif;
ajymjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvku ]]t<uif;rJhcspfaompdwf}} [laompum;pktm;
tokH;jyKxm;onfukd owdjyKyg/ toif;awmfonf ocifa,½IxHü uwd
ay;tyfESHxm;onfrSm &Sifaygvk\pdwfü oHo,r&Sdyg/ olwkdYonf ocif
a,½I\emrawmfü twlwuGykHrSefpk½kH;Muí olwkdYukd,folwkdYc&pf,mef
rsm; (okdY) ocifa,½I\aemufvkdufrsm;[k ac:qkd&ef0efav;wkHYqkdif;
raeMuyg/ okdYaomfolwkdY\ t<uif;rJhcspfaompdwf rjzLrpifjzpfoGm;rnfukd
&Sifaygvkpkd;&drfcJhonf/ ocifa,½IxHü 4if;wkdYqufuyftyfESHxm;jcif;
onf pl;pkdufrIenf;yg;vmatmif aESmuf,Sufjcif;cHae&onf/ olwkdYonf
rdpämq&mrsm;\ rSm;,Gif;aomoGefoifjcif;rsm;ukd,kHpm;í ocifa,½I
tm;t<uif;rJhcspfaompdwfukd pGefYvTwfaecJhMuygonf/
&Sifaygvkjzpfapvkdaomt&mrSm ocifc&pfawmf\owkdYorD;
unmonf ocifc&pfawmfxHü t<uif;rJhqufuyftyfESHxm;&efjzpf
onf/ toif;awmfonf ocifbk&m;tay:üxm;&Sdaom 4if;\qufuyf
tyfESHrIü rpifMu,f? roefY&Sif;orQumvywfvkH; &Sifaygvktaejzihf
auseyfa&mifh&JcJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ þtcsufonf &Sifaygvkukd xkdacwf
umv&Sd tjcm;,kHMunfolrsm;ESihf jyóemwufapaomtcsuf jzpfaumif;
jzpfEkdifonf/ rdrdwkdY\ ajcaxmufwpfzufukd avmuDt&mücsxm;í
tjcm;wpfzufukd ,kHMunfjcif;ü csxm;onfhtoif;awmfrsKd;ukd &Sifaygvk
pdwfr0ifpm;yg/ ocifa,½IxHü t<uif;rJha&mif;pm;jcif;cHxm;&aom
toif;awmfrsKd;ukd &SifaygvkjrifawGUvkdcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku ocifa,½Iukd
t<uif;rJhcspfjrwfEkd;í t<uif;rJhopöm&Sdum? ocifa,½IrSocifa,½Ijzpf
aeaomtoif;awmfwpfyg;ukd ocifa,½IxHüqufovkdcJhonf/ bk&m;
ocifESihf uREkfyfwkdY\qufqH&if;ESD;rIwGif pdwfryghwygjzpfae&ef rSmtb,f
rQvG,fulygoenf;/ bk&m;ocifukdcspfygonf[k uREkfyfwkdYajymqkdaeMu
csdefwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf olYxHüt<uif;rJh qufuyftyfESHaeMuygovm;/
þtcef;i,fonf uREfkfyfwkdYtwGuf tvGefav;eufaom pdefac:csuf
wpfckr[kwfygvm;/
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfonf trSefESihftrSm;ukdcGJjcm;odjrifEkdif
avmufatmif r&ifhusufao;aMumif;ukd &SifaygvkowdjyKrdcJhonf/
þ,kHMunfolrsm;tm; 4if;wkdYonf pifMu,faomowif;aumif;w&m;ukd
ra[majymonfholrsm;ukd onf;cHxm;MuaMumif; today;cJhonf/ rdpäm
wrefawmfrsm;onf &Sifaygvka[majymcJhaom ocifc&pfawmfukd ra[m
ajymMuonfhtjyif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;uvnf; pmwef\þxkd;ESuf
csufukdrjiif;y,fcJhMuyg/ olwkdYonf xkdvdrfvnfa[majymrIrsm;ukd azmf
xkwfjcif;rjyKbJ? qufvufícGihfjyKay;cJhMuonf/ þvkyf&yfu &Sifaygvk
\o0efwkdpdwfukd ykdíjyif;xefawmufavmifapcJhonf/
tcef;i,f 5 wGif &Sifaygvku þyk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; ]]tBuD;qkH;aom
wrefawmfrsm;}} [k ajymqkdcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku xkdokdYajymqkd&jcif;rSm
4if;wkdY\ajymqkdoGefoifcsufukd ol,kHMunfaomaMumifhr[kwf? olwkdYukd
olwkdYajymqkdaeykHaMumifhjzpfonf/ olwkdYonf aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfxJokdY
0ifa&mufvmMuNyD;? rdrdwdkYüor®mw&m;&Sdonf[k MunfndKav;pm;atmif
vkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/ olwkdYukd,folwkdY ppfrSefaomwrefawmfrsm;txufü
csD;ajr§muf&if;a&mufvmcJhMuonf/ olwkdYonf avvkH;xGm;aomtajym
tqkdrsm;ESihftwl a&mufvmcJhMuNyD;? &Sifaygvk\vkyfykdifcGihftmPmESihf
233tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif234 235
oGefoifcsufrsm;ukd tm;enf;avsmhyg;atmif BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmftm; rdrdonf þtBuD;
qkH;aom wrefawmfrsm;uJhokdY ta[mtajymü uRrf;usifwwfajrmufxm;
olr[kwfaMumif; today;cJhonf/ ,kHMunfvmatmif pnf;½kH;azsmif;jz
Ekdifaom a[majymolwpfOD;onf xkdacwfumv\,Ofaus;rIwGif tvGef
av;pm;MunfndKcH&onf/ &Sifaygvkonf xkdtBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmf
rsm;uJhokdY ta[mtajymraumif;vSaomfvnf;? olonfbk&m;ocif\
qifhac:cGJcefYjcif;ukd cHxm;&aomaMumifh xkdyk*¾dKvfrsm;xuf redrfhuscJh
yg/ tcef;i,f 6 wGif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wdkYxHü or®m
w&m;ukd today;a[majymcJhaMumif; &Sifaygvkutoday;cJhonf/
vlwkdYonfta[mtajymaumif;olrsm;\ tvG,fwulvSnfhjzm;
jcif;ukdcHMu&onf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;\ a[majymcsufrsm;onf em;axmif&
vG,fulí tm½kHukdqGJaqmifajzazsmfay;onf/ olwkdYonf tm;ESihftifESifh
a[majymí y&dowftm;rnfokdY wkdYxd&rnfukdodMuonf/ olwkdYonf
tvG,fwulpnf;½kH;odrf;oGif;xm;aom aemufvkdufwpftkyfBuD;&SdMuonf/
csKdcsKdomom? acsmacsmarGUarGUjzihf ajymqkdwwfaomolrsm;onf tNrJwrf;
trSefw&m;ukd rajymMuyg/ aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmfonf ocifc&pf
awmftaMumif; or®mw&m;ukd pdwfukdajzazsmfay;aomw&m;a[mcsuf
rsm;ESihf tvJtvS,fvkyfjcif;axmufacsmufü oufqif;jcif;ukd pGefYpm;
&,lcJhonf/
&Sifaygvktm; jypfwifpGyfpGJolrsm;u &SifaygvkukdqefYusifwkduf
ckduf&mü tokH;jyKcJhaomtjcm;t&m&Sdonf/ &Sifaygvkonf tBuD;qkH;
aom wrefawmfrsm;uJhokdY ta[mtajymü uRrf;usifwwfajrmufxm;ol
r[kwfonfhtjyif olonfowif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd tcrJha[majym
ay;urf;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf t&yfa'owpfckokdY vma&mufaomtcg
vlwkdYuolYukdtvkyftauR;jyKMurnf[k arQmfvifh&if;a&mufrvmcJhyg/
w&m;a[majymjcif;twGuf tzkd;tcukdvnf;rawmif;cJhyg/ ukd,fhukd,fukd
axmufyhH&efrdrdvufjzihf tvkyfvkyfcJhonf/ rdpämwrefawmfrsm;url rdrd
wkdYvufjzihftvkyfvkyf&jcif;onf rdrdwdkY\*kPfodu©mESihf rxkdufwef[kcH,l
cJhMuonf/ olwkdY\vufü a*:jym; (okdY) wlukdukdifí tvkyfvkyfaeMu
onfukd b,fawmhrQawGU&rnfr[kwfyg/ olwkdYonf txufpD;qefí
tysif;BuD;um MunfndKav;pm;rIukd twif;awmif;qkdwwfMuonf/ olwkdY
a[majymaomt&mtwGuf tzkd;tcukday;zkdY vlwkdYxHrSarQmfvihfxm;Mu
onf/
&SifaygvkrSmrl pdwfESvkH;ESdrfhcsí rdrd\vufjzihftvkyfvkyfzkdY
tqifoihfjzpfaecJhonf/ olonfaiGaMu;vkdtyfaomtcg rdrd\trIawmf
vkyfief;ukd axmufyHh&ef wJ&Sifaqmufjcif;tvkyfukd vkyfcJhonf (wref
awmf 18;3 ukdMunfhyg)/ olonf rdrdtrIawmfaqmifaeonfh toif;
awmfrsm;xHrS vpmr,lcJhyg/ xkdolwkdYtv,fü tcrJhtvkyfvkyfcJhygonf/
vlwkdYu &Sifaygvkukd a[mif;EGrf;ínpfywfaeaomtvkyf0wftusÐ
t0wftpm;rsm;ESihf jrifawGUaomtcg olYukd0dnmOfa&;acgif;aqmifBuD;
wpfyg;tjzpf av;pm;MunfndK&efrSm olwkdYtwGufcufcJcJhayrnf/ olonf
omrefvlrsm;uJhodkY pm;0wfaea&;twGuf cufcufcJcJtvkyfvkyfaevQif
olonf bdodPfoGef;avmif;cHwrefawmfwpfyg; rnfokdYjzpfcJhEkdifrnfenf;/
vlwkdYonf tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\ tajymtqkdtm;jzihfom
vSnfhjzm;cH&onfr[kwf? 4if;wkdY\0wfpm;qif,OfykH? jyKrlusifhBuHykH? tc
tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif234 235
oGefoifcsufrsm;ukd tm;enf;avsmhyg;atmif BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmftm; rdrdonf þtBuD;
qkH;aom wrefawmfrsm;uJhokdY ta[mtajymü uRrf;usifwwfajrmufxm;
olr[kwfaMumif; today;cJhonf/ ,kHMunfvmatmif pnf;½kH;azsmif;jz
Ekdifaom a[majymolwpfOD;onf xkdacwfumv\,Ofaus;rIwGif tvGef
av;pm;MunfndKcH&onf/ &Sifaygvkonf xkdtBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmf
rsm;uJhokdY ta[mtajymraumif;vSaomfvnf;? olonfbk&m;ocif\
qifhac:cGJcefYjcif;ukd cHxm;&aomaMumifh xkdyk*¾dKvfrsm;xuf redrfhuscJh
yg/ tcef;i,f 6 wGif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wdkYxHü or®m
w&m;ukd today;a[majymcJhaMumif; &Sifaygvkutoday;cJhonf/
vlwkdYonfta[mtajymaumif;olrsm;\ tvG,fwulvSnfhjzm;
jcif;ukdcHMu&onf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;\ a[majymcsufrsm;onf em;axmif&
vG,fulí tm½kHukdqGJaqmifajzazsmfay;onf/ olwkdYonf tm;ESihftifESifh
a[majymí y&dowftm;rnfokdY wkdYxd&rnfukdodMuonf/ olwkdYonf
tvG,fwulpnf;½kH;odrf;oGif;xm;aom aemufvkdufwpftkyfBuD;&SdMuonf/
csKdcsKdomom? acsmacsmarGUarGUjzihf ajymqkdwwfaomolrsm;onf tNrJwrf;
trSefw&m;ukd rajymMuyg/ aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmfonf ocifc&pf
awmftaMumif; or®mw&m;ukd pdwfukdajzazsmfay;aomw&m;a[mcsuf
rsm;ESihf tvJtvS,fvkyfjcif;axmufacsmufü oufqif;jcif;ukd pGefYpm;
&,lcJhonf/
&Sifaygvktm; jypfwifpGyfpGJolrsm;u &SifaygvkukdqefYusifwkduf
ckduf&mü tokH;jyKcJhaomtjcm;t&m&Sdonf/ &Sifaygvkonf tBuD;qkH;
aom wrefawmfrsm;uJhokdY ta[mtajymü uRrf;usifwwfajrmufxm;ol
r[kwfonfhtjyif olonfowif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd tcrJha[majym
ay;urf;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf t&yfa'owpfckokdY vma&mufaomtcg
vlwkdYuolYukdtvkyftauR;jyKMurnf[k arQmfvifh&if;a&mufrvmcJhyg/
w&m;a[majymjcif;twGuf tzkd;tcukdvnf;rawmif;cJhyg/ ukd,fhukd,fukd
axmufyhH&efrdrdvufjzihf tvkyfvkyfcJhonf/ rdpämwrefawmfrsm;url rdrd
wkdYvufjzihftvkyfvkyf&jcif;onf rdrdwdkY\*kPfodu©mESihf rxkdufwef[kcH,l
cJhMuonf/ olwkdY\vufü a*:jym; (okdY) wlukdukdifí tvkyfvkyfaeMu
onfukd b,fawmhrQawGU&rnfr[kwfyg/ olwkdYonf txufpD;qefí
tysif;BuD;um MunfndKav;pm;rIukd twif;awmif;qkdwwfMuonf/ olwkdY
a[majymaomt&mtwGuf tzkd;tcukday;zkdY vlwkdYxHrSarQmfvihfxm;Mu
onf/
&SifaygvkrSmrl pdwfESvkH;ESdrfhcsí rdrd\vufjzihftvkyfvkyfzkdY
tqifoihfjzpfaecJhonf/ olonfaiGaMu;vkdtyfaomtcg rdrd\trIawmf
vkyfief;ukd axmufyHh&ef wJ&Sifaqmufjcif;tvkyfukd vkyfcJhonf (wref
awmf 18;3 ukdMunfhyg)/ olonf rdrdtrIawmfaqmifaeonfh toif;
awmfrsm;xHrS vpmr,lcJhyg/ xkdolwkdYtv,fü tcrJhtvkyfvkyfcJhygonf/
vlwkdYu &Sifaygvkukd a[mif;EGrf;ínpfywfaeaomtvkyf0wftusÐ
t0wftpm;rsm;ESihf jrifawGUaomtcg olYukd0dnmOfa&;acgif;aqmifBuD;
wpfyg;tjzpf av;pm;MunfndK&efrSm olwkdYtwGufcufcJcJhayrnf/ olonf
omrefvlrsm;uJhodkY pm;0wfaea&;twGuf cufcufcJcJtvkyfvkyfaevQif
olonf bdodPfoGef;avmif;cHwrefawmfwpfyg; rnfokdYjzpfcJhEkdifrnfenf;/
vlwkdYonf tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\ tajymtqkdtm;jzihfom
vSnfhjzm;cH&onfr[kwf? 4if;wkdY\0wfpm;qif,OfykH? jyKrlusifhBuHykH? tc
tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif236 237
aMu;awmif;cHjcif;wkdYtm;jzihfvnf; vSnfhjzm;cHMu&ygonf/
xl;jcm;qef;jym;awmufajymifaom 0wfpm;qif,OfrIonf
acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfa,mufukd rzefwD;ay;yg/ tdrfaumif;? um;
aumif;&Sdjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfü atmifjrifrIukd ykHraqmif
yg/ ocifa,½Ionf þt&mrsm;ukd a&Smif&Sm;í½kkd;&Sif;aom omrefb0
jzihf &SifoefaexkdifcJhonf/ &Sifaygvkuvnf; ocifa,½I\ajc&mukd
vkdufavQmufcJhonf/ okdYaomftjcm;wpfzufwGif rdpämwrefawmfrsm;onf
ukd,fhukd,fukd omrefvlkwkdYtqifhtwef;\txufü csD;ajr§mufMuí
avmuDqefaom av;pm;MunfndKjcif;ukd awmif;qkdMuonf/ olwkdYonf
aiGaMu;csrf;omí xl;jcm;qef;jym;aomt0wftpm;rsm;ukd 0wfpm;
qif,OfMuaomaMumifh ajrmufrsm;pGmaomvlwkdYonf olwkdY\axmuf
acsmufüaMumhrdNyD; olwkdYukdemcHvkdufavQmufcJhMuonf/ vlwkdYonf tjyif
yef;toGiftjyif\ vSnfhpm;jcif;ukdcHcJhMuonf/ tBuD;jrwfqkH;aom
olawmfpiftcsKdUonf a[mif;EGrf;í qkwfNyJaeaomt0wftpm;rsm;ukd
0wfqifíavmuDom;rsm;\ tm½kHukdrqGJaqmifaom toufwmrsKd;jzihf
&SifoefaexkdifcJhMuygonf/
&Sifaygvk\0efxkyfrSm owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd tcaMu;
r,lbJa[majym&efjzpfonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf ol\pdwf&if;ukdoefY&Sif;jzL
pifonf[k vlwdkYuawGUjrifcJhMurnfjzpfonf/ okdYaomf rdpämwrefawmf
rsm;u &SifaygvkukdqefYusifí þtcsufukdtokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ olwkdYu
&Sifaygvkonff ta,mmifaqmifwrefawmfjzpfí tzkd;tcay;zkdYrxkduf
wefaMumif; tBuHjyKcJhMuonf/ tcef;i,f 7 wGif &Sifaygvku rdrdtm;
pGyfpGJajymqkdaeaomolwkdYukd rdrdonfaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdY\ tjypfEGHxJrSqGJ,lu,fwifay;zdkY ukd,fhukd,fukdESdrfhcsaecsdefwGif
rdrd\tjyKtrlukd tjypf'kp½kduftjzpf rnfokdYrSm;,Gif;pGm t"dyÜg,faumuf
vGJEkdifcJhMuoenf;[k ar;cJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u owif;
aumif;w&m;awmfukd tcrJhvufcH&&SdEkdifrnhftaMumif; tjcm;toif;
awmfrsm;rSm aiGa&;aMu;a&;ü 'ku©a&mufcJhMu&onf (i,f 8)/ tjcm;
,kHMunfolrsm;\apwemtvSLt'gef;rsm;aMumifh &SifaygvkrSm aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;xHü aiGaMu;awmif;cHjcif;rjyKbJ trIawmfaqmifEkdifcJh
jcif;jzpfonf (i,f 9)/ &Sifaygvktaejzihf aum&dE
oKNrdKUüqufvufí
owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukda[majymEkdifzkdY rmaua'gedjynfrS nDtpfukd
rsm;onf tvSLaiGESihftwl &SifaygvkxHvma&mufcJhMuonf/ wrefawmf
aygvkwGif aiGaMu;tcuftcJrsm;&SdaecJhygonf/ olonfcsrf;om<u,f0
aomolr[kwfaomfvnf; owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd vufcH,kHMunf
rnfholwkdif;xHü tcaMu;r,lbJa[majyma0iScJhygonf/
&Sifaygvku trIawmfvkyfief;ü rnfokdYaxmufyHhcH&onfh
taMumif;ukd xkwfajym&ef(okdY) *kPf,l0g<um;&ef wkefYqkdif;raecJhyg/
olonfrdrd\ESdrfhcsaomenf;vrf;rsm;ukd aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdrdpämwrefawmf
rsm;\ axmifvTm;aomtjyKtrlrsm;ESihf EIdif;,SOfcJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;ay:üxm;&Sdaom rdrd\eufeJaomcspfjcif;arwåmaMumifhvnf;
aumif;? ocifc&pfawmfESihf owif;aumif;w&m;tay:üxm;&Sdaom
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ t<uif;rJhcspfaompdwfukd tm;opfavmif;
ay;&eftwGufvnf;aumif; &SifaygvkxkdokdYjyKvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ocifc&pfawmf\yuwd
oefY&Sif;pifMu,faom owkdYorD;unmjzpfjcif;ESihf 4if;wkdYukdqD;wm;rnfh
tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif236 237
aMu;awmif;cHjcif;wkdYtm;jzihfvnf; vSnfhjzm;cHMu&ygonf/
xl;jcm;qef;jym;awmufajymifaom 0wfpm;qif,OfrIonf
acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfa,mufukd rzefwD;ay;yg/ tdrfaumif;? um;
aumif;&Sdjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfü atmifjrifrIukd ykHraqmif
yg/ ocifa,½Ionf þt&mrsm;ukd a&Smif&Sm;í½kkd;&Sif;aom omrefb0
jzihf &SifoefaexkdifcJhonf/ &Sifaygvkuvnf; ocifa,½I\ajc&mukd
vkdufavQmufcJhonf/ okdYaomftjcm;wpfzufwGif rdpämwrefawmfrsm;onf
ukd,fhukd,fukd omrefvlkwkdYtqifhtwef;\txufü csD;ajr§mufMuí
avmuDqefaom av;pm;MunfndKjcif;ukd awmif;qkdMuonf/ olwkdYonf
aiGaMu;csrf;omí xl;jcm;qef;jym;aomt0wftpm;rsm;ukd 0wfpm;
qif,OfMuaomaMumifh ajrmufrsm;pGmaomvlwkdYonf olwkdY\axmuf
acsmufüaMumhrdNyD; olwkdYukdemcHvkdufavQmufcJhMuonf/ vlwkdYonf tjyif
yef;toGiftjyif\ vSnfhpm;jcif;ukdcHcJhMuonf/ tBuD;jrwfqkH;aom
olawmfpiftcsKdUonf a[mif;EGrf;í qkwfNyJaeaomt0wftpm;rsm;ukd
0wfqifíavmuDom;rsm;\ tm½kHukdrqGJaqmifaom toufwmrsKd;jzihf
&SifoefaexkdifcJhMuygonf/
&Sifaygvk\0efxkyfrSm owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd tcaMu;
r,lbJa[majym&efjzpfonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf ol\pdwf&if;ukdoefY&Sif;jzL
pifonf[k vlwdkYuawGUjrifcJhMurnfjzpfonf/ okdYaomf rdpämwrefawmf
rsm;u &SifaygvkukdqefYusifí þtcsufukdtokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ olwkdYu
&Sifaygvkonff ta,mmifaqmifwrefawmfjzpfí tzkd;tcay;zkdYrxkduf
wefaMumif; tBuHjyKcJhMuonf/ tcef;i,f 7 wGif &Sifaygvku rdrdtm;
pGyfpGJajymqkdaeaomolwkdYukd rdrdonfaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdY\ tjypfEGHxJrSqGJ,lu,fwifay;zdkY ukd,fhukd,fukdESdrfhcsaecsdefwGif
rdrd\tjyKtrlukd tjypf'kp½kduftjzpf rnfokdYrSm;,Gif;pGm t"dyÜg,faumuf
vGJEkdifcJhMuoenf;[k ar;cJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u owif;
aumif;w&m;awmfukd tcrJhvufcH&&SdEkdifrnhftaMumif; tjcm;toif;
awmfrsm;rSm aiGa&;aMu;a&;ü 'ku©a&mufcJhMu&onf (i,f 8)/ tjcm;
,kHMunfolrsm;\apwemtvSLt'gef;rsm;aMumifh &SifaygvkrSm aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;xHü aiGaMu;awmif;cHjcif;rjyKbJ trIawmfaqmifEkdifcJh
jcif;jzpfonf (i,f 9)/ &Sifaygvktaejzihf aum&dE
oKNrdKUüqufvufí
owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukda[majymEkdifzkdY rmaua'gedjynfrS nDtpfukd
rsm;onf tvSLaiGESihftwl &SifaygvkxHvma&mufcJhMuonf/ wrefawmf
aygvkwGif aiGaMu;tcuftcJrsm;&SdaecJhygonf/ olonfcsrf;om<u,f0
aomolr[kwfaomfvnf; owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd vufcH,kHMunf
rnfholwkdif;xHü tcaMu;r,lbJa[majyma0iScJhygonf/
&Sifaygvku trIawmfvkyfief;ü rnfokdYaxmufyHhcH&onfh
taMumif;ukd xkwfajym&ef(okdY) *kPf,l0g<um;&ef wkefYqkdif;raecJhyg/
olonfrdrd\ESdrfhcsaomenf;vrf;rsm;ukd aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdrdpämwrefawmf
rsm;\ axmifvTm;aomtjyKtrlrsm;ESihf EIdif;,SOfcJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;ay:üxm;&Sdaom rdrd\eufeJaomcspfjcif;arwåmaMumifhvnf;
aumif;? ocifc&pfawmfESihf owif;aumif;w&m;tay:üxm;&Sdaom
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ t<uif;rJhcspfaompdwfukd tm;opfavmif;
ay;&eftwGufvnf;aumif; &SifaygvkxkdokdYjyKvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ocifc&pfawmf\yuwd
oefY&Sif;pifMu,faom owkdYorD;unmjzpfjcif;ESihf 4if;wkdYukdqD;wm;rnfh
tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif238 239
axmifacsmufü aMumhrdoGm;onfhtjzpfukd rjrifawGUvkdcJhyg/ rdpämq&m
rsm;onf aumif;aumif;ajym? aumif;aumif;0wfpm;í tcaMu;ukdvnf;
jrifhjrifhawmif;qkdcJhMuonf/ xkdtjyKtrlrsm;tm;vkH;onf xkdacwfumv
,Ofaus;rIwGif tvGefav;pm;zG,fjzpfcJhonf/ okdYaomfþyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf
trSefwu,fwGif toif;awmf\&efolrsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvku þ&efolrsm;\jzpfwnfrItrSefukd azmfxkwfvkdcJh
onf/ olwkdY\qkd;npfaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ukd xdckdufavsmhyg;atmif
vkyfzkdY olwkdYukd jyif;jyif;xefxefqufvufí qefYusifajymqkdcJhygvdrfhrnf/
ppfrSefaomwrefawmfwkdYcH&aom av;pm;MunfndKjcif;rsKd;ukd olwkdYquf
rcH&zkdY olwkdYukda'gufjzKwfvkdcJhonf (i,f 12)/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
xHrS aiGaMu;tultnDukdvufrcHjcif;jzihf &Sifaygvkonfukd,fhukd,fukd
rdpämq&mrsm;ESihf uif;&Sif;atmifaecJhonf/
tcef;i,f 13 wGif&Sifaygvku toif;awmftm; þyk*¾dKvfrsm;
onfta,mifaqmifrsm;jzpfMuonf[k ajymjycJhonf/ olwdkYonfwref
awmfrsufESmzkH;ukd pGyfxm;onfhvlvdrfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ &Sifaygvku xkdol
wkdYukdqefYusifí yGifhyGihfvif;vif;ESihf jyif;jyif;xefxefajymqkdcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; xkdyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf [efaqmif
vSnfhjzm;jcif;wkdY\t&Sif pmwef\ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfMuonf[k ajymjy
cJhonf/ pmwefonf trSefwGifarSmifrkduf\zcifjzpfaomfvnf; vif;aom
aumif;uifwrefa,mifaqmifí vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmaecJhonf/ þonfrSm
þtBuD;qkH;aom wrefawmfrsm;vkyfaeaomt&myifjzpfonf/ olwkdY
onfpdwfESvkH;ukd ajzazsmfay;aomw&m;a'oemrsm;ESihf t0wfaumif;
pm;aumif;rsm;\aemufuG,fwGif ykefk;uG,faecJhMuonf/ okdYaomf tjyif
yef;jyuGufrsm;\ atmufajcwGifrlolwkdYonf 0HykavGrsm;jzpfMuí
aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd bk&m;ocif\trIawmfukd zsufqD;&efa&muf&Sdvmonfh
pmwef\ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; jzpfcJhMuonf/ ppfrSefaomwrefawmfBuD;u
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmftm; þrdpämwrefawmfrsm;onf 4if;wkdY\tjzpfrSef
ukdazmfxkwfcH&í 4if;wkdYESihfxkdufwefonfh tusKd;tjypfukdcH&rnfhaeY&uf
a&mufvmrnfhtaMumif;ukd ajymjycJhonf (i,f 15)/
þtykdif;u uREkfyfwkdY\teD;wpf0kdufü jzpfysufaeaomt&mrsm;
tay:ü Ekd;Ekd;Mum;Mum;&SdaeMuzkdY uREkfyfwkdYukdqifhac:xm;onf/ pmwef
onf ajzmihfrwfjcif;w&m;awmf\tapcHrsm;ozG,f 0wfpm;qif,Of
aom rdrd\ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdY\toif;awmfrsm;xJokdY apvTwf
&ef wkHYqkdif;aernfr[kwfyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\acwfumv&Sd tBuD;qkH;aom
wrefawmfrsm;\vSnfhjzm;jcif;ukdrcH&zdkY uREkfyfwkdYtb,frQowdxm;MuzkdY
vkdtyfoenf;/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
þusrf;csufü &Sifaygvkajymjyaeonfh tBuD;qkH;aomwref
awmfrsm;rSm rnfolrsm;jzpfMuoenf;/ olwkdYonf ukd,fhukd,fukd
rnfokdY [efaqmifzkH;uG,faecJhMuoenf;/
þae&müawGU&onfh &Sifaygvk\jyif;jyaompdwfqE´rSm
toif;awmfukd ocifa,½Iü t<uif;rJhcspfaompdwf&Sdaom owkdY
orD;unmtjzpf qufo&efjzpfonf/ t<uif;rJhcspfaompdwf
xufavsmhenf;aom qufuyftyfESHjcif;rsKd;jzihf oifauseyf
tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif238 239
axmifacsmufü aMumhrdoGm;onfhtjzpfukd rjrifawGUvkdcJhyg/ rdpämq&m
rsm;onf aumif;aumif;ajym? aumif;aumif;0wfpm;í tcaMu;ukdvnf;
jrifhjrifhawmif;qkdcJhMuonf/ xkdtjyKtrlrsm;tm;vkH;onf xkdacwfumv
,Ofaus;rIwGif tvGefav;pm;zG,fjzpfcJhonf/ okdYaomfþyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf
trSefwu,fwGif toif;awmf\&efolrsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvku þ&efolrsm;\jzpfwnfrItrSefukd azmfxkwfvkdcJh
onf/ olwkdY\qkd;npfaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ukd xdckdufavsmhyg;atmif
vkyfzkdY olwkdYukd jyif;jyif;xefxefqufvufí qefYusifajymqkdcJhygvdrfhrnf/
ppfrSefaomwrefawmfwkdYcH&aom av;pm;MunfndKjcif;rsKd;ukd olwkdYquf
rcH&zkdY olwkdYukda'gufjzKwfvkdcJhonf (i,f 12)/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
xHrS aiGaMu;tultnDukdvufrcHjcif;jzihf &Sifaygvkonfukd,fhukd,fukd
rdpämq&mrsm;ESihf uif;&Sif;atmifaecJhonf/
tcef;i,f 13 wGif&Sifaygvku toif;awmftm; þyk*¾dKvfrsm;
onfta,mifaqmifrsm;jzpfMuonf[k ajymjycJhonf/ olwdkYonfwref
awmfrsufESmzkH;ukd pGyfxm;onfhvlvdrfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ &Sifaygvku xkdol
wkdYukdqefYusifí yGifhyGihfvif;vif;ESihf jyif;jyif;xefxefajymqkdcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; xkdyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf [efaqmif
vSnfhjzm;jcif;wkdY\t&Sif pmwef\ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfMuonf[k ajymjy
cJhonf/ pmwefonf trSefwGifarSmifrkduf\zcifjzpfaomfvnf; vif;aom
aumif;uifwrefa,mifaqmifí vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmaecJhonf/ þonfrSm
þtBuD;qkH;aom wrefawmfrsm;vkyfaeaomt&myifjzpfonf/ olwkdY
onfpdwfESvkH;ukd ajzazsmfay;aomw&m;a'oemrsm;ESihf t0wfaumif;
pm;aumif;rsm;\aemufuG,fwGif ykefk;uG,faecJhMuonf/ okdYaomf tjyif
yef;jyuGufrsm;\ atmufajcwGifrlolwkdYonf 0HykavGrsm;jzpfMuí
aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd bk&m;ocif\trIawmfukd zsufqD;&efa&muf&Sdvmonfh
pmwef\ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; jzpfcJhMuonf/ ppfrSefaomwrefawmfBuD;u
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmftm; þrdpämwrefawmfrsm;onf 4if;wkdY\tjzpfrSef
ukdazmfxkwfcH&í 4if;wkdYESihfxkdufwefonfh tusKd;tjypfukdcH&rnfhaeY&uf
a&mufvmrnfhtaMumif;ukd ajymjycJhonf (i,f 15)/
þtykdif;u uREkfyfwkdY\teD;wpf0kdufü jzpfysufaeaomt&mrsm;
tay:ü Ekd;Ekd;Mum;Mum;&SdaeMuzkdY uREkfyfwkdYukdqifhac:xm;onf/ pmwef
onf ajzmihfrwfjcif;w&m;awmf\tapcHrsm;ozG,f 0wfpm;qif,Of
aom rdrd\ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdY\toif;awmfrsm;xJokdY apvTwf
&ef wkHYqkdif;aernfr[kwfyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\acwfumv&Sd tBuD;qkH;aom
wrefawmfrsm;\vSnfhjzm;jcif;ukdrcH&zdkY uREkfyfwkdYtb,frQowdxm;MuzkdY
vkdtyfoenf;/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
þusrf;csufü &Sifaygvkajymjyaeonfh tBuD;qkH;aomwref
awmfrsm;rSm rnfolrsm;jzpfMuoenf;/ olwkdYonf ukd,fhukd,fukd
rnfokdY [efaqmifzkH;uG,faecJhMuoenf;/
þae&müawGU&onfh &Sifaygvk\jyif;jyaompdwfqE´rSm
toif;awmfukd ocifa,½Iü t<uif;rJhcspfaompdwf&Sdaom owkdY
orD;unmtjzpf qufo&efjzpfonf/ t<uif;rJhcspfaompdwf
xufavsmhenf;aom qufuyftyfESHjcif;rsKd;jzihf oifauseyf
tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;\wkdufckdufjcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
a&mifh&JaecJhzl;ygovm;/ &Sif;jyyg/
ocifbk&m;u oifhukdrnfuJhokdYaomjyif;jyonfhpdwfqE´rsKd;ukd
ay;xm;oenf;/ xkdjyif;jyaompdwfqE´wGif oifopöm&SdaecJhyg
ovm;/
pmwefonf toif;awmfukdvSnfhjzm;í vrf;rSm;okdYaoG;aqmif
&ef rdrd\tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;ukd qufvufíapvTwf
vQuf&Sdonf[k oifxifygovm;/ xkdyk*¾dKvfrsm;xHrS oihfukdoif
rnfokdYumuG,fEkdifrnfenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
oihftxJü&Sdapvkdonfh jyif;jyaompdwfqE´qDokdY oifhrsufpdrsm;
ukdzGihf[ay;zdkY ocifbk&m;ukd awmif;avQmufyg/ xkdjyif;jyaom
pdwfqE´ü trIawmfaqmifEkdif&ef &J&ifhjcif;ukdoihftm;ay;oem;
zkdYawmif;avQmufyg/
ocifbk&m;tay:üxm;&Sdaom oifh&JUt<uif;rJhcspfaompdwfü
&Sdaeaom roefY&Sif;rIrsm;ukd azmfjyay;zkdYawmif;avQmufyg/
rdpämwrefawmfrsm;onf toif;awmfukdvSnfhjzm;í vrf;rSm;okdY
qufvufí raoG;aqmifEkdifzkdY xkdrdpämwrefawmfrsm;ukd azmf
xkwfzdkY ocifbk&m;ukdawmif;avQmufyg/
rSm;,Gif;aomoGefoifcsufrsm;ESihf trSm;rsm;ukdazmfxkwfEkdifzkdY
xkd;xGif;cGJjcm;odjrifEkdifjcif; 0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;rsm;ukd ykdíay;oem;
&ef ocifbk&m;xHüawmif;avQmufyg/
2020
2020
20
tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;
tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;
tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;
2aum 11;16-33 ukdzwf½Iyg/
þpmapmifwGif &Sifaygvkonfrdrdtm; a0zefpGyfpGJolrsm;\a&SUü
rdrd\,kHMunfpdwfcs&avmufaom t&nftcsif;taxmuftxm;ukd
&Sif;vif;wifjyzdkY wGef;tm;ay;cH&aMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYawGUjrifcJhMuNyD;
jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\tapcHwpfyg;tjzpfESihf &Sifaygvkü&Sdaom
vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd ar;cGef;xkwfaeaomoltcsKdU aum&dE
oKNrdKUü &SdcJhMu
onf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf ukd,fhukd,fukd &Sifaygvk\txufücsD;ajr§muf
&efBudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ aemufqkH;qifjcifESvkH;oGif;jcif;wGif þtBuD;qkH;
aomwrefawmfrsm;onf twkta,mifwrefawmfrsm; jzpfMuaMumif;
ukdvnf;aumif;? olwkdYukdem;axmifolrsm;xHrS av;pm;rIESihfaiGaMu;ukd
awmif;cHMuaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif; uREkfyfwkdYjrifawGUcJhMu&onf/ olwkdY
onf &SifaygvkuJhokdYr[kwf? ukd,fvufjzihftvkyfvkyfjcif;onf rdrd\
*kPfodu©mESihf rukdufnD[k,kHMunfcJhMuonf/ ajrmufjrm;pGmaomolwkdY
onf þrdpämq&mrsm;\ tjyifyef;toGiftjyiftm;jzihf vSnfhpm;jcif;ukd
cHcJhMu&onf/
240
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
a&mifh&JaecJhzl;ygovm;/ &Sif;jyyg/
ocifbk&m;u oifhukdrnfuJhokdYaomjyif;jyonfhpdwfqE´rsKd;ukd
ay;xm;oenf;/ xkdjyif;jyaompdwfqE´wGif oifopöm&SdaecJhyg
ovm;/
pmwefonf toif;awmfukdvSnfhjzm;í vrf;rSm;okdYaoG;aqmif
&ef rdrd\tBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmfrsm;ukd qufvufíapvTwf
vQuf&Sdonf[k oifxifygovm;/ xkdyk*¾dKvfrsm;xHrS oihfukdoif
rnfokdYumuG,fEkdifrnfenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
oihftxJü&Sdapvkdonfh jyif;jyaompdwfqE´qDokdY oifhrsufpdrsm;
ukdzGihf[ay;zdkY ocifbk&m;ukd awmif;avQmufyg/ xkdjyif;jyaom
pdwfqE´ü trIawmfaqmifEkdif&ef &J&ifhjcif;ukdoihftm;ay;oem;
zkdYawmif;avQmufyg/
ocifbk&m;tay:üxm;&Sdaom oifh&JUt<uif;rJhcspfaompdwfü
&Sdaeaom roefY&Sif;rIrsm;ukd azmfjyay;zkdYawmif;avQmufyg/
rdpämwrefawmfrsm;onf toif;awmfukdvSnfhjzm;í vrf;rSm;okdY
qufvufí raoG;aqmifEkdifzkdY xkdrdpämwrefawmfrsm;ukd azmf
xkwfzdkY ocifbk&m;ukdawmif;avQmufyg/
rSm;,Gif;aomoGefoifcsufrsm;ESihf trSm;rsm;ukdazmfxkwfEkdifzkdY
xkd;xGif;cGJjcm;odjrifEkdifjcif; 0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;rsm;ukd ykdíay;oem;
&ef ocifbk&m;xHüawmif;avQmufyg/
2020
2020
20
tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;
tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;
tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;
2aum 11;16-33 ukdzwf½Iyg/
þpmapmifwGif &Sifaygvkonfrdrdtm; a0zefpGyfpGJolrsm;\a&SUü
rdrd\,kHMunfpdwfcs&avmufaom t&nftcsif;taxmuftxm;ukd
&Sif;vif;wifjyzdkY wGef;tm;ay;cH&aMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYawGUjrifcJhMuNyD;
jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\tapcHwpfyg;tjzpfESihf &Sifaygvkü&Sdaom
vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd ar;cGef;xkwfaeaomoltcsKdU aum&dE
oKNrdKUü &SdcJhMu
onf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf ukd,fhukd,fukd &Sifaygvk\txufücsD;ajr§muf
&efBudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ aemufqkH;qifjcifESvkH;oGif;jcif;wGif þtBuD;qkH;
aomwrefawmfrsm;onf twkta,mifwrefawmfrsm; jzpfMuaMumif;
ukdvnf;aumif;? olwkdYukdem;axmifolrsm;xHrS av;pm;rIESihfaiGaMu;ukd
awmif;cHMuaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif; uREkfyfwkdYjrifawGUcJhMu&onf/ olwkdY
onf &SifaygvkuJhokdYr[kwf? ukd,fvufjzihftvkyfvkyfjcif;onf rdrd\
*kPfodu©mESihf rukdufnD[k,kHMunfcJhMuonf/ ajrmufjrm;pGmaomolwkdY
onf þrdpämq&mrsm;\ tjyifyef;toGiftjyiftm;jzihf vSnfhpm;jcif;ukd
cHcJhMu&onf/
240
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif242 243
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;uJhokdY EkHtaomolrsm;uREkfyfwkdY\acwf
wGifvnf;&Sdygonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\acwfumvü ynma&;bGJUrsm;ESihf &mxl;
tqihftwef;tay:ü tvGefta&;ay;vmMujcif;ukd awGUjrifae&onf/
tvGefpdwfysufzG,faumif;ygonf/ ynma&;wpfckukd twkdkfif;twm
wpfcktxd oif,lxm;olonf acgif;aqmifaumif;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k rSwf,l
&ef uREkfyfwkdYrSmvSnfhjzm;cHae&ygonf/ ajrmufjrm;pGmaomtcsdefwGif
uREkfyfwkdYonf vlwkdYukdbk&m;ocif\ jyif;jyaomtapcHrsm;jzpfMujcif;
aMumifh av;pm;Muonfr[kwf? ynma&;ukdaumif;aumif;vkdufpm;Ekdif
zkdY aiGaMu;jynfhpkHaeMuaomaMumifh av;pm;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ tHhzG,f
pGrf;&nfqkaus;Zl;&&Sdxm;omolrsm;onf usrf;pmausmif;wpfckckrS bGJU
vufrSwf (okdY) oifwef;qif;vufrSwfwpfckckukd r&&Sdxm;aomaMumifh
&mxl;ae&mrsm;ukd &&Sdjcif;rSjiif;y,fcHMu&onf/ uREkfyf\qkdvkd&if;ukd
aus;Zl;jyKí txifrvGJygESihf/ oif;tkyfrsm;ESihf c&pf,meftrIawmf
aqmifrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYavhusihfoifMum;ay;jcif;rjyKoihf[k rqkdvkdyg/
uREkfyf\trIawmfvkyfief;onf þt&mtwGufyif qufuyfxm;ygonf/
okdYaomf uREkfyfajymMum;vkdaomtcsufrSm tjyifyef;ukdomMunfhwwf
onfh uREkfyfwkdY\trltusihfukd txl;owdxm;&efjzpfonf/ rrm½kd;us
qefaom ynma&;ukdtxl;vkdufpm;cJhjcif;r&Sdonfh bk&m;ocif\tHhzG,f
tapcHrsm;pGm&SdMuygonf/ tcsKdUu atmufajctvkyfrsm;ü trIawmf
aqmifaeMuaomfvnf; olwkdYonfbk&m;ocif\tpGrf;xufaom tap
cHrsm;jzpfaeMuonf/
vlwkdYu rdrd\r[kwfrrSefowif;ukd aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfü ajym
aecJhMuaMumif; &Sifaygvkod&SdcJhonf/ vltcsKdUu olYukdrkdufrJaomoltjzpf
okH;oyfcJhMuaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYod&SdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ tcef;i,f 16wGif
&Sifaygvku þudpöukdyGihfyGifhvif;vif; vdyfrlajymqkdcJhonf/ ]]ighukdol½l;
jzpfonf[k tb,folrQrxifapESihf}} [k olwkdYukd &SifaygvkajymcJhonf/
tjcm;olrsm;u rnfokdYyifajymqkdaeMuygap &Sifaygvkonf rdrdudkbk&m;
ocifu qifhac:ívkyfaqmifapaom trIawmftwGuft&nftcsif;
jynfhrDaMumif;ukd odem;vnfcJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u rdrd
ukdol½l;uJhokdYoHk;oyfcJhvQifyif rdrdajymMum;vkdaomt&mrsm;tm;
em;axmifay;MuzkdY &SifaygvkuolwkdYukdawmif;yefcJhonf/ aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;u olYukd ol½l;ozG,f½IjrifcJhMuvQifyif &SifaygvkuolwkdYukd
ol½l;wpfa,miftjzpf ESifh ajymMum;cJh&ygvdrfhrnf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;u pdwfcs,kHMunfxkdufaom t&nftcsif;taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd
r&ruawmif;qkdaejcif;onf rkdufrJaomvkyf&yftjzpf &Sifaygvk
rSwf,lcJhaomfvnf;? rdrd\pdwfcs,kHMunfxkdufaom t&nftcsif;
taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd olwkdYtm;jyzkdYvkdtyfvmcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrd\pdwfcs,kHMunf
xkdufaom t&nftcsif;taxmuftxm;taMumif;ajymqkd0g<um;&mwGif
rdrdonf ocifbk&m;ajymouJhokdY ajymjcif;r[kwf[kajymcJhonf (i,f
17)/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf avmuDt&nftcsif; taxmuf
txm;rsm;ukdom txifBuD;MuaomaMumifh &Sifaygvktaejzihf rdrd\
wrefawmfjzpfjcif;t½kduft&mukd oufaojyzkdY aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;\ tqifhokdY ukd,fhukd,fukd avsmhcsukdif;ñTwfcJh&onf/ &Sifaygvku
ukd,fhukd,fukdcsD;rGrf;í 0g<um;cJhjcif;r[kwfyg/ &Sifaygvku rdrdESihfpyfqkdif
íajymMum;rnfht&mtm;vkH;onf vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd avmuD
tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif242 243
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;uJhokdY EkHtaomolrsm;uREkfyfwkdY\acwf
wGifvnf;&Sdygonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\acwfumvü ynma&;bGJUrsm;ESihf &mxl;
tqihftwef;tay:ü tvGefta&;ay;vmMujcif;ukd awGUjrifae&onf/
tvGefpdwfysufzG,faumif;ygonf/ ynma&;wpfckukd twkdkfif;twm
wpfcktxd oif,lxm;olonf acgif;aqmifaumif;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k rSwf,l
&ef uREkfyfwkdYrSmvSnfhjzm;cHae&ygonf/ ajrmufjrm;pGmaomtcsdefwGif
uREkfyfwkdYonf vlwkdYukdbk&m;ocif\ jyif;jyaomtapcHrsm;jzpfMujcif;
aMumifh av;pm;Muonfr[kwf? ynma&;ukdaumif;aumif;vkdufpm;Ekdif
zkdY aiGaMu;jynfhpkHaeMuaomaMumifh av;pm;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ tHhzG,f
pGrf;&nfqkaus;Zl;&&Sdxm;omolrsm;onf usrf;pmausmif;wpfckckrS bGJU
vufrSwf (okdY) oifwef;qif;vufrSwfwpfckckukd r&&Sdxm;aomaMumifh
&mxl;ae&mrsm;ukd &&Sdjcif;rSjiif;y,fcHMu&onf/ uREkfyf\qkdvkd&if;ukd
aus;Zl;jyKí txifrvGJygESihf/ oif;tkyfrsm;ESihf c&pf,meftrIawmf
aqmifrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYavhusihfoifMum;ay;jcif;rjyKoihf[k rqkdvkdyg/
uREkfyf\trIawmfvkyfief;onf þt&mtwGufyif qufuyfxm;ygonf/
okdYaomf uREkfyfajymMum;vkdaomtcsufrSm tjyifyef;ukdomMunfhwwf
onfh uREkfyfwkdY\trltusihfukd txl;owdxm;&efjzpfonf/ rrm½kd;us
qefaom ynma&;ukdtxl;vkdufpm;cJhjcif;r&Sdonfh bk&m;ocif\tHhzG,f
tapcHrsm;pGm&SdMuygonf/ tcsKdUu atmufajctvkyfrsm;ü trIawmf
aqmifaeMuaomfvnf; olwkdYonfbk&m;ocif\tpGrf;xufaom tap
cHrsm;jzpfaeMuonf/
vlwkdYu rdrd\r[kwfrrSefowif;ukd aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfü ajym
aecJhMuaMumif; &Sifaygvkod&SdcJhonf/ vltcsKdUu olYukdrkdufrJaomoltjzpf
okH;oyfcJhMuaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYod&SdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ tcef;i,f 16wGif
&Sifaygvku þudpöukdyGihfyGifhvif;vif; vdyfrlajymqkdcJhonf/ ]]ighukdol½l;
jzpfonf[k tb,folrQrxifapESihf}} [k olwkdYukd &SifaygvkajymcJhonf/
tjcm;olrsm;u rnfokdYyifajymqkdaeMuygap &Sifaygvkonf rdrdudkbk&m;
ocifu qifhac:ívkyfaqmifapaom trIawmftwGuft&nftcsif;
jynfhrDaMumif;ukd odem;vnfcJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u rdrd
ukdol½l;uJhokdYoHk;oyfcJhvQifyif rdrdajymMum;vkdaomt&mrsm;tm;
em;axmifay;MuzkdY &SifaygvkuolwkdYukdawmif;yefcJhonf/ aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;u olYukd ol½l;ozG,f½IjrifcJhMuvQifyif &SifaygvkuolwkdYukd
ol½l;wpfa,miftjzpf ESifh ajymMum;cJh&ygvdrfhrnf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;u pdwfcs,kHMunfxkdufaom t&nftcsif;taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd
r&ruawmif;qkdaejcif;onf rkdufrJaomvkyf&yftjzpf &Sifaygvk
rSwf,lcJhaomfvnf;? rdrd\pdwfcs,kHMunfxkdufaom t&nftcsif;
taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd olwkdYtm;jyzkdYvkdtyfvmcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrd\pdwfcs,kHMunf
xkdufaom t&nftcsif;taxmuftxm;taMumif;ajymqkd0g<um;&mwGif
rdrdonf ocifbk&m;ajymouJhokdY ajymjcif;r[kwf[kajymcJhonf (i,f
17)/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf avmuDt&nftcsif; taxmuf
txm;rsm;ukdom txifBuD;MuaomaMumifh &Sifaygvktaejzihf rdrd\
wrefawmfjzpfjcif;t½kduft&mukd oufaojyzkdY aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;\ tqifhokdY ukd,fhukd,fukd avsmhcsukdif;ñTwfcJh&onf/ &Sifaygvku
ukd,fhukd,fukdcsD;rGrf;í 0g<um;cJhjcif;r[kwfyg/ &Sifaygvku rdrdESihfpyfqkdif
íajymMum;rnfht&mtm;vkH;onf vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd avmuD
tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif244 245
qefqef½IjrifokH;oyfrI wpfckomjzpfaMumif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ajymjy
xm;onf/ t&nftcsif; taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd ocifbk&m;em;vnf
oabmaygufxm;ykHESihf avmuDom;rsm;em;vnfoabmaygufxm;ykHrSm
tvGefuGmjcm;aMumif; &Sifaygvkod&Sdxm;cJhonf/
uREkfyf\ynma&;twGuf uREkfyfaus;Zl;wifygaomfvnf; uREkfyf
\"r®ynmbGJUrsm;onf ocifbk&m;\a&SUarSmufawmfwGif tcsnf;ESD;
t&mrsm;omjzpfMuaMumif; uREkfyfem;vnfoabmaygufvmcJhonf/
uREkfyf\ynma&;onf tvGeftaxmuftuljzpfcJhygonf/ xkdynma&;
onf bk&m;ocifuREkfyftm;ay;tyfxm;aom omoemvkyfief;twGuf
uREkfyfukdrsm;pGm rGrf;rHay;cJhonf/ okdYaomf uREkfyf\ynma&;ukd uREkfyf
tm;rukd;Ekdifyg/ bk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmfukdcsJUxGifay;rnfht&mrsm;onf
uREkfyf\"r®ynmbGJUrsm;r[kwfMuyg/ oifwkdY\tdrfeH&Hücsdwfxm;zkdY
oifhwGifbGJU (okdY) oifwef;qif;vufrSwfwpfckck&SdcsifrS &Sdygvdrfhrnf/
oifonf ta[mtajymaumif;ol (okdY) q&mwpfa,mufjzpfcsifrSjzpf
ayrnf/ okdYaomf bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmfu oihfukdqifhac:í oifu
vnf;emcHjcif;jzihf vkdufavQmufvQif pdwful;jzihfyifoifr,SOfEkdifaom
enf;vrf;rsm;jzihf bk&m;ocifu oifhukdtokH;jyKygvdrfhrnf/ ocifa,½I
onf vkdvm;rIESihftwl tqifoihfzGihfxm;aompdwfESvkH;ukd &SmBuHaeyg
onf/ &Sifaygvku þtcsif;t&mukd em;vnfoabmaygufcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYtv,f&Sd rdpäm
wrefawmfrsm;jzpfMuonfh vlEkHvltrsm;ukd rnfokdYem;axmifaecJhMu
aMumif;ukd today;cJhonf (i,f 19)/ olwkdYonf þrdpämwrefawmfwkdY
tm; ocifc&pfawmfü 4if;wkdY&&Sdxm;aom vGwfvyfrIukdvnf;aumif;?
aiGaMu;rsm;ukdvnf;aumif; vk,loGm;cGihfjyKcJhMuonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;onf 4if;wkdYukd0dnmOfa&;&mü tEkdifusihfAkdvfusaeaom
ta,mif aqmifrsm;ukd onf;cHaecJhMuonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
onf þrdpäm0g'ESihf rcefYav;pm;vkyfcH&rIrsm;ukd axG;ykduf&,lcJhMuonf/
tcef;i,f 21 wGif &Sifaygvku aighawmhawmhjzihf aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; olonff4if;wkdYukd þenf;vrf;rsm;tm;vkH;jzihf Akdvfus
pkd;rkd;&ef
]]
tpGrf;owådr&Sd}} [k ajymcJhonf/ &Sifaygvkqkdvkdaomtcsuf
rSm olonf rdrd\tusKd;tjrwftwGuf bk&m;ocif\vlwkdYukd acgif;ykHjzwf
tjrwfxkwfjcif;? zdn§pfeif;ajcjcif;wkdYukd rvkyfcJh[líjzpfonf/ av;pm;
MunfndKcH&zkdY olwkdYreif;ajccJhyg/ þrdpämwrefawmfrsm;uJhokdYr[kwf?
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tay:ü BuD;rm;aomcspfjcif;ESihf
*½kpkdufjcif;ukd jyocJhonf/ þtcsif;t&mu aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\
tjrifwGif &SifaygvkukdtpGrf;owådr&Sdol[k xifjrifapcJhonf/ aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;onf *&d,Ofaus;rI\cH,lcsufrsm;ESihf ukd,fhukd,fukd
rcGJjcm;xm;cJhMuaomaMumihf owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\ ESdrfhcsaom
wrefawmftppfrsm;ukd txifao;avsmhwGufaomfvnf; av;pm;rIukd
awmif;qkdaeMuonfh csrf;omaomtwkta,mift&mrsm;tm; MunfndK
av;pm;jcif;ü vSnfhjzm;cHcJhMu&onf/
&Sifaygvku avmuDqefaom0g<um;jcif;tcsKdUukd jyKvkyfMuzkdY
tcsdeftenf;i,f,lcJhonf/ ,kHMunfpdwfcs&avmufaom t&nftcsif;
taxmuftxm;rsm;onf olYtwGufbmrQr[kwfMuaMumif;ukd &Sifaygvk
jywfjywfom;om; ajymcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ okdYaomftrIawmfjrwftwGuf
ol&Sdxm;aom avmuDt&nftcsif;rsm;ukd ajymjyjcif;jzihf olonf
tenf;aomavmuD0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif244 245
qefqef½IjrifokH;oyfrI wpfckomjzpfaMumif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ajymjy
xm;onf/ t&nftcsif; taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd ocifbk&m;em;vnf
oabmaygufxm;ykHESihf avmuDom;rsm;em;vnfoabmaygufxm;ykHrSm
tvGefuGmjcm;aMumif; &Sifaygvkod&Sdxm;cJhonf/
uREkfyf\ynma&;twGuf uREkfyfaus;Zl;wifygaomfvnf; uREkfyf
\"r®ynmbGJUrsm;onf ocifbk&m;\a&SUarSmufawmfwGif tcsnf;ESD;
t&mrsm;omjzpfMuaMumif; uREkfyfem;vnfoabmaygufvmcJhonf/
uREkfyf\ynma&;onf tvGeftaxmuftuljzpfcJhygonf/ xkdynma&;
onf bk&m;ocifuREkfyftm;ay;tyfxm;aom omoemvkyfief;twGuf
uREkfyfukdrsm;pGm rGrf;rHay;cJhonf/ okdYaomf uREkfyf\ynma&;ukd uREkfyf
tm;rukd;Ekdifyg/ bk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmfukdcsJUxGifay;rnfht&mrsm;onf
uREkfyf\"r®ynmbGJUrsm;r[kwfMuyg/ oifwkdY\tdrfeH&Hücsdwfxm;zkdY
oifhwGifbGJU (okdY) oifwef;qif;vufrSwfwpfckck&SdcsifrS &Sdygvdrfhrnf/
oifonf ta[mtajymaumif;ol (okdY) q&mwpfa,mufjzpfcsifrSjzpf
ayrnf/ okdYaomf bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmfu oihfukdqifhac:í oifu
vnf;emcHjcif;jzihf vkdufavQmufvQif pdwful;jzihfyifoifr,SOfEkdifaom
enf;vrf;rsm;jzihf bk&m;ocifu oifhukdtokH;jyKygvdrfhrnf/ ocifa,½I
onf vkdvm;rIESihftwl tqifoihfzGihfxm;aompdwfESvkH;ukd &SmBuHaeyg
onf/ &Sifaygvku þtcsif;t&mukd em;vnfoabmaygufcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYtv,f&Sd rdpäm
wrefawmfrsm;jzpfMuonfh vlEkHvltrsm;ukd rnfokdYem;axmifaecJhMu
aMumif;ukd today;cJhonf (i,f 19)/ olwkdYonf þrdpämwrefawmfwkdY
tm; ocifc&pfawmfü 4if;wkdY&&Sdxm;aom vGwfvyfrIukdvnf;aumif;?
aiGaMu;rsm;ukdvnf;aumif; vk,loGm;cGihfjyKcJhMuonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;onf 4if;wkdYukd0dnmOfa&;&mü tEkdifusihfAkdvfusaeaom
ta,mif aqmifrsm;ukd onf;cHaecJhMuonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
onf þrdpäm0g'ESihf rcefYav;pm;vkyfcH&rIrsm;ukd axG;ykduf&,lcJhMuonf/
tcef;i,f 21 wGif &Sifaygvku aighawmhawmhjzihf aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;tm; olonff4if;wkdYukd þenf;vrf;rsm;tm;vkH;jzihf Akdvfus
pkd;rkd;&ef
]]
tpGrf;owådr&Sd}} [k ajymcJhonf/ &Sifaygvkqkdvkdaomtcsuf
rSm olonf rdrd\tusKd;tjrwftwGuf bk&m;ocif\vlwkdYukd acgif;ykHjzwf
tjrwfxkwfjcif;? zdn§pfeif;ajcjcif;wkdYukd rvkyfcJh[líjzpfonf/ av;pm;
MunfndKcH&zkdY olwkdYreif;ajccJhyg/ þrdpämwrefawmfrsm;uJhokdYr[kwf?
&Sifaygvkonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tay:ü BuD;rm;aomcspfjcif;ESihf
*½kpkdufjcif;ukd jyocJhonf/ þtcsif;t&mu aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\
tjrifwGif &SifaygvkukdtpGrf;owådr&Sdol[k xifjrifapcJhonf/ aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;onf *&d,Ofaus;rI\cH,lcsufrsm;ESihf ukd,fhukd,fukd
rcGJjcm;xm;cJhMuaomaMumihf owif;aumif;w&m;awmf\ ESdrfhcsaom
wrefawmftppfrsm;ukd txifao;avsmhwGufaomfvnf; av;pm;rIukd
awmif;qkdaeMuonfh csrf;omaomtwkta,mift&mrsm;tm; MunfndK
av;pm;jcif;ü vSnfhjzm;cHcJhMu&onf/
&Sifaygvku avmuDqefaom0g<um;jcif;tcsKdUukd jyKvkyfMuzkdY
tcsdeftenf;i,f,lcJhonf/ ,kHMunfpdwfcs&avmufaom t&nftcsif;
taxmuftxm;rsm;onf olYtwGufbmrQr[kwfMuaMumif;ukd &Sifaygvk
jywfjywfom;om; ajymcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ okdYaomftrIawmfjrwftwGuf
ol&Sdxm;aom avmuDt&nftcsif;rsm;ukd ajymjyjcif;jzihf olonf
tenf;aomavmuD0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif246 247
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYukdvrf;rSm;okdY ykdYaqmifaeMuonfh
4if;wkdYtv,fü &SdaeMuaomolrsm;xuf olonf0dnmOfa&;&macgif;
aqmifjcif;wGif ykdít&nftcsif;&SdaMumif; ajymqkdjyo&efBudK;pm;cJhonf/
tcef;i,f 22 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
þokdYajymqkdjcif;jzihftpjyKcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku þtBuD;qkH;aomwref
awmfrsm;onf a[NAJvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfMuvQif rdrdonfvnf; a[NAJvlrsKd;jzpf
aMumif;? olwkdYonf £oa&vvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfMuvQif rdrdonfvnf;
£oa&vvlrsKd;jzpfaMumif; ajymcJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonfvnf; tmjA[H\
rsKd;EG,fwpfa,mufjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk\ rsKd;½kd;ESihfBuD;jyif;vmykHwGif
olonf rdpämq&mrsm;uJhokdYyif aoG;raESmaomolwpfa,mufjzpfonf/
rdpämwrefawmfrsm;u olwkdYukdolwkdY ocifc&pfawmf\tapcH
rsm;[k tckdiftrmajymqkdcJhMuaomaMumifh &Sifaygvkuvnf;olYukd,fol
trIawmfjrwfüykdí jrifhjrwfaomoljzpfaMumif; jyocJh&onf/ tcef;i,f
23 wGif &Sifaygvku þokdY0g<um;&jcif;ukd rdrdwGefYqkwfaMumif; wpfzef
ajymqkdcJhonf/
]]
ol½l;uJhokdYqkd&\ - 'Dvkdajymrdwm igawmh ½l;oGm;NyDxif
w,f/}} okdYaomf &Sifaygvku rdrd\vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd umuG,f&ef
þokdYjyKvkyfzkdYvkdtyfaMumif; ,kHMunfcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku rdrd\avmuD
atmifjrifrIrsm;ukd þae&mwGifazmfjyrxm;cJhyg/ rdrd\yifyef;qif;&J
jcif;'ku©rsm;ukdom az:jycJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\ enf;AsL[mrSm xkdrdpämq&m
rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmftwGuf BuD;pGmaomqif;&Jjcif;'ku©ukd
BuHKawGUcHpm;cJhonfh ocifc&pfawmfuJhokdYr[kwfMuaMumif;ukd jyojcif;
jzihf 4if;wkdYukddodu©mcs&efjzpfonf/ &SifaygvkrSmrl ocifc&pfawmfuJhokdY
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ukd BuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&onf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;tm; þta,mifaqmifrsm;ESihfEIdif;,SOfvQif rdrdonfykdíBudK;pm;
cJhaMumif;? olwkdYxufykdírMumcPaxmifeef;pH&aMumif;? olwkdYxufykdí
MumyGwfESihf½kdufESufcHcJh&aMumif;? toufab;ukdtBudrfrsm;pGm BuHKcJh&
aMumif;ajymcJhonf/ ocifa,½I\trIawmfukd xrf;aqmif&mwGif 4if;wkdY
tv,frS rdpämwrefawmfrsm;xufykdí qif;&J'ku©a&mufcJh&aMumif; ajym
jycJhonf/
&Sifaygvkonf ,k'vlrsm;xHrS ig;BudrfwkdifwkdifMumyGwfjzihf
tcsufaygif;okH;q,fhukd;csuf½kdufcHcJh&onf/ arma&S\ynwfcsufwGif
tcsufav;q,f½kdufcGihf&Sdaomfvnf;? wpfpkHwpfa,mufukd 'Pfcwf&mü
ynwfawmfukd rcsKd;azmufrdzdkY wpfcsufavsmhí½kdufcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/
þonfrSm ocifa,½ItwGuf &Sifaygvk'ku©cH&jcif;\tqkH;owfr[kwf
cJhyg/ okH;Budrfwkdifwkdif BudrfvkH;ESihf½kdufjcif;? ausmufcJjzihfokH;Budrfypfayguf
cH&jcif;? omoemjyKc&D;ü oabmFjr§Kyfjcif;rsm;ukd BuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&onf/
olYukdepfjr§KyfzkdYNcdrf;ajcmufaeMuonfh vIdif;wHykd;rsm;ESihftwl yifv,fjyif
wGif wpf&ufESihfwpfn arsmvGihfaecJh&onf (i,f 25)/ olonf wpfcsdef
vkH;tEÅ&m,fESihf vkH;yrf;aecJh&onf/ olonfjrpfukdul;&aom tEÅ&m,f
ab;? "g;jywkdY\ab;&ef? wpfyg;trsKd;wkdY\ab;&eftjyif nDtpfukdcsif;ay;
aomab;&efwkdYukd &ifqkdifcJh&onf/ olonfoGm;av&mNrdKU&Gmrsm;ü
n§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;ukd BuHKawGU&onfhtjyif (aum&dE
oKNrdKUü&Sdaeaom
olrsm;uJhokdY) rdpämq&mrsm;\ qefYusifwGef;vSefrIukdvnf; ajz&Sif;cJh&
onf/
tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif246 247
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYukdvrf;rSm;okdY ykdYaqmifaeMuonfh
4if;wkdYtv,fü &SdaeMuaomolrsm;xuf olonf0dnmOfa&;&macgif;
aqmifjcif;wGif ykdít&nftcsif;&SdaMumif; ajymqkdjyo&efBudK;pm;cJhonf/
tcef;i,f 22 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
þokdYajymqkdjcif;jzihftpjyKcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku þtBuD;qkH;aomwref
awmfrsm;onf a[NAJvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfMuvQif rdrdonfvnf; a[NAJvlrsKd;jzpf
aMumif;? olwkdYonf £oa&vvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfMuvQif rdrdonfvnf;
£oa&vvlrsKd;jzpfaMumif; ajymcJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonfvnf; tmjA[H\
rsKd;EG,fwpfa,mufjzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk\ rsKd;½kd;ESihfBuD;jyif;vmykHwGif
olonf rdpämq&mrsm;uJhokdYyif aoG;raESmaomolwpfa,mufjzpfonf/
rdpämwrefawmfrsm;u olwkdYukdolwkdY ocifc&pfawmf\tapcH
rsm;[k tckdiftrmajymqkdcJhMuaomaMumifh &Sifaygvkuvnf;olYukd,fol
trIawmfjrwfüykdí jrifhjrwfaomoljzpfaMumif; jyocJh&onf/ tcef;i,f
23 wGif &Sifaygvku þokdY0g<um;&jcif;ukd rdrdwGefYqkwfaMumif; wpfzef
ajymqkdcJhonf/
]]
ol½l;uJhokdYqkd&\ - 'Dvkdajymrdwm igawmh ½l;oGm;NyDxif
w,f/}} okdYaomf &Sifaygvku rdrd\vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd umuG,f&ef
þokdYjyKvkyfzkdYvkdtyfaMumif; ,kHMunfcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku rdrd\avmuD
atmifjrifrIrsm;ukd þae&mwGifazmfjyrxm;cJhyg/ rdrd\yifyef;qif;&J
jcif;'ku©rsm;ukdom az:jycJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\ enf;AsL[mrSm xkdrdpämq&m
rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmftwGuf BuD;pGmaomqif;&Jjcif;'ku©ukd
BuHKawGUcHpm;cJhonfh ocifc&pfawmfuJhokdYr[kwfMuaMumif;ukd jyojcif;
jzihf 4if;wkdYukddodu©mcs&efjzpfonf/ &SifaygvkrSmrl ocifc&pfawmfuJhokdY
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©ukd BuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&onf/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;tm; þta,mifaqmifrsm;ESihfEIdif;,SOfvQif rdrdonfykdíBudK;pm;
cJhaMumif;? olwkdYxufykdírMumcPaxmifeef;pH&aMumif;? olwkdYxufykdí
MumyGwfESihf½kdufESufcHcJh&aMumif;? toufab;ukdtBudrfrsm;pGm BuHKcJh&
aMumif;ajymcJhonf/ ocifa,½I\trIawmfukd xrf;aqmif&mwGif 4if;wkdY
tv,frS rdpämwrefawmfrsm;xufykdí qif;&J'ku©a&mufcJh&aMumif; ajym
jycJhonf/
&Sifaygvkonf ,k'vlrsm;xHrS ig;BudrfwkdifwkdifMumyGwfjzihf
tcsufaygif;okH;q,fhukd;csuf½kdufcHcJh&onf/ arma&S\ynwfcsufwGif
tcsufav;q,f½kdufcGihf&Sdaomfvnf;? wpfpkHwpfa,mufukd 'Pfcwf&mü
ynwfawmfukd rcsKd;azmufrdzdkY wpfcsufavsmhí½kdufcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/
þonfrSm ocifa,½ItwGuf &Sifaygvk'ku©cH&jcif;\tqkH;owfr[kwf
cJhyg/ okH;Budrfwkdifwkdif BudrfvkH;ESihf½kdufjcif;? ausmufcJjzihfokH;Budrfypfayguf
cH&jcif;? omoemjyKc&D;ü oabmFjr§Kyfjcif;rsm;ukd BuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&onf/
olYukdepfjr§KyfzkdYNcdrf;ajcmufaeMuonfh vIdif;wHykd;rsm;ESihftwl yifv,fjyif
wGif wpf&ufESihfwpfn arsmvGihfaecJh&onf (i,f 25)/ olonf wpfcsdef
vkH;tEÅ&m,fESihf vkH;yrf;aecJh&onf/ olonfjrpfukdul;&aom tEÅ&m,f
ab;? "g;jywkdY\ab;&ef? wpfyg;trsKd;wkdY\ab;&eftjyif nDtpfukdcsif;ay;
aomab;&efwkdYukd &ifqkdifcJh&onf/ olonfoGm;av&mNrdKU&Gmrsm;ü
n§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;ukd BuHKawGU&onfhtjyif (aum&dE
oKNrdKUü&Sdaeaom
olrsm;uJhokdY) rdpämq&mrsm;\ qefYusifwGef;vSefrIukdvnf; ajz&Sif;cJh&
onf/
tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif248 249
bk&m;ocif\tapcHwpfyg;tjzpfESihf &Sifaygvkonf tvkyf
Murf;ukdvkyfcJhonf/ cufcJyifyef;pGm½kef;uefvkyfukdifBudK;pm;cJhonf/
tdyfpufjcif; r&Sd? tpm;tpmr&Sd? aomufp&ma&r&Sdjzihf c&D;ESifcJh&onf/
olonf iwfrGwfjcif;? at;cJjcif;? 0wfp&mt0wftpm;r&Sdjcif;wkdY\ tajc
taersm;udk aumif;aumif;jrnf;prf;od&SdcJhonf/ þtcuftcJjyóem
rsm;tm;vkH;tjyif &Sifaygvk\pdwfESvkH;wGif toif;awmfrsm;twGuf
pkd;&drfylyefjcif;rsm;vnf; &SdaecJhonf/ þwpfckwnf;ukdyif ajrmufjrm;pGm
aom vlwkdYuzdtm;wpfcktjzpf ro,f,lrxrf;ykd;vkdaomt&mjzpfcJh
ayvdrfhrnf/ tcef;i,f 29 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
tm; ]]igrEGrf;&dbJ tb,folEGrf;&doenf;/ igonfpdwfrylyefbJ
b,folazmuf jyefoenf;}} [kajymcJhonf/
þae&mü &Sifaygvkajymaeonfht&mukd oifjrifygovm;/
þtoif;awmfrsm;rS wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf tm;enf;EGrf;&dí cRwf,Gif;
aevQif &Sifaygvku xkdtm;enf;EGrf;&djcif;ukd rdrdcHpm;&ouJhokdY cHpm;
rSwf,lcJhonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,muftjypfusL;vGefí azmufjyefvQif &Sifayg
vk\pdwfESvkH;rS 0rf;enf;ylaqG;jcif;? pifMu,faomtrsufa'gowkdY
ESihfavmifuRrf;aecJh&onf/ þtoif;awmfrsm;\ oif;tkyfwpfyg;jzpf
onfh tm;avsmfpGm &Sifaygvku olwkdY\emusifrIrsm;ukd ukd,fwkdifeufeuf
eJeJcHpm;cJhonf/ þonfrSm bk&m;ukdodaom oif;tkyfwpfyg;\ ESvkH;
om;jzpfonf/ oif;tkyfwkdif;onf toif;awmf&ifqkdifjzwfoef;aeaom
t&mukd ukd,fwkdifcHpm;ay;&ygrnf/
toif;awmfwpfyg;ukd ppfrSefpGm*½kpkdufapmifha&SmufEkdifzkdY
oifonf xkdtoif;awmf\ 0rf;enf;aMuuGJrIrsm;ESihf 0rf;omaysmf&Tif
rIrsm;ukd cHpm;ay;zkdYvkdtyfonf/ ukd,fusihfw&m;csKdU,Gif;aeolrsm; twGuf
oif0rf;enf;ylaqG;zkdY vkdtyfonf/ pdwfaomua&mufí ylyefaeaom
olrsm;ESihftwl oifikda<u;ay;zkdYvkdtyfonf/ xkdtoif;awmf&Sd toif;0if
rsm;\,kHMunfjcif;ü tm;enf;EGrf;&drIukd cHpm;odjrifwwfzkdYvkdtyfonf/
oif;tkyfonf oGefoifay;jcif; oufoufxuf ykdítoif;awmf&ifqkdif
jzwfoef;ae&onfht&mudk cHpm;csuf&Sd&Sdjzihftwlyg0ifywfouf&ygrnf/
þtwGufaMumihf oif;tkyf\tvkyfonf vlwkdif;uvkyfzkdYqE´rjyif;jy
oihfonfhtvkyfjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifu oihf&JUuGyfuJrIatmufü oGwf
oGif;xm;aomolrsm;ukd arwåmpdwfESihfwuG xyfwljyKcHpm;ay;Ekdifaom
tpGrf;tprsKd;oifhür&SdvQif oifonfppfrSefaom oif;tkyfwpfyg;rjzpfEkdif
yg/ þt&monf rdrd\ppfrSefaom tapcH\pdwfESvkH;üavmifuRrf;ae
aom ocifc&pfawmf\ oem;jcif;*½kPmpdwfyifjzpfonf/
rdrd&ifqkdifcHpm;&aom t&SufuGJjcif;rsm;ESihf yifyef;qif;&Jjcif;
'ku©rsm;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;jzihf &Sifaygvkonf þcufcJjcif;umvrsm;ü
rdrdtm;apmifha&Smufay;cJhaom bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfukd xif&Sm;ap
cJhonf/ olonfrdpämwrefawmfrsm;uJhokdY at;aq;íoufawmifhoufom
&SdaomtoufwmrsKd;jzihf r&SifoefcJhyg/ &Sifaygvk\ b0onftvGefcufcJ
yifyef;cJhNyD; rsm;pGmaomjiif;y,fjcif;ESihf csKd;ESdrfapmfum;jcif;rsm;ukd &ifqkdif
cHpm;cJh&onf/ &Sifaygvk trSefw&m;ajymaeaMumif;ukd bk&m;ocifu
odcJhonf (i,f 31)/ *&dvlrsKd;rsm;\pdwfwGif &Sifaygvkonftm;enf;í
usqkH;cJhaomfvnf; c&pf,mefwkdY\pdwfwGif atmifjrifaomtoufwm
ukd&SifoefcJhygonf/
tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif248 249
bk&m;ocif\tapcHwpfyg;tjzpfESihf &Sifaygvkonf tvkyf
Murf;ukdvkyfcJhonf/ cufcJyifyef;pGm½kef;uefvkyfukdifBudK;pm;cJhonf/
tdyfpufjcif; r&Sd? tpm;tpmr&Sd? aomufp&ma&r&Sdjzihf c&D;ESifcJh&onf/
olonf iwfrGwfjcif;? at;cJjcif;? 0wfp&mt0wftpm;r&Sdjcif;wkdY\ tajc
taersm;udk aumif;aumif;jrnf;prf;od&SdcJhonf/ þtcuftcJjyóem
rsm;tm;vkH;tjyif &Sifaygvk\pdwfESvkH;wGif toif;awmfrsm;twGuf
pkd;&drfylyefjcif;rsm;vnf; &SdaecJhonf/ þwpfckwnf;ukdyif ajrmufjrm;pGm
aom vlwkdYuzdtm;wpfcktjzpf ro,f,lrxrf;ykd;vkdaomt&mjzpfcJh
ayvdrfhrnf/ tcef;i,f 29 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
tm; ]]igrEGrf;&dbJ tb,folEGrf;&doenf;/ igonfpdwfrylyefbJ
b,folazmuf jyefoenf;}} [kajymcJhonf/
þae&mü &Sifaygvkajymaeonfht&mukd oifjrifygovm;/
þtoif;awmfrsm;rS wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf tm;enf;EGrf;&dí cRwf,Gif;
aevQif &Sifaygvku xkdtm;enf;EGrf;&djcif;ukd rdrdcHpm;&ouJhokdY cHpm;
rSwf,lcJhonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,muftjypfusL;vGefí azmufjyefvQif &Sifayg
vk\pdwfESvkH;rS 0rf;enf;ylaqG;jcif;? pifMu,faomtrsufa'gowkdY
ESihfavmifuRrf;aecJh&onf/ þtoif;awmfrsm;\ oif;tkyfwpfyg;jzpf
onfh tm;avsmfpGm &Sifaygvku olwkdY\emusifrIrsm;ukd ukd,fwkdifeufeuf
eJeJcHpm;cJhonf/ þonfrSm bk&m;ukdodaom oif;tkyfwpfyg;\ ESvkH;
om;jzpfonf/ oif;tkyfwkdif;onf toif;awmf&ifqkdifjzwfoef;aeaom
t&mukd ukd,fwkdifcHpm;ay;&ygrnf/
toif;awmfwpfyg;ukd ppfrSefpGm*½kpkdufapmifha&SmufEkdifzkdY
oifonf xkdtoif;awmf\ 0rf;enf;aMuuGJrIrsm;ESihf 0rf;omaysmf&Tif
rIrsm;ukd cHpm;ay;zkdYvkdtyfonf/ ukd,fusihfw&m;csKdU,Gif;aeolrsm; twGuf
oif0rf;enf;ylaqG;zkdY vkdtyfonf/ pdwfaomua&mufí ylyefaeaom
olrsm;ESihftwl oifikda<u;ay;zkdYvkdtyfonf/ xkdtoif;awmf&Sd toif;0if
rsm;\,kHMunfjcif;ü tm;enf;EGrf;&drIukd cHpm;odjrifwwfzkdYvkdtyfonf/
oif;tkyfonf oGefoifay;jcif; oufoufxuf ykdítoif;awmf&ifqkdif
jzwfoef;ae&onfht&mudk cHpm;csuf&Sd&Sdjzihftwlyg0ifywfouf&ygrnf/
þtwGufaMumihf oif;tkyf\tvkyfonf vlwkdif;uvkyfzkdYqE´rjyif;jy
oihfonfhtvkyfjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifu oihf&JUuGyfuJrIatmufü oGwf
oGif;xm;aomolrsm;ukd arwåmpdwfESihfwuG xyfwljyKcHpm;ay;Ekdifaom
tpGrf;tprsKd;oifhür&SdvQif oifonfppfrSefaom oif;tkyfwpfyg;rjzpfEkdif
yg/ þt&monf rdrd\ppfrSefaom tapcH\pdwfESvkH;üavmifuRrf;ae
aom ocifc&pfawmf\ oem;jcif;*½kPmpdwfyifjzpfonf/
rdrd&ifqkdifcHpm;&aom t&SufuGJjcif;rsm;ESihf yifyef;qif;&Jjcif;
'ku©rsm;ü *kPf,l0g<um;jcif;jzihf &Sifaygvkonf þcufcJjcif;umvrsm;ü
rdrdtm;apmifha&Smufay;cJhaom bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfukd xif&Sm;ap
cJhonf/ olonfrdpämwrefawmfrsm;uJhokdY at;aq;íoufawmifhoufom
&SdaomtoufwmrsKd;jzihf r&SifoefcJhyg/ &Sifaygvk\ b0onftvGefcufcJ
yifyef;cJhNyD; rsm;pGmaomjiif;y,fjcif;ESihf csKd;ESdrfapmfum;jcif;rsm;ukd &ifqkdif
cHpm;cJh&onf/ &Sifaygvk trSefw&m;ajymaeaMumif;ukd bk&m;ocifu
odcJhonf (i,f 31)/ *&dvlrsKd;rsm;\pdwfwGif &Sifaygvkonftm;enf;í
usqkH;cJhaomfvnf; c&pf,mefwkdY\pdwfwGif atmifjrifaomtoufwm
ukd&SifoefcJhygonf/
tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
&Sifaygvk 'rmoufNrdKUü&SdpOfwGif ta&wrif;BuD;onfolYukd
zrf;qD;zkdY wpfNrdKUvkH;ütapmihfrsm;ukd csxm;cJhonf (i,f 32)/ xkdNrdKU&Sd
c&pf,mefrsm;uom olYukdawmif;üxnfhíNrdKU½kd;ay:uomcsray;cJhvQif
&SifaygvkrSm tzrf;cH&Ekdifí taoyifowfaumif;owfcHcJh&ygvdrfhrnf/
owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd a&SUokdUcsDap&mwGif &Sifaygvkonftouf
ab;ESihfwcsdefvkH; BuHKawGUcJh&onf/ tjcm;,kHMunfolrsm;u olYukdtouf
ab;rSvGwfajrmufapzkdY ulnDay;cJhMucsdefwGif wrefawmfBuD;rSm ESdrfhcspGm
jzihf awmif;xJüykef;atmif;aecJhonf/
aum&dE
oKNrdKUrS rdpämwrefawmfrsm;onf pmwefxHrSxkduJhokdYaom
qefYusif&efjyKjcif;rsKd;ukd rBuHKawGUcJh&yg/ taMumif;rSm olwkdYonfpmwef
\ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfaeMuaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ olwkdYonf ouf
awmifhoufwmjzihf csrf;ompnf;pdrfukd cHpm;ítyltyifuif;pGm &Sifoef
cJhMu&onf/ aemufwpfeyfpmtwGufvnf;aumif;? tdyfpuftem;,l&
rnfhae&mtwGufvnf;aumif; pkd;&drfylyefaezkdYrvkdcJhyg/ 0wfp&mt0wf
tpm;r&Sdí t0wfAvmjzihf oGm;vmzkdYrvkdcJhyg/ olwkdYonf Zdrf&SdvSaom
tdyf,mrsm;ü vkHNcHKpGmjzihf tdyfpufcJhMu&onf/ þavmuDatmifjrifrI
rsm;aMumifh aum&dE
oKNrdKUrSvlwkdYu olwkdYukd½kdaoav;pm;cJhMujcif;jzpfonf/
tjcm;wpfzufwGif &SifaygvkrSmrl &efolESihfxdyfwkduf&ifqkdif&if;
wkdufyGJ\a&SUwef;ppfrsufESmwGif&SdaecJhonf/ olonf&efolbufrS ypfEkdif
orQaom AkH;oD;rsm;tm;vkH;jzihf azmufcGJjcif;ukdcHcJh&aomfvnf; bk&m;
ocif\tHhzG,faus;Zl;awmftm;jzihf atmifatmifjrifjrifjzihf tqkH;wkdif
wnfMunfcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ acwf,Ofaus;rIBuD;\ bk&m;ukdrodaom
pHEIef;cH,lcsufrsm;ukd jiif;y,f&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? tzkd;tcrnfokdYyif
ay;qyf&ygap EkdifiHawmfcsJUxGifjcif;twGuf aumif;aomwkdufvSefjcif;
ukdjyKEkdifzdkY&eftwGufvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocifonfuREkfyfwkdYukd ulnDrpyg
apaomf.../
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
rdrdwdkY\acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd ½IjrifokH;oyfykHESihfpyfvsOf;í
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfü awGU&onfhjyóemtaMumif;ukd
þtykdif;u uREkfyfwkdYtm;rnfokdY oifay;xm;oenf;/ tvm;wl
axmifacsmufü uREkfyfwkdY,aeYwGif aMumhrdEkdifygovm;/
,aeYwGif acgif;aqmifrsm;tay:ü rnfonfht&mrsm;ukd uREkfyf
wkdYMunfh½IMuoenf;/ acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf\ t&nftcsif;ukd
avmuDqefqef Munfh½IokH;oyfykHESihf ocifbk&m;\Munfh½I
okH;oyfykHwkdYMum;&Sd uGmjcm;csufum;tb,fenf;/
bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfukdcsJUxGif&mü vkdtyfaomavhusifh
oifMum;jcif;ynma&;ukd&,ljcif;onf ta&;BuD;aomfvnf;
xkdavhusihfoifMum;jcif;ESihf ynma&;wpfckukdom ,kHMunftm;
xm;aejcif;onf tb,fhaMumihfrSm;,Gif;oenf;/ uREkfyfwkdY
rnfonfht&mü ,kHMunfukd;pm;Mu&rnfenf;/
250 251tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
&Sifaygvk 'rmoufNrdKUü&SdpOfwGif ta&wrif;BuD;onfolYukd
zrf;qD;zkdY wpfNrdKUvkH;ütapmihfrsm;ukd csxm;cJhonf (i,f 32)/ xkdNrdKU&Sd
c&pf,mefrsm;uom olYukdawmif;üxnfhíNrdKU½kd;ay:uomcsray;cJhvQif
&SifaygvkrSm tzrf;cH&Ekdifí taoyifowfaumif;owfcHcJh&ygvdrfhrnf/
owif;aumif;w&m;awmfukd a&SUokdUcsDap&mwGif &Sifaygvkonftouf
ab;ESihfwcsdefvkH; BuHKawGUcJh&onf/ tjcm;,kHMunfolrsm;u olYukdtouf
ab;rSvGwfajrmufapzkdY ulnDay;cJhMucsdefwGif wrefawmfBuD;rSm ESdrfhcspGm
jzihf awmif;xJüykef;atmif;aecJhonf/
aum&dE
oKNrdKUrS rdpämwrefawmfrsm;onf pmwefxHrSxkduJhokdYaom
qefYusif&efjyKjcif;rsKd;ukd rBuHKawGUcJh&yg/ taMumif;rSm olwkdYonfpmwef
\ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfaeMuaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ olwkdYonf ouf
awmifhoufwmjzihf csrf;ompnf;pdrfukd cHpm;ítyltyifuif;pGm &Sifoef
cJhMu&onf/ aemufwpfeyfpmtwGufvnf;aumif;? tdyfpuftem;,l&
rnfhae&mtwGufvnf;aumif; pkd;&drfylyefaezkdYrvkdcJhyg/ 0wfp&mt0wf
tpm;r&Sdí t0wfAvmjzihf oGm;vmzkdYrvkdcJhyg/ olwkdYonf Zdrf&SdvSaom
tdyf,mrsm;ü vkHNcHKpGmjzihf tdyfpufcJhMu&onf/ þavmuDatmifjrifrI
rsm;aMumifh aum&dE
oKNrdKUrSvlwkdYu olwkdYukd½kdaoav;pm;cJhMujcif;jzpfonf/
tjcm;wpfzufwGif &SifaygvkrSmrl &efolESihfxdyfwkduf&ifqkdif&if;
wkdufyGJ\a&SUwef;ppfrsufESmwGif&SdaecJhonf/ olonf&efolbufrS ypfEkdif
orQaom AkH;oD;rsm;tm;vkH;jzihf azmufcGJjcif;ukdcHcJh&aomfvnf; bk&m;
ocif\tHhzG,faus;Zl;awmftm;jzihf atmifatmifjrifjrifjzihf tqkH;wkdif
wnfMunfcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ acwf,Ofaus;rIBuD;\ bk&m;ukdrodaom
pHEIef;cH,lcsufrsm;ukd jiif;y,f&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? tzkd;tcrnfokdYyif
ay;qyf&ygap EkdifiHawmfcsJUxGifjcif;twGuf aumif;aomwkdufvSefjcif;
ukdjyKEkdifzdkY&eftwGufvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocifonfuREkfyfwkdYukd ulnDrpyg
apaomf.../
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
rdrdwdkY\acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd ½IjrifokH;oyfykHESihfpyfvsOf;í
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfü awGU&onfhjyóemtaMumif;ukd
þtykdif;u uREkfyfwkdYtm;rnfokdY oifay;xm;oenf;/ tvm;wl
axmifacsmufü uREkfyfwkdY,aeYwGif aMumhrdEkdifygovm;/
,aeYwGif acgif;aqmifrsm;tay:ü rnfonfht&mrsm;ukd uREkfyf
wkdYMunfh½IMuoenf;/ acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf\ t&nftcsif;ukd
avmuDqefqef Munfh½IokH;oyfykHESihf ocifbk&m;\Munfh½I
okH;oyfykHwkdYMum;&Sd uGmjcm;csufum;tb,fenf;/
bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfukdcsJUxGif&mü vkdtyfaomavhusifh
oifMum;jcif;ynma&;ukd&,ljcif;onf ta&;BuD;aomfvnf;
xkdavhusihfoifMum;jcif;ESihf ynma&;wpfckukdom ,kHMunftm;
xm;aejcif;onf tb,fhaMumihfrSm;,Gif;oenf;/ uREkfyfwkdY
rnfonfht&mü ,kHMunfukd;pm;Mu&rnfenf;/
250 251tenf;i,faomavmuD0g<um;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif252
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
bk&m;ocifonf trIawmfjrwfü uREkfyfwkdYukdjyifqifrGrf;rHí
vkyfEkdifpGrf;ukday;&ef rdrd\oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfukd uREkfyfwkdY
txJü oGwfoGif;ay;awmfrlonfhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
oihf&JUynma&;ESihf oifwef;rsm;aMumifh av;pm;cHxkdufonf[k
xifrSwfaompkHprf;aESmuf,Sufjcif;rS oihfukdvGwfajrmufapzdkY
ocifbk&m;xHü awmif;avQmufyg/ rkdufrJaomvkyf&yfukd odjrif
EkdifzkdY ulnDrpay;&ef ocifbk&m;ukdawmif;avQmufyg/
tqkH;wkdifwnfMunfEkdifzkdY &Sifaygvk\&J&ifhowådrsKd;ukd oihftm;
ay;oem;&ef ocifbk&m;xHüawmif;avQmufyg/
oihf&JUjzpfwnfaerItwkdif; oihfukdocifbk&m;u tokH;jyKEkdif
aomaMumihf aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/ txHawmfü tokH;awmfcH&ef
oihf&JUtoufwmukd topfwpfzefqufuyfyg/
2121
2121
21
ukd,füpl;aomql;ukd,füpl;aomql;
ukd,füpl;aomql;ukd,füpl;aomql;
ukd,füpl;aomql;
2aum 12;1-10 ukdzwf½Iyg/
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfü &SifaygvkESihf &Sifaygvk\enf;vrf;rsm;ukd
oabmrusaomolrsm;&SdcJhonf/ rdpämwrefawmfrsm;onf toif;awmf
xJokdY 0ifa&mufvmMuNyD; rdrdwkdY\aemufvkdufrsm;ukd &Sifaygvktm;
tmcHapcHcJhMuonf/ &SifaygvkrSm aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHü rdrd\
0dnmOfa&;acgif;aqmift&mukd ckcHumuG,fzkdY wGef;tm;ay;cHcJh&onf/
þtcsif;t&mukd jyKvkyf&mü &Sifaygvku wrefawmfwpfyg;tjzpfESihf
rdrd\t&nftcsif;rsm;ukd az:jycJhonf/
tcef;i,f 1 rS 7 txdwGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;xHü rdrd\tawGUtBuHKrsm;ESihf t&nftcsif;rsm;ukd qufvufí
ajymjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf þt&nftcsif;rsm;tm;vkH;tay:ü
BuD;BuD;rm;rm;wefzkd;rxm;cJhyg/ þt&monf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\
avmuDqefaom pHEIef;owfrSwfcsufrsm;ukd tmoDoajyapaomaMumihf
om &SifaygvkuolwkdYxHü ajymjycJhjcif;jzpfonf/ okdYaomf &Sifaygvkonf
rdrd\vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd rdrd\ynma&;ESihftawGUtBuHKrsm;ü
tajccHrnf r[kwfyg/ &Sifaygvk\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm rdpämq&mrsm;uJhokdY
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif252
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
bk&m;ocifonf trIawmfjrwfü uREkfyfwkdYukdjyifqifrGrf;rHí
vkyfEkdifpGrf;ukday;&ef rdrd\oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfukd uREkfyfwkdY
txJü oGwfoGif;ay;awmfrlonfhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
oihf&JUynma&;ESihf oifwef;rsm;aMumifh av;pm;cHxkdufonf[k
xifrSwfaompkHprf;aESmuf,Sufjcif;rS oihfukdvGwfajrmufapzdkY
ocifbk&m;xHü awmif;avQmufyg/ rkdufrJaomvkyf&yfukd odjrif
EkdifzkdY ulnDrpay;&ef ocifbk&m;ukdawmif;avQmufyg/
tqkH;wkdifwnfMunfEkdifzkdY &Sifaygvk\&J&ifhowådrsKd;ukd oihftm;
ay;oem;&ef ocifbk&m;xHüawmif;avQmufyg/
oihf&JUjzpfwnfaerItwkdif; oihfukdocifbk&m;u tokH;jyKEkdif
aomaMumihf aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/ txHawmfü tokH;awmfcH&ef
oihf&JUtoufwmukd topfwpfzefqufuyfyg/
2121
2121
21
ukd,füpl;aomql;ukd,füpl;aomql;
ukd,füpl;aomql;ukd,füpl;aomql;
ukd,füpl;aomql;
2aum 12;1-10 ukdzwf½Iyg/
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfü &SifaygvkESihf &Sifaygvk\enf;vrf;rsm;ukd
oabmrusaomolrsm;&SdcJhonf/ rdpämwrefawmfrsm;onf toif;awmf
xJokdY 0ifa&mufvmMuNyD; rdrdwkdY\aemufvkdufrsm;ukd &Sifaygvktm;
tmcHapcHcJhMuonf/ &SifaygvkrSm aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHü rdrd\
0dnmOfa&;acgif;aqmift&mukd ckcHumuG,fzkdY wGef;tm;ay;cHcJh&onf/
þtcsif;t&mukd jyKvkyf&mü &Sifaygvku wrefawmfwpfyg;tjzpfESihf
rdrd\t&nftcsif;rsm;ukd az:jycJhonf/
tcef;i,f 1 rS 7 txdwGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;xHü rdrd\tawGUtBuHKrsm;ESihf t&nftcsif;rsm;ukd qufvufí
ajymjycJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf þt&nftcsif;rsm;tm;vkH;tay:ü
BuD;BuD;rm;rm;wefzkd;rxm;cJhyg/ þt&monf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\
avmuDqefaom pHEIef;owfrSwfcsufrsm;ukd tmoDoajyapaomaMumihf
om &SifaygvkuolwkdYxHü ajymjycJhjcif;jzpfonf/ okdYaomf &Sifaygvkonf
rdrd\vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd rdrd\ynma&;ESihftawGUtBuHKrsm;ü
tajccHrnf r[kwfyg/ &Sifaygvk\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm rdpämq&mrsm;uJhokdY
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif254 255
ukd,fhukd,fukd jr§ifhwif&efr[kwfyg/ ocifc&pfawmfukd jr§ifhwif&efjzpfonf/
þtaMumif;t&mrsm;üaMumhrdjcif;rsKd;ukd &SifaygvkrvkdcsifcJhaomfvnf;
ocifc&pfawmf\tapcHwpfyg;tjzpfESihf rdrd\avmuDt&nftcsif;
rsm;ukdqufvufí ajymjycJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tzdkYESihf
rdrdESihf4if;wdkY\ qufqHa&;tzkdYtvkdYiSgom þt&mukd&SifaygvkjyKvkyf
cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ rdrd\t&nftcsif;rsm;ukdazmfjyjcif;jzifh &Sifaygvku
rdrdwrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfjcif;\ ,kHMunfpdwfcszG,ftaxmuftxm;rsm;
ukd oHo,yGg;aeMuaom aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;a&SUarSmufü tckdif
trmjzpfapcJhonf/
tcef;i,f 1 wGif &Sifaygvku rdrd\½lyg½kHtaMumif;ukd ajymjy
cJhonf/ þt&monf &SifaygvktwGuftvGefta&;ygcJhonf/ taMumif;
rSm þ½lyg½kHrsm;u &Sifaygvk\toufwmukd tpGrf;xufxufjzihf ouf
a&mufrIjyKcJhMuaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ wrefawmf0wåKwGif &Sifaygvk\
½lyg½kHajcmufyg;ukd rSwfwrf;wifxm;NyD; *vmwdESihf{zufMo0g'pmrsm;
uvnf; &SifaygvkvufcH&&SdcJhonfh aemufxyfAsm'dwfawmfrsm;taMumif;
ukdajymxm;Muonf/
tcef;i,f 2 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHü
vGefcJhaomwpfq,fhav;ESpfü wwd,aumif;uifbkHokdY csDaqmifjcif;cH
&aomocifc&pfawmf\ wynfhawmfwpfa,mufukd rdrdod&SdcJhaMumif;
ajymjycJhonf/ þae&mü uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfoabmaygufxm;zkdY vkdtyf
aomt&mtcsKdU&Sdonf/
&Sifaygvku oloduRrf;cJhaomolwpfa,muftaMumif; ajymjy
aeonfudk yxrtaejzihfowdjyKyg/ usrf;pm&Sif;vif;csufa&;om;olrsm;
u xkdyk*¾dKvfonf wrefawmf&Sifaygvkukd,fwkdifyifjzpfonf[k ,kHMunf
oabmwlxm;Muonf/ &Sifaygvku ukd,fhukd,fukd þtjzpfysufrsKd;ESihf
uif;uif;uGmuGmaevkdonf[k xifrSwf&onf/ 0g<um;jcif;ukd enf;o
xufenf;atmifavsmhcsí xkdokdYaomcsD;ajr§muf*kPfjyKjcif;rsKd;ESihf rdrd
rxkduffwefrIukd tav;teufxm;&ef &SifaygvkuxkdokdYajymMum;cJhjcif;
jzpfayrnf/
&Sifaygvk wwd,aumif;uifbkHokdY csDaqmifjcif;cH&aMumif;ukd
'kwd,taejzihf owdjyKyg/ ,k'vlrsKd;u aumif;uifoHk;bkH&Sdonf[k
,kHMunfcJhMuonf/ yxrbHkrSm rkd;aumif;uifjzpfí? aus;iSufrsm;
ysHoef;oGm;vmaomae&mjzpfonf/ xkdbkHonf uREkfyfwkdYodxm;Muonfh
twkdif; urÇmukdywf&Hxm;onf/ 'kwd,aumif;uifbkHrSm ae? v? Mu,f
rsm;&Sd&mae&mjzpfonf/ tjyifbuf[if;vif;jyif[k uREkfyfwkdYac:qkdMu
onf/ ,k'vlrsKd;rsm;\t,ltqü&Sdaom wwd,aumif;uifbkHrSm bk&m;
ocifpHyg,fawmfrl&mae&mjzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 2 wGif &Sifaygvku þ½lyg½kHonf olYtwGuftvGef
ppfrSefaMumif;ukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ajymjycJhonf/ olonf
aumif;uifbkHokdY ukd,fcE¨mtm;jzihf csDaqmifjcif;cH&jcif;vm;/ pdwf0dnmOf
tm;jzihf csDaqmifjcif;cH&jcif;vm;ukd ,aeYxufwkdifolrodaMumif;ajym
jycJhonf/ olonf bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufawmfü ½kyfcE¨mtm;jzihf
&SdaecJhonf[k cHpm;&avmufonftxd ½lyg½kHrSm trSefwu,fjzpfcJhyg
onf/ ½lyg½kHrSm tvGefBuD;us,fcrf;em;í tpGrf;xufvSaomaMumihf
xkd½lyg½kHukd rdrdBuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&onfudk ,ckxufwkdifpdwful;üyif rawG;
EkdifjzpfcJh&onf/ þtwGufaMumifh xkdtjzpftysufonf ]]vlwpfa,muf}}
ukd,füpl;aomql;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif254 255
ukd,fhukd,fukd jr§ifhwif&efr[kwfyg/ ocifc&pfawmfukd jr§ifhwif&efjzpfonf/
þtaMumif;t&mrsm;üaMumhrdjcif;rsKd;ukd &SifaygvkrvkdcsifcJhaomfvnf;
ocifc&pfawmf\tapcHwpfyg;tjzpfESihf rdrd\avmuDt&nftcsif;
rsm;ukdqufvufí ajymjycJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tzdkYESihf
rdrdESihf4if;wdkY\ qufqHa&;tzkdYtvkdYiSgom þt&mukd&SifaygvkjyKvkyf
cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ rdrd\t&nftcsif;rsm;ukdazmfjyjcif;jzifh &Sifaygvku
rdrdwrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfjcif;\ ,kHMunfpdwfcszG,ftaxmuftxm;rsm;
ukd oHo,yGg;aeMuaom aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;a&SUarSmufü tckdif
trmjzpfapcJhonf/
tcef;i,f 1 wGif &Sifaygvku rdrd\½lyg½kHtaMumif;ukd ajymjy
cJhonf/ þt&monf &SifaygvktwGuftvGefta&;ygcJhonf/ taMumif;
rSm þ½lyg½kHrsm;u &Sifaygvk\toufwmukd tpGrf;xufxufjzihf ouf
a&mufrIjyKcJhMuaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ wrefawmf0wåKwGif &Sifaygvk\
½lyg½kHajcmufyg;ukd rSwfwrf;wifxm;NyD; *vmwdESihf{zufMo0g'pmrsm;
uvnf; &SifaygvkvufcH&&SdcJhonfh aemufxyfAsm'dwfawmfrsm;taMumif;
ukdajymxm;Muonf/
tcef;i,f 2 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHü
vGefcJhaomwpfq,fhav;ESpfü wwd,aumif;uifbkHokdY csDaqmifjcif;cH
&aomocifc&pfawmf\ wynfhawmfwpfa,mufukd rdrdod&SdcJhaMumif;
ajymjycJhonf/ þae&mü uREkfyfwkdYem;vnfoabmaygufxm;zkdY vkdtyf
aomt&mtcsKdU&Sdonf/
&Sifaygvku oloduRrf;cJhaomolwpfa,muftaMumif; ajymjy
aeonfudk yxrtaejzihfowdjyKyg/ usrf;pm&Sif;vif;csufa&;om;olrsm;
u xkdyk*¾dKvfonf wrefawmf&Sifaygvkukd,fwkdifyifjzpfonf[k ,kHMunf
oabmwlxm;Muonf/ &Sifaygvku ukd,fhukd,fukd þtjzpfysufrsKd;ESihf
uif;uif;uGmuGmaevkdonf[k xifrSwf&onf/ 0g<um;jcif;ukd enf;o
xufenf;atmifavsmhcsí xkdokdYaomcsD;ajr§muf*kPfjyKjcif;rsKd;ESihf rdrd
rxkduffwefrIukd tav;teufxm;&ef &SifaygvkuxkdokdYajymMum;cJhjcif;
jzpfayrnf/
&Sifaygvk wwd,aumif;uifbkHokdY csDaqmifjcif;cH&aMumif;ukd
'kwd,taejzihf owdjyKyg/ ,k'vlrsKd;u aumif;uifoHk;bkH&Sdonf[k
,kHMunfcJhMuonf/ yxrbHkrSm rkd;aumif;uifjzpfí? aus;iSufrsm;
ysHoef;oGm;vmaomae&mjzpfonf/ xkdbkHonf uREkfyfwkdYodxm;Muonfh
twkdif; urÇmukdywf&Hxm;onf/ 'kwd,aumif;uifbkHrSm ae? v? Mu,f
rsm;&Sd&mae&mjzpfonf/ tjyifbuf[if;vif;jyif[k uREkfyfwkdYac:qkdMu
onf/ ,k'vlrsKd;rsm;\t,ltqü&Sdaom wwd,aumif;uifbkHrSm bk&m;
ocifpHyg,fawmfrl&mae&mjzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 2 wGif &Sifaygvku þ½lyg½kHonf olYtwGuftvGef
ppfrSefaMumif;ukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ajymjycJhonf/ olonf
aumif;uifbkHokdY ukd,fcE¨mtm;jzihf csDaqmifjcif;cH&jcif;vm;/ pdwf0dnmOf
tm;jzihf csDaqmifjcif;cH&jcif;vm;ukd ,aeYxufwkdifolrodaMumif;ajym
jycJhonf/ olonf bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufawmfü ½kyfcE¨mtm;jzihf
&SdaecJhonf[k cHpm;&avmufonftxd ½lyg½kHrSm trSefwu,fjzpfcJhyg
onf/ ½lyg½kHrSm tvGefBuD;us,fcrf;em;í tpGrf;xufvSaomaMumihf
xkd½lyg½kHukd rdrdBuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&onfudk ,ckxufwkdifpdwful;üyif rawG;
EkdifjzpfcJh&onf/ þtwGufaMumifh xkdtjzpftysufonf ]]vlwpfa,muf}}
ukd,füpl;aomql;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif256 257
xHü jzpfysufcJhonfhtvm; ajymcJhNyD;? xkdt&monf rdrd\ukd,fawGU
tjzpftysufjzpfcJhaomfvnf; ukdf,fawGUtjzpftysufwpfcktjzpf tvG,f
wulrjymqkdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonfy&'dokbkHokdY
csDaqmifjcif;cHcJh&aMumif; ajymjycJhNyD; (i,f 4)? olYukdxkwfrajymzkdYwm;
jrpfxm;onfh vlUtaejzihfaz:jyír&Ekdifaomt&mrsm;ukd Mum;odcJh
aMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf &Sifaygvktm; t&mwpfcsKdUukd
azmfxkwfjyocJhaomfvnf;? xkdt&mrsm;ukd tjcm;rnfolxHürQ jyefajym
jycGihfr&SdcJhyg/ tjcm;olrsm;xHü jyefíajymjycGihfr&Sdaomt&mrsm;ukd
bk&m;ocifu &Sifaygvkukdtb,faMumihf xkwfazmfjyocJhygoenf;/
taMumif;t&if;trsKd;rsKd;&SdEkdifygonf/ wpfpdwfwpfykdif;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif
bk&m;ocifonf &SifaygvkESihf&Sifaygvk\omoemvkyfief;ukd t&mxif
apvkdaomaMumifh xkdokdYjyKvkyfcJh[ef&Sdonf/ xkd½lyg½kHonf &Sifaygvktm;
tvGeftpGrf;xufaomt&mrsm;ukd today;ajymMum;cJhayvdrfhrnf/ trI
awmfvkyfief;ukd topfaomxufoefrI? ZGJUvkHYvwkdYjzihf a&SUqufvkyfaqmif
&ef xkd½lyg½kHu &SifaygvkuwGef;tm;ESihfjyif;jyaomqE´rsm;ay;cJhygvdrfh
rnf/ bk&m;ocifu rdrdESihf&Sifaygvk\eufeJaomcspfMunf&if;ESD;rIukd
today;ajymMum;vkdaomaMumihfvnf; þt&mtm;vkH;ukd &Sifaygvktm;
azmfjycJhjcif;jzpfEkdifonf/ ueOD;ü c&pf,meftoif;awmfukd n§if;yef;
ESdyfpufcJholwpfOD;jzpfcJhonfhtm;avsmfpGm &Sifaygvkonf þeufeJaom
cspfMunf&if;ESD;rIukdvnf;aumif;? xl;jcm;aomenf;vrf;jzihf rdrdtm;
qifhac:cJhrIukdvnf;aumif; od&SdaezdkYvkdtyfcJhonf/
vltcsKdUxHüom uREkfyfwkdYajymjya0iSaom taMumif;t&mrsm;
&Sdonf/ xkdyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf uREkfyfwkdYtwGuftxl;yk*¾dKvfrsm;jzpfMuonf/
Oyrm? oifonftdrfaxmifjyKxm;oljzpfvQif tjcm;rnfolwpfOD;wpf
a,mufxHürQ rajymjybJ? oihf&JUZeD; (okdY) cifyGef;xHüom ajymjyaom
t&mrsm;&Sdonf/ bk&m;ocifu tjcm;olrsm;tm; rajymjyaomt&m
rsm;ukd &SifaygvkxHüajymjycJhonf/ þESpfukd,fMum;t&mrsm;ukd &Sifaygvk
urnfolYxHürQ jyefrajymcJhyg/ þtawGUtBuHKtm;jzihf bk&m;ocifonf
&Sifaygvktm; rsm;pGmaomyifyef;qif;&Jjcif;ukd onf;cHausmfvTm;EkdifzdkY
,kHMunfjcif;ü cGeftm;rsm;oGef;avmif;ay;cJhNyD;? &Sifaygvk\toufwm
twGuf bk&m;ocifxm;&Sdxm;aom tBuHtpnfukdtqkH;wkdif wnfMunf
EkdifzkdY cGeftm;opfrsm;ay;cJhonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonfxkdyk*¾dKvfü
*kPf,l0g<um;í rdrd\tm;enf;EGrf;&djcif;rSwpfyg; ukd,fhukd,fukd r0g<um;
[kajymjycJhonf/ þae&mü&Sifaygvkajymjyxm;aomyk*¾dKvfonf bk&m;
ocif\rsufarSmufawmfü trSefa&muf&SdcJhonf/ xkdyk*¾dKvfonf bk&m;
ocifvQKdU0Sufxm;aomt&mrsm;ukd odcGihf&íbk&m;ocifukd tjcm;rnfol
urQ rBuHKawGUEkdifonfhenf;vrf;jzihf BuHKawGUcJh&avmufatmif bk&m;
ocifESihftvGef eufeJaomcspfMunf&if;ESD;rIü &SdaecJhygonf/ þuJhokdY
aomyk*¾dKvftwGuf &Sifaygvk*kPf,l0g<um;EkdifcJhaomfvnf;? xkdt&monf
vuf&Sdol&ifqkdifBuHKawGUae&aom t&mr[kwfcJhyg/ &Sifaygvku rdrd\
þcE¨mü bk&m;ocifESihfþtqifhtaetxm;jzihf cspfMunf&if;ESD;&ef
rSm tvGefa0;uGmvQuf&SdaMumif; odaecJhonf/
ukd,füpl;aomql;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif256 257
xHü jzpfysufcJhonfhtvm; ajymcJhNyD;? xkdt&monf rdrd\ukd,fawGU
tjzpftysufjzpfcJhaomfvnf; ukdf,fawGUtjzpftysufwpfcktjzpf tvG,f
wulrjymqkdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonfy&'dokbkHokdY
csDaqmifjcif;cHcJh&aMumif; ajymjycJhNyD; (i,f 4)? olYukdxkwfrajymzkdYwm;
jrpfxm;onfh vlUtaejzihfaz:jyír&Ekdifaomt&mrsm;ukd Mum;odcJh
aMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf &Sifaygvktm; t&mwpfcsKdUukd
azmfxkwfjyocJhaomfvnf;? xkdt&mrsm;ukd tjcm;rnfolxHürQ jyefajym
jycGihfr&SdcJhyg/ tjcm;olrsm;xHü jyefíajymjycGihfr&Sdaomt&mrsm;ukd
bk&m;ocifu &Sifaygvkukdtb,faMumihf xkwfazmfjyocJhygoenf;/
taMumif;t&if;trsKd;rsKd;&SdEkdifygonf/ wpfpdwfwpfykdif;tm;jzihfqkd&vQif
bk&m;ocifonf &SifaygvkESihf&Sifaygvk\omoemvkyfief;ukd t&mxif
apvkdaomaMumifh xkdokdYjyKvkyfcJh[ef&Sdonf/ xkd½lyg½kHonf &Sifaygvktm;
tvGeftpGrf;xufaomt&mrsm;ukd today;ajymMum;cJhayvdrfhrnf/ trI
awmfvkyfief;ukd topfaomxufoefrI? ZGJUvkHYvwkdYjzihf a&SUqufvkyfaqmif
&ef xkd½lyg½kHu &SifaygvkuwGef;tm;ESihfjyif;jyaomqE´rsm;ay;cJhygvdrfh
rnf/ bk&m;ocifu rdrdESihf&Sifaygvk\eufeJaomcspfMunf&if;ESD;rIukd
today;ajymMum;vkdaomaMumihfvnf; þt&mtm;vkH;ukd &Sifaygvktm;
azmfjycJhjcif;jzpfEkdifonf/ ueOD;ü c&pf,meftoif;awmfukd n§if;yef;
ESdyfpufcJholwpfOD;jzpfcJhonfhtm;avsmfpGm &Sifaygvkonf þeufeJaom
cspfMunf&if;ESD;rIukdvnf;aumif;? xl;jcm;aomenf;vrf;jzihf rdrdtm;
qifhac:cJhrIukdvnf;aumif; od&SdaezdkYvkdtyfcJhonf/
vltcsKdUxHüom uREkfyfwkdYajymjya0iSaom taMumif;t&mrsm;
&Sdonf/ xkdyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf uREkfyfwkdYtwGuftxl;yk*¾dKvfrsm;jzpfMuonf/
Oyrm? oifonftdrfaxmifjyKxm;oljzpfvQif tjcm;rnfolwpfOD;wpf
a,mufxHürQ rajymjybJ? oihf&JUZeD; (okdY) cifyGef;xHüom ajymjyaom
t&mrsm;&Sdonf/ bk&m;ocifu tjcm;olrsm;tm; rajymjyaomt&m
rsm;ukd &SifaygvkxHüajymjycJhonf/ þESpfukd,fMum;t&mrsm;ukd &Sifaygvk
urnfolYxHürQ jyefrajymcJhyg/ þtawGUtBuHKtm;jzihf bk&m;ocifonf
&Sifaygvktm; rsm;pGmaomyifyef;qif;&Jjcif;ukd onf;cHausmfvTm;EkdifzdkY
,kHMunfjcif;ü cGeftm;rsm;oGef;avmif;ay;cJhNyD;? &Sifaygvk\toufwm
twGuf bk&m;ocifxm;&Sdxm;aom tBuHtpnfukdtqkH;wkdif wnfMunf
EkdifzkdY cGeftm;opfrsm;ay;cJhonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonfxkdyk*¾dKvfü
*kPf,l0g<um;í rdrd\tm;enf;EGrf;&djcif;rSwpfyg; ukd,fhukd,fukd r0g<um;
[kajymjycJhonf/ þae&mü&Sifaygvkajymjyxm;aomyk*¾dKvfonf bk&m;
ocif\rsufarSmufawmfü trSefa&muf&SdcJhonf/ xkdyk*¾dKvfonf bk&m;
ocifvQKdU0Sufxm;aomt&mrsm;ukd odcGihf&íbk&m;ocifukd tjcm;rnfol
urQ rBuHKawGUEkdifonfhenf;vrf;jzihf BuHKawGUcJh&avmufatmif bk&m;
ocifESihftvGef eufeJaomcspfMunf&if;ESD;rIü &SdaecJhygonf/ þuJhokdY
aomyk*¾dKvftwGuf &Sifaygvk*kPf,l0g<um;EkdifcJhaomfvnf;? xkdt&monf
vuf&Sdol&ifqkdifBuHKawGUae&aom t&mr[kwfcJhyg/ &Sifaygvku rdrd\
þcE¨mü bk&m;ocifESihfþtqifhtaetxm;jzihf cspfMunf&if;ESD;&ef
rSm tvGefa0;uGmvQuf&SdaMumif; odaecJhonf/
ukd,füpl;aomql;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif258
xkdaeYü &SifaygvkBuHKawGUcJhaomt&monf olYukdESdrfhcsapcJhonf/
rdrd\xkdtawGUtBuHKukd vkH;0rarhaysmufEdkifcJhyg/ okdYaomf,ckvuf&Sd
tcsdefwGifolonf xkdtawGUtBuHKESihf rnfrQuGmvSrf;aeonfukdvnf;
owdjyKrdaeygonf/ &Sifaygvkonf bk&m;ocif\txifu&wrefawmf
wpfyg;jzpfcJhygonf/ r,kHEkdifaomenf;vrf;rsm;jzihf bk&m;ocifuvnf;
olYukdtokH;jyKcJhygonf/ okdYaomf&Sifaygvk\½lyg½kHu &Sifaygvktm; þ
toufwmþb0ü rnfrQyifcsD;ajr§mufjcif;cH&aeapumrl? bk&m;ocif
\rsufarSmufawmf&Sd xkd½lyg½kHüBuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&aomt&mrsm;ESihf EIdif;
,SOfvQif tcsnf;ESD;omjzpfMuaMumif;ukd azmfjyay;cJhonf/ xkdtawGU
tBuHKukd awGUBuHK&NyD;aemufwGif &Sifaygvkonf rdrdüvnf;aumif;? rdrd\
atmifjrifrIrsm;üvnf;aumif; r0g<um;EkdifaMumif;ukd od&SdcJhonf/ xkdY
aMumifh rdrd\tm;enf;EGrf;&djcif;üvnf;aumif;? þtm;enf;csufrsm;
&Sdaevifhupm; bk&m;ocifuolYukdrnfokdYtokH;jyKaeykHüvnf;aumif;
0g<um;zkdY a&G;cs,fcJhonf (i,f 5)/
uREfkyfwkdY\0g<um;jcif;onf trSefqkd&vQiftvGeftm;enf;í
rkdufrJaomvkyf&yfr[kwfygvm;/ urÇmausmfocsFmynm&SifBuD;wpf
a,mufu rdrdonftajr§mufqwkd;udef;Z,m;ukd odcJhaMumif;0g<um;ae
onf[k pdwful;,OfMunfhyg/ q&m0efwpfa,mufu rdrdonf'Pf&mukd
ywfwD;pnf;wwfaMumif; 0g<um;aeonf[k pdwful;,OfMunfhyg/ emrnf
ausmfrm&oGeftajy;orm;wpfa,mufu aemufwpftdrfüaexkdifaom
rdrd\oli,fcsif;xHokdY armyef;jcif;r&SdbJ ajy;oGm;ekdifaMumif;0g<um;ae
onf[k pdwful;,OfMunfhyg/ avmuD0g<um;jcif;rsm;tm;vkH;onf
&SifaygvktwGuf txufyg0g<um;jcif;rsm;ESihfwlonf/ tvGefpOf;pm;
ÓPfuif;rJhí tESpfom&r&SdtcGHoufoufomjzpfMuonf/ txuf
aumif;uift&mrsm;ukd awGUjrifcJh&jcif;u &SifaygvkxHrSavmuDatmif
jrifrIrsm;twGuf 0g<um;vkdpdwfrsm;ukd cRwf,loGm;cJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdY
tm;vkH;onfvnf; tvm;wl½lyg½Hkukd awGUjrifzdkYvkdaumif;vkdygvdrfhrnf/
aumif;uift&mrsm;taMumif; ajymqkdjcif;rSajymif;í avmuD
t&mrsm;taMumif;ajymqkd&mwGif &SifaygvkuZmwdyuwdüvnf;
0g<um;p&mavmuDqefaomtaMumif;t&if;rsm; rdrd&SdaeaMumif;ukd
odaecJhonf (i,f 6)/ vlom;qefqefajym&vQif? &Sifaygvkonf vlwkdif;
xufykdíatmifjrifcJhygonf/ olonfvlwkdif;xufvnf;ykdNyD; 'ku©BuHKawGU
cJh&NyD;? vlwkdif;xufvnf;ykdí jrifawGUcJhygonf/ rdrdjzpfwnfaerIxufykdí
vlwkdYuxifjrifMurnfukd pkd;&drfaomaMumifh þt&mrsm;taMumif;ukd
&SifaygvkrajymjyvkdcJhyg/ olonfukd,fhukd,fukd tjcm;olrsm;uJhokdY omref
vlwpfa,mufomjzpfaMumif;ukd odaecJhonf/ rdrd\tjypf&Sd aom Zmwd
yuwd\tm;enf;csufukdvnf; odaecJhonf/ olonftjcm;olrsm; uJhokdY
yif rdrd\atmifjrifrIrsm;ü *kPf,l0ifh<um;zkdY pkHprf;aESmuf,Sufjcif;ukd
cHcJh&ygonf/
tcef;i,f 7 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
bk&m;ocifonf rdrdukdaxmifvTm;armufrmjcif;ESihf b0ifjrifhjcif;r&Sdvm
zdkYudk,füql;aompl;ukd ay;xm;aMumif;ajymjycJhonf/ xkdukd,füql;aom
pl;rSm rnfonfht&mjzpfaMumif;ukd ajymjyrxm;yg/ &Sifaygvkuxdkt&m
ukd rdrdtm;'PfcwfzdkY a&mufvmaom ]]pmwef\wref}} [k azmfñTef;cJh
259ukd,füpl;aomql;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif258
xkdaeYü &SifaygvkBuHKawGUcJhaomt&monf olYukdESdrfhcsapcJhonf/
rdrd\xkdtawGUtBuHKukd vkH;0rarhaysmufEdkifcJhyg/ okdYaomf,ckvuf&Sd
tcsdefwGifolonf xkdtawGUtBuHKESihf rnfrQuGmvSrf;aeonfukdvnf;
owdjyKrdaeygonf/ &Sifaygvkonf bk&m;ocif\txifu&wrefawmf
wpfyg;jzpfcJhygonf/ r,kHEkdifaomenf;vrf;rsm;jzihf bk&m;ocifuvnf;
olYukdtokH;jyKcJhygonf/ okdYaomf&Sifaygvk\½lyg½kHu &Sifaygvktm; þ
toufwmþb0ü rnfrQyifcsD;ajr§mufjcif;cH&aeapumrl? bk&m;ocif
\rsufarSmufawmf&Sd xkd½lyg½kHüBuHKawGUcHpm;cJh&aomt&mrsm;ESihf EIdif;
,SOfvQif tcsnf;ESD;omjzpfMuaMumif;ukd azmfjyay;cJhonf/ xkdtawGU
tBuHKukd awGUBuHK&NyD;aemufwGif &Sifaygvkonf rdrdüvnf;aumif;? rdrd\
atmifjrifrIrsm;üvnf;aumif; r0g<um;EkdifaMumif;ukd od&SdcJhonf/ xkdY
aMumifh rdrd\tm;enf;EGrf;&djcif;üvnf;aumif;? þtm;enf;csufrsm;
&Sdaevifhupm; bk&m;ocifuolYukdrnfokdYtokH;jyKaeykHüvnf;aumif;
0g<um;zkdY a&G;cs,fcJhonf (i,f 5)/
uREfkyfwkdY\0g<um;jcif;onf trSefqkd&vQiftvGeftm;enf;í
rkdufrJaomvkyf&yfr[kwfygvm;/ urÇmausmfocsFmynm&SifBuD;wpf
a,mufu rdrdonftajr§mufqwkd;udef;Z,m;ukd odcJhaMumif;0g<um;ae
onf[k pdwful;,OfMunfhyg/ q&m0efwpfa,mufu rdrdonf'Pf&mukd
ywfwD;pnf;wwfaMumif; 0g<um;aeonf[k pdwful;,OfMunfhyg/ emrnf
ausmfrm&oGeftajy;orm;wpfa,mufu aemufwpftdrfüaexkdifaom
rdrd\oli,fcsif;xHokdY armyef;jcif;r&SdbJ ajy;oGm;ekdifaMumif;0g<um;ae
onf[k pdwful;,OfMunfhyg/ avmuD0g<um;jcif;rsm;tm;vkH;onf
&SifaygvktwGuf txufyg0g<um;jcif;rsm;ESihfwlonf/ tvGefpOf;pm;
ÓPfuif;rJhí tESpfom&r&SdtcGHoufoufomjzpfMuonf/ txuf
aumif;uift&mrsm;ukd awGUjrifcJh&jcif;u &SifaygvkxHrSavmuDatmif
jrifrIrsm;twGuf 0g<um;vkdpdwfrsm;ukd cRwf,loGm;cJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdY
tm;vkH;onfvnf; tvm;wl½lyg½Hkukd awGUjrifzdkYvkdaumif;vkdygvdrfhrnf/
aumif;uift&mrsm;taMumif; ajymqkdjcif;rSajymif;í avmuD
t&mrsm;taMumif;ajymqkd&mwGif &SifaygvkuZmwdyuwdüvnf;
0g<um;p&mavmuDqefaomtaMumif;t&if;rsm; rdrd&SdaeaMumif;ukd
odaecJhonf (i,f 6)/ vlom;qefqefajym&vQif? &Sifaygvkonf vlwkdif;
xufykdíatmifjrifcJhygonf/ olonfvlwkdif;xufvnf;ykdNyD; 'ku©BuHKawGU
cJh&NyD;? vlwkdif;xufvnf;ykdí jrifawGUcJhygonf/ rdrdjzpfwnfaerIxufykdí
vlwkdYuxifjrifMurnfukd pkd;&drfaomaMumifh þt&mrsm;taMumif;ukd
&SifaygvkrajymjyvkdcJhyg/ olonfukd,fhukd,fukd tjcm;olrsm;uJhokdY omref
vlwpfa,mufomjzpfaMumif;ukd odaecJhonf/ rdrd\tjypf&Sd aom Zmwd
yuwd\tm;enf;csufukdvnf; odaecJhonf/ olonftjcm;olrsm; uJhokdY
yif rdrd\atmifjrifrIrsm;ü *kPf,l0ifh<um;zkdY pkHprf;aESmuf,Sufjcif;ukd
cHcJh&ygonf/
tcef;i,f 7 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
bk&m;ocifonf rdrdukdaxmifvTm;armufrmjcif;ESihf b0ifjrifhjcif;r&Sdvm
zdkYudk,füql;aompl;ukd ay;xm;aMumif;ajymjycJhonf/ xkdukd,füql;aom
pl;rSm rnfonfht&mjzpfaMumif;ukd ajymjyrxm;yg/ &Sifaygvkuxdkt&m
ukd rdrdtm;'PfcwfzdkY a&mufvmaom ]]pmwef\wref}} [k azmfñTef;cJh
259ukd,füpl;aomql;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif260 261
onf/ tcsdKUu þql;ukd&Sifaygvk\tjriftm½kHtm;enf;vmjcif;udk
&nfnTef;jcif;jzpfonf[k xifjrifxm;Muonf/ okdYaomfþtcsufukd
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;az:jyrxm;yg/
þtcef;i,f 7 wGif uREkfyfwkdYoif,lzdkYvkdtyfaom ta&;BuD;
oifcef;pmwpfck&Sdonf/ þpmwef\wrefukd &Sifaygvk\toufwmü
owfowfrSwfrSwf&Sdaom taMumif;t&if;wpfcktwGufay;cJhonf/
xdkt&mrSm rmeaxmifvTm;vmjcif;rS qD;wm;&eftwGufjzpfonf/
"r®a[mif;usrf;wGif pmwefonf a,mbukd'ku©ay;zkdY cGihfjyKcsuf&&SdcJhNyD;
bk&m;ocifonf xkdn§if;yef;jcif;ukd rdrd\&nf&G,fcsufrsm; txajrmuf
vmzkdY tokH;jyKcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdYukd ykdíxda&mufpGmtokH;jyKEkdifzkdY bk&m;
ocifu qif;&J'ku©rsm;ukd cGJcefYcJhonfhtcsdefrsm;&Sdonf/ &Sifaygvk\
½lyg½kHESihfAsm'dwfawmfrsm;onf omreftm;jzihf olYtwGuf ukdifwG,fzkdY
tvGefcufcJcJhygvdrfhrnf/ rmeaxmifvTm;jcif;rsm;jzpfvmí &Sifaygvk\
omoemvkyfief;onf 'ku©a&mufoGm;EkdifouJhokdY NydKuGJysufpD;oGm;Ekdif
cJhygonf/
tcef;i,f 8wGif &Sifaygvku þql;ukdz,f&Sm;ay;zkdY ocifbk&m;
xHü okH;Budrfwkdifwkdifawmif;yefcJhaomfvnf; ocifbk&m;urz,f&Sm;ay;
cJhyg/ xkdtpm;? bk&m;ocifu &Sifaygvktm; xkdu@ü tm;enf;apvkd
aMumif;ajymcJhonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf bk&m;ocif\wefckd;awmfonf &Sif
aygvk\tm;enf;jcif;ü oufaoxif&Sm;cJhrnfjzpfonf/ arma&Sonf
toufwmü txG#ftxdyfokdYa&mufcJhcsdefwGif bk&m;ocifuuEÅ&awm
t&yfokdY olYukdapvTwfcJhonf/ ESpfaygif;av;q,fausmf xkduEÅ&awm
t&yfüaepOfwGif bk&m;ocifonf arma&S\rmeukd ½kdufcsKd;cJhonf/
bk&m;ocifuolYukd omrefokd;xdef;tjzpf tvkyfay;cJhonf/ þonfrSm
ESpfaygif;av;q,fausmf arma&So,fykd;cHpm;cJhonfh ql;jzpfonf/
&SifaygvkrSm emusif'ku©ukdo,fykd;&efajymqkdcHcJh&onf/ olYukd
n§if;yef;'ku©ay;aom pmwef\wrefukd BudwfrSdwfcHpm;zdkYajymcHcJh&onf/
þwreftay:ü &Sifaygvk\atmifEkdifjcif;onf xkdwrefukdz,f&Sm;ypf
jcif;rS a&mufvmcJhrnfr[kwfyg/ þwrefuwpfcsdefvkH;ukdufcJxm;csdef
&SifaygvktqkH;wkdifwnfMunfEkdifzdkY vkdtyfaomaus;Zl;awmfukdbk&m;ocif
uay;oem;jcif;rSom a&mufvmygvdrfhrnf/ emusif'ku©ukd uREkfyfxHrS
z,f&Sm;ay;jcif;jzihf bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYukdatmifEkdifjcif;ay;Ekdif
ouJhokdY xkdemusifa0'emukd BudwfrSdwfonf;cHEkdif&ef cGeftm;ay;jcif;
tm;jzihfvnf; atmifEkdifjcif;ukd ay;Ekdifygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtm;vkH;onf
fqif;&Jjcif;'ku©ESihf uif;vGwfvkdMuaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&HwGif bk&m;
ocifonf &efolukdxdyfwkduf&ifqkdifapí tqkH;wkdifvkH;axG;owfykwfzkdY
uREkfyfwkdYukdqifhac:xm;ygonf/
uREkfyf\om;i,f&G,fpOftcgu olonfabh(pf)abm(vf)toif;
wpfoif;wGif yg0ifupm;cJhonf/ olwkdY\toif;onf NydKifzuftoif;
rStoif;om;rsm; vlpkHryg0ifEdkifaomaMumifh NydKifyGJukdtEkdif&cJhonfh
tcsdefrsm;&Sdonf/ xkdokdYjzpfcJhaomtcsdefrsm;wGif olwkdYonfNydKifyGJukd upm;
p&myifrvkdyJtEkdif&cJhMuonf/ b0NydKifyGJrsm;wGifvnf; bk&m;ocifonf
uREkfyfwkdYukd&efolESihf ,SOfNydKifwkdufvSefp&mrvkdyJ tEkdifay;cJhaomtcsdef
rsm;&Sdonf/ okdYaomf tjcm;tcsdefrsm;wGif bk&m;ocifonfuREkfyfwkdYukd
ukd,füpl;aomql;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif260 261
onf/ tcsdKUu þql;ukd&Sifaygvk\tjriftm½kHtm;enf;vmjcif;udk
&nfnTef;jcif;jzpfonf[k xifjrifxm;Muonf/ okdYaomfþtcsufukd
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;az:jyrxm;yg/
þtcef;i,f 7 wGif uREkfyfwkdYoif,lzdkYvkdtyfaom ta&;BuD;
oifcef;pmwpfck&Sdonf/ þpmwef\wrefukd &Sifaygvk\toufwmü
owfowfrSwfrSwf&Sdaom taMumif;t&if;wpfcktwGufay;cJhonf/
xdkt&mrSm rmeaxmifvTm;vmjcif;rS qD;wm;&eftwGufjzpfonf/
"r®a[mif;usrf;wGif pmwefonf a,mbukd'ku©ay;zkdY cGihfjyKcsuf&&SdcJhNyD;
bk&m;ocifonf xkdn§if;yef;jcif;ukd rdrd\&nf&G,fcsufrsm; txajrmuf
vmzkdY tokH;jyKcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdYukd ykdíxda&mufpGmtokH;jyKEkdifzkdY bk&m;
ocifu qif;&J'ku©rsm;ukd cGJcefYcJhonfhtcsdefrsm;&Sdonf/ &Sifaygvk\
½lyg½kHESihfAsm'dwfawmfrsm;onf omreftm;jzihf olYtwGuf ukdifwG,fzkdY
tvGefcufcJcJhygvdrfhrnf/ rmeaxmifvTm;jcif;rsm;jzpfvmí &Sifaygvk\
omoemvkyfief;onf 'ku©a&mufoGm;EkdifouJhokdY NydKuGJysufpD;oGm;Ekdif
cJhygonf/
tcef;i,f 8wGif &Sifaygvku þql;ukdz,f&Sm;ay;zkdY ocifbk&m;
xHü okH;Budrfwkdifwkdifawmif;yefcJhaomfvnf; ocifbk&m;urz,f&Sm;ay;
cJhyg/ xkdtpm;? bk&m;ocifu &Sifaygvktm; xkdu@ü tm;enf;apvkd
aMumif;ajymcJhonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf bk&m;ocif\wefckd;awmfonf &Sif
aygvk\tm;enf;jcif;ü oufaoxif&Sm;cJhrnfjzpfonf/ arma&Sonf
toufwmü txG#ftxdyfokdYa&mufcJhcsdefwGif bk&m;ocifuuEÅ&awm
t&yfokdY olYukdapvTwfcJhonf/ ESpfaygif;av;q,fausmf xkduEÅ&awm
t&yfüaepOfwGif bk&m;ocifonf arma&S\rmeukd ½kdufcsKd;cJhonf/
bk&m;ocifuolYukd omrefokd;xdef;tjzpf tvkyfay;cJhonf/ þonfrSm
ESpfaygif;av;q,fausmf arma&So,fykd;cHpm;cJhonfh ql;jzpfonf/
&SifaygvkrSm emusif'ku©ukdo,fykd;&efajymqkdcHcJh&onf/ olYukd
n§if;yef;'ku©ay;aom pmwef\wrefukd BudwfrSdwfcHpm;zdkYajymcHcJh&onf/
þwreftay:ü &Sifaygvk\atmifEkdifjcif;onf xkdwrefukdz,f&Sm;ypf
jcif;rS a&mufvmcJhrnfr[kwfyg/ þwrefuwpfcsdefvkH;ukdufcJxm;csdef
&SifaygvktqkH;wkdifwnfMunfEkdifzdkY vkdtyfaomaus;Zl;awmfukdbk&m;ocif
uay;oem;jcif;rSom a&mufvmygvdrfhrnf/ emusif'ku©ukd uREkfyfxHrS
z,f&Sm;ay;jcif;jzihf bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdYukdatmifEkdifjcif;ay;Ekdif
ouJhokdY xkdemusifa0'emukd BudwfrSdwfonf;cHEkdif&ef cGeftm;ay;jcif;
tm;jzihfvnf; atmifEkdifjcif;ukd ay;Ekdifygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtm;vkH;onf
fqif;&Jjcif;'ku©ESihf uif;vGwfvkdMuaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&HwGif bk&m;
ocifonf &efolukdxdyfwkduf&ifqkdifapí tqkH;wkdifvkH;axG;owfykwfzkdY
uREkfyfwkdYukdqifhac:xm;ygonf/
uREkfyf\om;i,f&G,fpOftcgu olonfabh(pf)abm(vf)toif;
wpfoif;wGif yg0ifupm;cJhonf/ olwkdY\toif;onf NydKifzuftoif;
rStoif;om;rsm; vlpkHryg0ifEdkifaomaMumifh NydKifyGJukdtEkdif&cJhonfh
tcsdefrsm;&Sdonf/ xkdokdYjzpfcJhaomtcsdefrsm;wGif olwkdYonfNydKifyGJukd upm;
p&myifrvkdyJtEkdif&cJhMuonf/ b0NydKifyGJrsm;wGifvnf; bk&m;ocifonf
uREkfyfwkdYukd&efolESihf ,SOfNydKifwkdufvSefp&mrvkdyJ tEkdifay;cJhaomtcsdef
rsm;&Sdonf/ okdYaomf tjcm;tcsdefrsm;wGif bk&m;ocifonfuREkfyfwkdYukd
ukd,füpl;aomql;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif262 263
NydKifyGJ0ifzkdYtwGufvnf;aumif;? wkdufyGJqifETJzkdYtwGufvnf;aumif; qifh
ac:ygvdrfhrnf/ txufrSrnfonfhtajcaewGif jzpfaeygapatmifjcif;
rSm olwkdYtwGuf aocsmcGJcefYNyD;om;jzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifonf &Sifaygvkukd&efoltm; xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifzkdY
qifhac:cJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf &SifaygvkukdtywfwukwfBudK;pm;
tm;xkwf&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? ql;pl;onfh'PfESihftwl tqkH;wkdif
vkH;yef;zkdY qifhac:ajymqkdcJhonf/ &Sifaygvkuvnf; xkdtwkdif;&SifoefcJh
onf/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrd\tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd *kPf,lpGmajymjycJhonf/
taMumif;rSm xkdtm;enf;csufü ocifc&pfawmf\wefckd;awmfukd awGUjrif
cJh&aomaMumihfjzpfonf/ xkdatmifjrifjcif;ESihf opöm&SdwnfMunfjcif;
toufwmonf rdrd\yifukdcGeftm;tpGrf;jzihfr[kwf? bk&m;ocif\
aus;Zl;awmfaMumifhom jzpfcJhaMumif;ukd &SifaygvkodcJhonf/ xkdYaMumihf
bkef;BuD;jcif;tvkH;pkHonf bk&m;ocifxHodkYa&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvk
twGuf tcuftcJ'ku©aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm &SdcJhygonf/ olonf &efol
ESihf tNrJvkdvkd &ifqkdifwkdufckdufcJh&NyD;? xkdwdkufyGJukdtEkdif&&ef tjyif;txef
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJh&onf/ olYukdwpfcsdefvkH; n§if;yef;'ku©ay;aeaom
pmwef\wrefESihfvnf; xkdtwkdif;yifjyKvkyfcJh&onf/ þqif;&Jjcif;
'ku©tm;jzihf &Sifaygvkonf bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfü t<uif;rJhrSDckd
tm;xm;jcif;ukd oif,lcJhygonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\tm;enf;csufukd ykdíem;vnf
oabmaygufavav ywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;tm;vkH;ukd uREkfyfwkdY\
aumif;usKd;twGuf vnf;aumif;? rdrd\bkef;awmftwGufvnf;aumif;
tokH;jyKonfhbk&m;ocif\wefckd;BuD;aomaus;Zl;awmfukd em;vnf
oabmaygufavav jzpfvdrfhrnf/
oifhukd,fü pl;aeaomql;rSm rnfonfht&mjzpfaMumif;ukd uREkfyf
rodyg/ uREkfyfonf pdwf"gwfusqif;jcif;ESihf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmvkH;yef;cJh&
onf/ þt&mukd uREkfyfausmfjzwfEkdifyghrvm;[k ukd,fhukd,fukdar;cGef;
xkwfcJhaomtcsdefrsm;wGif uREkfyfonfocifbk&m;\atmifEkdifjcif;ukd
tNrJjrifawGUcJh&onf/ bk&m;ocifu þtcsif;t&mukdvkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;
z,f&Sm;ay;EkdifaMumif;udkuREkfyfodaeaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifuuREkfyftm;
pmwef\þwrefukdtqkH;wkdif wkdufckdufwGef;vSefzkdY uREkfyfukdqifhac:&ef
a&G;cs,fvQifvnf; xkdatmifEkdifjcif;twGuf uREkfyfvkdtyfaomcGeftm;
tpGrf;tprsm;ukd bk&m;ocifu ay;oem;rnfhtaMumif;ukd uREkfyfodae
ygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf þtcsif;t&mukd uREkfyftm;toufwmü
ESdrfhcspGmae&eftwGuf tokH;jyKrnfhtaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif;? þt&m
tm;jzihf tjcm;olrsm;xHüxda&mufpGm trIawmfaqmifEkdifzkdY pGrf;aqmif
ay;rnfhtaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif; uREkfyfod&Sdaeygonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
&SifaygvkawGU&SdcJhaom½lyg½kHonf olYukdtrIawmfjrwfürnfokdY
ulnDyHhykd;ay;cJhygoenf;/ txufaumif;uifESihfqkdifaom ½Ijrif
okH;oyfykHonf uREkfyfwkdY\atmifjrifrItay:ü axmifvTm;
wwfjcif;rS rnfokdYumuG,fay;ygoenf;/
&Sifaygvk\ukd,füpl;aeaomql;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSmtb,fenf;/
oihfwGifukd,fü pl;aeaomql;&Sdygovm;/ xdkql;ukd bk&m;ocif
ukd,füpl;aomql;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif262 263
NydKifyGJ0ifzkdYtwGufvnf;aumif;? wkdufyGJqifETJzkdYtwGufvnf;aumif; qifh
ac:ygvdrfhrnf/ txufrSrnfonfhtajcaewGif jzpfaeygapatmifjcif;
rSm olwkdYtwGuf aocsmcGJcefYNyD;om;jzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifonf &Sifaygvkukd&efoltm; xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifzkdY
qifhac:cJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf &SifaygvkukdtywfwukwfBudK;pm;
tm;xkwf&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? ql;pl;onfh'PfESihftwl tqkH;wkdif
vkH;yef;zkdY qifhac:ajymqkdcJhonf/ &Sifaygvkuvnf; xkdtwkdif;&SifoefcJh
onf/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrd\tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd *kPf,lpGmajymjycJhonf/
taMumif;rSm xkdtm;enf;csufü ocifc&pfawmf\wefckd;awmfukd awGUjrif
cJh&aomaMumihfjzpfonf/ xkdatmifjrifjcif;ESihf opöm&SdwnfMunfjcif;
toufwmonf rdrd\yifukdcGeftm;tpGrf;jzihfr[kwf? bk&m;ocif\
aus;Zl;awmfaMumifhom jzpfcJhaMumif;ukd &SifaygvkodcJhonf/ xkdYaMumihf
bkef;BuD;jcif;tvkH;pkHonf bk&m;ocifxHodkYa&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvk
twGuf tcuftcJ'ku©aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm &SdcJhygonf/ olonf &efol
ESihf tNrJvkdvkd &ifqkdifwkdufckdufcJh&NyD;? xkdwdkufyGJukdtEkdif&&ef tjyif;txef
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJh&onf/ olYukdwpfcsdefvkH; n§if;yef;'ku©ay;aeaom
pmwef\wrefESihfvnf; xkdtwkdif;yifjyKvkyfcJh&onf/ þqif;&Jjcif;
'ku©tm;jzihf &Sifaygvkonf bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfü t<uif;rJhrSDckd
tm;xm;jcif;ukd oif,lcJhygonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\tm;enf;csufukd ykdíem;vnf
oabmaygufavav ywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;tm;vkH;ukd uREkfyfwkdY\
aumif;usKd;twGuf vnf;aumif;? rdrd\bkef;awmftwGufvnf;aumif;
tokH;jyKonfhbk&m;ocif\wefckd;BuD;aomaus;Zl;awmfukd em;vnf
oabmaygufavav jzpfvdrfhrnf/
oifhukd,fü pl;aeaomql;rSm rnfonfht&mjzpfaMumif;ukd uREkfyf
rodyg/ uREkfyfonf pdwf"gwfusqif;jcif;ESihf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmvkH;yef;cJh&
onf/ þt&mukd uREkfyfausmfjzwfEkdifyghrvm;[k ukd,fhukd,fukdar;cGef;
xkwfcJhaomtcsdefrsm;wGif uREkfyfonfocifbk&m;\atmifEkdifjcif;ukd
tNrJjrifawGUcJh&onf/ bk&m;ocifu þtcsif;t&mukdvkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;
z,f&Sm;ay;EkdifaMumif;udkuREkfyfodaeaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifuuREkfyftm;
pmwef\þwrefukdtqkH;wkdif wkdufckdufwGef;vSefzkdY uREkfyfukdqifhac:&ef
a&G;cs,fvQifvnf; xkdatmifEkdifjcif;twGuf uREkfyfvkdtyfaomcGeftm;
tpGrf;tprsm;ukd bk&m;ocifu ay;oem;rnfhtaMumif;ukd uREkfyfodae
ygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf þtcsif;t&mukd uREkfyftm;toufwmü
ESdrfhcspGmae&eftwGuf tokH;jyKrnfhtaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif;? þt&m
tm;jzihf tjcm;olrsm;xHüxda&mufpGm trIawmfaqmifEkdifzkdY pGrf;aqmif
ay;rnfhtaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif; uREkfyfod&Sdaeygonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
&SifaygvkawGU&SdcJhaom½lyg½kHonf olYukdtrIawmfjrwfürnfokdY
ulnDyHhykd;ay;cJhygoenf;/ txufaumif;uifESihfqkdifaom ½Ijrif
okH;oyfykHonf uREkfyfwkdY\atmifjrifrItay:ü axmifvTm;
wwfjcif;rS rnfokdYumuG,fay;ygoenf;/
&Sifaygvk\ukd,füpl;aeaomql;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSmtb,fenf;/
oihfwGifukd,fü pl;aeaomql;&Sdygovm;/ xdkql;ukd bk&m;ocif
ukd,füpl;aomql;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif264
uoifhtoufwmü rnfokdYtokH;jyKaecJhygoenf;/
toufwmü &ifqkdifae&aom qif;&J'ku©rsm;tv,fü oifh&JU
atmifEkdifjcif;u ocifc&pfawmf\aus;Zl;awmfESihf taxmuf
tulpGrf;aqmifay;jcif;wkdYukd rnfokdYoufaocHaeoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
uREkfyfwkdY\'ku©a0'emrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYonf;cHo,faqmifEkdifzkdY
pGrf;aqmifay;jcif;jzihf uREkfyfwkYdtm;atmifEkdifjcif;udkocif
bk&m;u ay;oem;EkdifaomaMumihf aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
oihfukd,füpl;aeaomql;&Sdíbk&m;ocifuz,f&Sm;zkdY ra&G;cs,f
cJhvQif tqkH;wkdifwnfMunfjcif;jzihf xkdt&mukdtEkdif,lzkdY ukd,fh
ukd,fukd qufuyftyfESHyg/
bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmftwGuf ykdíxda&mufpGmtrIawmfxrf;
aqmifEkdifzdkY pGrf;aqmifay;&ef oihf&JU'ku©a0'emukdtokH;jyKzkdY
bk&m;ociftm; awmif;avQmufyg/
vlYt&nftcsif;rsm;ü 0g<um;*kPf,ljcif;\ rkdufrJrIukdawGUjrif
Ekdif&ef oifhukdulnDay;zkdY ocifbk&m;ukdawmif;avQmufyg/ xkdokdY
*kPf,l0g<um;rnfhtpm; oihftoufwm&Sd bk&m;ocif\
BuD;jrwfvSaom aus;Zl;awmfESihf *½kPmawmftwGufaus;Zl;
wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
2222
2222
22
oifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkdoifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkd
oifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkdoifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkd
oifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkd
2aum 12;11-21 ukdzwf½Iyg/
þtcef;BuD;\yxrwpf0ufwGif wrefawmf&Sifaygvku rdrd\
ukd,füpl;aomql;taMumif;ukd ajymjycJhonf/ þtcef;BuD;\'kwd,
wpf0ufwGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonf 4if;wkdY
\ukd,fü pl;aomql; (okdY) 4if;wkdYtwGuf0efxkyf0efydk;jzpfvmzkdY r&nf&G,f
cJhaMumif;ajymjycJhonf/ xkdtpm; rdrdonf 4if;wkdYukdtvGefcspfjrwfEkd;
aomaMumihf rdrd\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;tm;vkH;onf 4if;wkdY\tusKd;tjrwf
ESihfaumif;BuD;r*FvmtwGuf jzpfaMumif;ukdjyovkdcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYonfolYukd ol½l;
uJhokdYjzpfaMumif; twif;tusyfjyKrlapcJhaomaMumifh ukd,fhukdukd,f ol
½l;uJhokdY zefwD;cJh&aMumif; today;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku þol½l;jzpfjcif;
t&mukd rdrd\avmuDt&nftcsif;rsm;tay:ü *kPf,l0g<um;jyjcif;jzihf
jyKkvkyfcJhonf/ xkdYtjyifocifc&pfawmftay:üvnf;aumif;? ocifc&pf
awmftrIudpötwGufvnf;aumif; xm;&Sdaom&Sifaygvk\ jyif;xefav;
eufrIESihf qufuyftyfESHrIwkdYaMumihfvnf; olYukdol½l;tjzpf okH;oyfcJhMu
onf/ olonf rdrd\t&SifocifESihf rdrdtvkyftauR;jyKaeaomolrsm;
twGuf toufukdyifpaw;&ef vkdvkdvm;vm;&SdaecJhonf/ þt&m
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif264
uoifhtoufwmü rnfokdYtokH;jyKaecJhygoenf;/
toufwmü &ifqkdifae&aom qif;&J'ku©rsm;tv,fü oifh&JU
atmifEkdifjcif;u ocifc&pfawmf\aus;Zl;awmfESihf taxmuf
tulpGrf;aqmifay;jcif;wkdYukd rnfokdYoufaocHaeoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
uREkfyfwkdY\'ku©a0'emrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYonf;cHo,faqmifEkdifzkdY
pGrf;aqmifay;jcif;jzihf uREkfyfwkYdtm;atmifEkdifjcif;udkocif
bk&m;u ay;oem;EkdifaomaMumihf aus;Zl;wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
oihfukd,füpl;aeaomql;&Sdíbk&m;ocifuz,f&Sm;zkdY ra&G;cs,f
cJhvQif tqkH;wkdifwnfMunfjcif;jzihf xkdt&mukdtEkdif,lzkdY ukd,fh
ukd,fukd qufuyftyfESHyg/
bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmftwGuf ykdíxda&mufpGmtrIawmfxrf;
aqmifEkdifzdkY pGrf;aqmifay;&ef oihf&JU'ku©a0'emukdtokH;jyKzkdY
bk&m;ociftm; awmif;avQmufyg/
vlYt&nftcsif;rsm;ü 0g<um;*kPf,ljcif;\ rkdufrJrIukdawGUjrif
Ekdif&ef oifhukdulnDay;zkdY ocifbk&m;ukdawmif;avQmufyg/ xkdokdY
*kPf,l0g<um;rnfhtpm; oihftoufwm&Sd bk&m;ocif\
BuD;jrwfvSaom aus;Zl;awmfESihf *½kPmawmftwGufaus;Zl;
wifcsD;rGrf;yg/
2222
2222
22
oifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkdoifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkd
oifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkdoifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkd
oifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkd
2aum 12;11-21 ukdzwf½Iyg/
þtcef;BuD;\yxrwpf0ufwGif wrefawmf&Sifaygvku rdrd\
ukd,füpl;aomql;taMumif;ukd ajymjycJhonf/ þtcef;BuD;\'kwd,
wpf0ufwGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonf 4if;wkdY
\ukd,fü pl;aomql; (okdY) 4if;wkdYtwGuf0efxkyf0efydk;jzpfvmzkdY r&nf&G,f
cJhaMumif;ajymjycJhonf/ xkdtpm; rdrdonf 4if;wkdYukdtvGefcspfjrwfEkd;
aomaMumihf rdrd\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;tm;vkH;onf 4if;wkdY\tusKd;tjrwf
ESihfaumif;BuD;r*FvmtwGuf jzpfaMumif;ukdjyovkdcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYonfolYukd ol½l;
uJhokdYjzpfaMumif; twif;tusyfjyKrlapcJhaomaMumifh ukd,fhukdukd,f ol
½l;uJhokdY zefwD;cJh&aMumif; today;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku þol½l;jzpfjcif;
t&mukd rdrd\avmuDt&nftcsif;rsm;tay:ü *kPf,l0g<um;jyjcif;jzihf
jyKkvkyfcJhonf/ xkdYtjyifocifc&pfawmftay:üvnf;aumif;? ocifc&pf
awmftrIudpötwGufvnf;aumif; xm;&Sdaom&Sifaygvk\ jyif;xefav;
eufrIESihf qufuyftyfESHrIwkdYaMumihfvnf; olYukdol½l;tjzpf okH;oyfcJhMu
onf/ olonf rdrd\t&SifocifESihf rdrdtvkyftauR;jyKaeaomolrsm;
twGuf toufukdyifpaw;&ef vkdvkdvm;vm;&SdaecJhonf/ þt&m
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif266 267
aMumihf olonfrsm;pGmaom 'ku©a0'emESihf qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;ukd cHpm;cJh&
onf/ okdYaomf olt½IH;ray;cJhyg/ þvkyf&yfonf avmuDom;rsm;\
tjrifü tvGefrkdufrJaom vkyf&yfjzpfcJhonf/
aum&dE
oKNrdKUwGif vlwpfcsKdUuolwkdYukd,folwkdY wrefawmfrsm;
tjzpfajymqkdcJhMuonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf ukd,fhukd,fukd <um;0gí 4if;wkdY
\a[majymjcif;rsm;twGuf ½kdaoav;pm;rIESihfaiGaMu;ukd awmif;qkdcJh
Muonf/ olwkdYonf udk,fhukd,fukdvufjzihfvkyf&aom tvkyfrsm;ESihf
rnpfnLapvkdaomolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ olwkdYonf vlxkMum;okdY 0if
a&mufvmNyD; 4if;wkdY\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd vlxkuaxmufyHhay;MuzdkY
arQmfvifhxm;cJhMuonf/ olwkdYonf t0wfaumif; tpm;aumif;rsm;
qifjref;MuNyD; vlwkdYuolwkdYukdtxifBuD;Muonf/ &SifaygvkrSm þyk*¾dKvf
rsm;uJhokdY r[kwfcJhyg/ olonfvltkyfxJü tvG,fwulowdjyKEkdifonfh
ykHpHrsKd;jzihf xía[majymcJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ olonftjcm;olrsm;wrQ
tvkyfukdBudK;BudK;pm;pm;vkyfaom ½kd;om;onfhomrefvlwpfa,mufjzpf
cJhonf/ olonfrdrdoGm;a&muf&onfh ae&mwkdif;ützkd;tcr,lbJ w&m;
ukda[majymEkdifzkdY rdrd\vufjzihfukd,fwkdiftvkyfvkyfí rdrd\trIawmf
vkyfief;ukdaxmufyHhcJhonf/ olonf rdrda[majymaom w&m;a'oem
aMumihf qif;&J'ku©awGUcJh&NyD;? tNrJvkdvkdjiif;y,fcH&í? xkd;Budwf½kdufESuf
cH&um toufukdyif Ncdrf;ajcmufcHcJh&onf/ þtcsif;t&maMumihf olYukd
ol½l;[k rSwf,lokH;oyfcJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 0dnmOfa&;&mü rdrd\
vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd oufaoxlaomenf;vrf;wpfcktjzpfESihf þ'ku©
a0'emrsm;tm;vkH;tm;&Sif;jyonfh þrkdufrJaomvkyf&yfukd rdrdtm;vkyf
aqmifapaomolrsm;rSm 4if;wkdYyifjzpfaMumif; rnfokdYajymjycJhonfukd
owdjyKyg/ &Sifaygvk\,kHMunf&avmufaom t&nftcsif;taxmuf
txm;rsm;xJrStaumif;qkH;rSm olomoemjyKcJhaom aum&dE
oKtoif;
om; rsm; \ toufwmajymif;vJjcif;rsm;jzpfonf/ ajrmufjrm;pGmaom
vlwkdYrSm u,fwifjcif;ukd&&SdcJhMuNyD; toif;awmfwpfyg;ukdvnf;
&yfwnfEkdifcJhonf/ þaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u EIwfqdwfaecJhMuaom
aMumifh&Sifaygvkukdukd,fwkdif &Sif;jyap&onfh tajctaeodkYa&muf&SdvmcJh
&jcif;jzpfonf/ trSefwGif 4if;wdkYukd,fwkdifu &SifaygvktwGuf&yfwnfí
ajymqkd&Sif;jyay;cJhoihfygonf (i,f 11)/ olonftjcm;olrsm;xuf xl;uJ
aomaMumihf wrefawmft½kduft&mukd &&SdcJhjcif;r[kwf? aus;Zl;awmf
oufoufaMumifhom&&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ olonftvGefuGJjym;aomenf;
vrf;jzihf trIawmfukdaqmifcJhaomfvnf; aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd rdpämq&mrsm;
xufrnfodkYrQ edrfhusaomolr[kwfcJhyg/ ppfrSefaomwref awmfwpfyg;\
trSwfvu©Pmrsm;tm;vkH;ukd &Sifaygvk\toufwmwGif txift&Sm;
awGUjrif&ygonf (i,f 12)/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ppfrSefaomwref
awmfwpfyg;\ trSwfvu©Pmrsm;rSm edrdwfvu©Pm? tHhzG,faomtrI?
xl;qef;aomwefckd;rsm;jzpfonf[k ajymcJhonf/ þtrSwfvu©Pmrsm;ukd
wrefawmfrsm;uom oufaojyMuonf[krqkdvkdyg/ wrefawmfr[kwf
aomfvnf; þpGrf;&nfqkaus;Zl;rsm;ukd &&Sdxm;onfhtjcm;olrsm;vnf;
&SdaMumif;ukd awGU&ygonf/ (oawzef - wrefawmf 6;8? zdvdyÜK-wref
awmf 8;13)/
ocifa,½Iu a,m[ef 10;38 wGif rdrdjyKvkyfaomedrdwfvu©
oifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkd
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif266 267
aMumihf olonfrsm;pGmaom 'ku©a0'emESihf qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;ukd cHpm;cJh&
onf/ okdYaomf olt½IH;ray;cJhyg/ þvkyf&yfonf avmuDom;rsm;\
tjrifü tvGefrkdufrJaom vkyf&yfjzpfcJhonf/
aum&dE
oKNrdKUwGif vlwpfcsKdUuolwkdYukd,folwkdY wrefawmfrsm;
tjzpfajymqkdcJhMuonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf ukd,fhukd,fukd <um;0gí 4if;wkdY
\a[majymjcif;rsm;twGuf ½kdaoav;pm;rIESihfaiGaMu;ukd awmif;qkdcJh
Muonf/ olwkdYonf udk,fhukd,fukdvufjzihfvkyf&aom tvkyfrsm;ESihf
rnpfnLapvkdaomolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ olwkdYonf vlxkMum;okdY 0if
a&mufvmNyD; 4if;wkdY\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd vlxkuaxmufyHhay;MuzdkY
arQmfvifhxm;cJhMuonf/ olwkdYonf t0wfaumif; tpm;aumif;rsm;
qifjref;MuNyD; vlwkdYuolwkdYukdtxifBuD;Muonf/ &SifaygvkrSm þyk*¾dKvf
rsm;uJhokdY r[kwfcJhyg/ olonfvltkyfxJü tvG,fwulowdjyKEkdifonfh
ykHpHrsKd;jzihf xía[majymcJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ olonftjcm;olrsm;wrQ
tvkyfukdBudK;BudK;pm;pm;vkyfaom ½kd;om;onfhomrefvlwpfa,mufjzpf
cJhonf/ olonfrdrdoGm;a&muf&onfh ae&mwkdif;ützkd;tcr,lbJ w&m;
ukda[majymEkdifzkdY rdrd\vufjzihfukd,fwkdiftvkyfvkyfí rdrd\trIawmf
vkyfief;ukdaxmufyHhcJhonf/ olonf rdrda[majymaom w&m;a'oem
aMumihf qif;&J'ku©awGUcJh&NyD;? tNrJvkdvkdjiif;y,fcH&í? xkd;Budwf½kdufESuf
cH&um toufukdyif Ncdrf;ajcmufcHcJh&onf/ þtcsif;t&maMumihf olYukd
ol½l;[k rSwf,lokH;oyfcJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 0dnmOfa&;&mü rdrd\
vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd oufaoxlaomenf;vrf;wpfcktjzpfESihf þ'ku©
a0'emrsm;tm;vkH;tm;&Sif;jyonfh þrkdufrJaomvkyf&yfukd rdrdtm;vkyf
aqmifapaomolrsm;rSm 4if;wkdYyifjzpfaMumif; rnfokdYajymjycJhonfukd
owdjyKyg/ &Sifaygvk\,kHMunf&avmufaom t&nftcsif;taxmuf
txm;rsm;xJrStaumif;qkH;rSm olomoemjyKcJhaom aum&dE
oKtoif;
om; rsm; \ toufwmajymif;vJjcif;rsm;jzpfonf/ ajrmufjrm;pGmaom
vlwkdYrSm u,fwifjcif;ukd&&SdcJhMuNyD; toif;awmfwpfyg;ukdvnf;
&yfwnfEkdifcJhonf/ þaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u EIwfqdwfaecJhMuaom
aMumifh&Sifaygvkukdukd,fwkdif &Sif;jyap&onfh tajctaeodkYa&muf&SdvmcJh
&jcif;jzpfonf/ trSefwGif 4if;wdkYukd,fwkdifu &SifaygvktwGuf&yfwnfí
ajymqkd&Sif;jyay;cJhoihfygonf (i,f 11)/ olonftjcm;olrsm;xuf xl;uJ
aomaMumihf wrefawmft½kduft&mukd &&SdcJhjcif;r[kwf? aus;Zl;awmf
oufoufaMumifhom&&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ olonftvGefuGJjym;aomenf;
vrf;jzihf trIawmfukdaqmifcJhaomfvnf; aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd rdpämq&mrsm;
xufrnfodkYrQ edrfhusaomolr[kwfcJhyg/ ppfrSefaomwref awmfwpfyg;\
trSwfvu©Pmrsm;tm;vkH;ukd &Sifaygvk\toufwmwGif txift&Sm;
awGUjrif&ygonf (i,f 12)/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; ppfrSefaomwref
awmfwpfyg;\ trSwfvu©Pmrsm;rSm edrdwfvu©Pm? tHhzG,faomtrI?
xl;qef;aomwefckd;rsm;jzpfonf[k ajymcJhonf/ þtrSwfvu©Pmrsm;ukd
wrefawmfrsm;uom oufaojyMuonf[krqkdvkdyg/ wrefawmfr[kwf
aomfvnf; þpGrf;&nfqkaus;Zl;rsm;ukd &&Sdxm;onfhtjcm;olrsm;vnf;
&SdaMumif;ukd awGU&ygonf/ (oawzef - wrefawmf 6;8? zdvdyÜK-wref
awmf 8;13)/
ocifa,½Iu a,m[ef 10;38 wGif rdrdjyKvkyfaomedrdwfvu©
oifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkd
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif268
Pmrsm;aemufuG,fwGif oem;jcif;*½kPmESihfjynfhaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
&Sd½kHomr[kwf? edrdwfvu©Pmrsm;tm;jzihf rdrdonfbk&m;ocifxHrS
vmaomoljzpfaMumif;ukd oufaoxl&eftwGuf &nf&G,fcJhaMumif;
uREkfyfwkdYukdajymjyxm;onf/
jyKvQifighukd r,kHaomfvnf; xkdtrIwkdYukd,kHMuavmh/ xkdokdY,kHvQif
crnf;awmfonf igü&Sdawmfrlonfukd4if;? igonfcrnf;awmfü
&Sdonfukd4if;? ,kHMunfí odrSwfMuvdrfhrnf/
wrefawmfwkdYrSmvnf; xkdtwkdif;yifjzpfonf/ þwrefawmfrsm;
onftHhzG,fedrdwfvu©Pmrsm;ukd jyKvkyfEkdifpGrf;aomenf;vrf;jzihf bk&m;
ocif\bdodPfavmif;cGJcefYjcif;ukd cHxm;Muonf/ xkdokdYjyKvkyf&jcif;rSm
vlwkdYuwrefawmfrsm;\ ajymqkdcsufrsm;ukd ,kHMunfMuzkdYjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonf4if;wkdY\tv,fwGif
rdpämwrefawmfrsm;uJhokdY r0wfqifcJhaomfvnf;? rdrdonfppfrSefaom
wrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfaMumif; today;cJhonf/ olYtm;jzihfbk&m;ocif
jyKvkyfcJhonfh xl;qef;aomwefckd;rsm;ESihf tHhzG,faomtrIrsm;onf
&Sifaygvkk\ ppfrSefaom0dnmOfa&;&mvkyfykdifcGihf tmPmudkjyoaom
bk&m;ocifxHrSvmonfh vu©Pmrsm;jzpfMuonf/
aum&dE
oKNrdKUü&SdpOfwGif &SifaygvkonftBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmf
rsm;jyKouJhokdYr[kwfbJ? aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;twGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;
zkdY a&G;cs,fcJhonf (i,f 13)/ olwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd; rjzpfcJhjcif;
twGuf olYukdcGihfvGwfay;MuzkdY ajymqkdcJh&mwGif &Sifaygvku axhaighí
ajymcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ tajctaetrSefukdqkd&vQif aum&dE
oK toif;awmf
ü txufpD;qefí r&raeawmif;wwfaomolrsm;ukdrS ½kdaoav;pm;
oa,mif xif&aom olrsm;&SdcJhonf/ þrdpämq&mrsm;onf vlxkxHrS
awmif;avav ykdírsm;rsm;&avavyifjzpfonf/ &SifaygvkrSm rdrd
trIawmfaqmifaeaomolrsm;xHrS aiGaMu;ukdrawmif;cHaomaMumihf
4if;wkdYu &SifaygvkukdaiGaMu;tajrmuftjrm;awmif;aomolrsm;ukd
av;pm;ouJhokdY rav;pm;cJhMuyg/ &SifaygvkrnfonfhtrSm;ukdrQ rjyKvkyf
cJhyg/ olonf ukd,fhukd,fukdaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHü tcrJhay;tyf
cJhaomfvnf; þapwemw&m;onf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ a0zefrI
ukdom &,lay;EkdifcJhonf/ tvum;&aomt&mrsm;ukd vlwkdYutNrJvkdvkd
wefzkd;rxm;Muyg/
tcef;i,f 14 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
rdrdonf 4if;wkdYxHodkY wwd,tBudrfvma&mufvnfywf&ef toifhjzpfae
aMumif;ukd ajymjycJhonf/ þwpfBudrfwGifvnf; olonfrnfonfh
tajymif;tvJukdrQ jyKvkyfcJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ olonf aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;ukdom pdwf0ifpm;NyD;? 4if;wkdkY\ypönf;Opömrsm;ü pdwfr0ifpm;
aomaMumifh 4if;wkdYxHrS aiGaMu;awmif;cHcJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ &Sifaygvk\
pdwfqE´rSm olwkdYukday;&efjzpfonf/ olwkdYxHrS&,l&efr[kwfcJhyg/ &Sifaygvk
uudk,fhukd,fukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ 0dnmOfa&;zciftjzpf ½Ijrif
cJhNyD;? zcifwpfa,muftaejzihf &Sifaygvk\wm0ef0wå&m;rSm rdrd\
om;orD;rsm;ukd ay;urf;axmufyHh&efjzpfonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
ukdzcifuJhokdYcspfaompdwfaMumihf rdrday;EkdiforQaomt&mukday;&efrSm
&Sifaygvk\ BuD;rm;aomMunfEl;0rf;ajrmufjcif;jzpfonf/ olonf
oifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkd 269
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif268
Pmrsm;aemufuG,fwGif oem;jcif;*½kPmESihfjynfhaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
&Sd½kHomr[kwf? edrdwfvu©Pmrsm;tm;jzihf rdrdonfbk&m;ocifxHrS
vmaomoljzpfaMumif;ukd oufaoxl&eftwGuf &nf&G,fcJhaMumif;
uREkfyfwkdYukdajymjyxm;onf/
jyKvQifighukd r,kHaomfvnf; xkdtrIwkdYukd,kHMuavmh/ xkdokdY,kHvQif
crnf;awmfonf igü&Sdawmfrlonfukd4if;? igonfcrnf;awmfü
&Sdonfukd4if;? ,kHMunfí odrSwfMuvdrfhrnf/
wrefawmfwkdYrSmvnf; xkdtwkdif;yifjzpfonf/ þwrefawmfrsm;
onftHhzG,fedrdwfvu©Pmrsm;ukd jyKvkyfEkdifpGrf;aomenf;vrf;jzihf bk&m;
ocif\bdodPfavmif;cGJcefYjcif;ukd cHxm;Muonf/ xkdokdYjyKvkyf&jcif;rSm
vlwkdYuwrefawmfrsm;\ ajymqkdcsufrsm;ukd ,kHMunfMuzkdYjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdonf4if;wkdY\tv,fwGif
rdpämwrefawmfrsm;uJhokdY r0wfqifcJhaomfvnf;? rdrdonfppfrSefaom
wrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfaMumif; today;cJhonf/ olYtm;jzihfbk&m;ocif
jyKvkyfcJhonfh xl;qef;aomwefckd;rsm;ESihf tHhzG,faomtrIrsm;onf
&Sifaygvkk\ ppfrSefaom0dnmOfa&;&mvkyfykdifcGihf tmPmudkjyoaom
bk&m;ocifxHrSvmonfh vu©Pmrsm;jzpfMuonf/
aum&dE
oKNrdKUü&SdpOfwGif &SifaygvkonftBuD;qkH;aomwrefawmf
rsm;jyKouJhokdYr[kwfbJ? aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;twGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;
zkdY a&G;cs,fcJhonf (i,f 13)/ olwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd; rjzpfcJhjcif;
twGuf olYukdcGihfvGwfay;MuzkdY ajymqkdcJh&mwGif &Sifaygvku axhaighí
ajymcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ tajctaetrSefukdqkd&vQif aum&dE
oK toif;awmf
ü txufpD;qefí r&raeawmif;wwfaomolrsm;ukdrS ½kdaoav;pm;
oa,mif xif&aom olrsm;&SdcJhonf/ þrdpämq&mrsm;onf vlxkxHrS
awmif;avav ykdírsm;rsm;&avavyifjzpfonf/ &SifaygvkrSm rdrd
trIawmfaqmifaeaomolrsm;xHrS aiGaMu;ukdrawmif;cHaomaMumihf
4if;wkdYu &SifaygvkukdaiGaMu;tajrmuftjrm;awmif;aomolrsm;ukd
av;pm;ouJhokdY rav;pm;cJhMuyg/ &SifaygvkrnfonfhtrSm;ukdrQ rjyKvkyf
cJhyg/ olonf ukd,fhukd,fukdaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHü tcrJhay;tyf
cJhaomfvnf; þapwemw&m;onf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ a0zefrI
ukdom &,lay;EkdifcJhonf/ tvum;&aomt&mrsm;ukd vlwkdYutNrJvkdvkd
wefzkd;rxm;Muyg/
tcef;i,f 14 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
rdrdonf 4if;wkdYxHodkY wwd,tBudrfvma&mufvnfywf&ef toifhjzpfae
aMumif;ukd ajymjycJhonf/ þwpfBudrfwGifvnf; olonfrnfonfh
tajymif;tvJukdrQ jyKvkyfcJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ olonf aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;ukdom pdwf0ifpm;NyD;? 4if;wkdkY\ypönf;Opömrsm;ü pdwfr0ifpm;
aomaMumifh 4if;wkdYxHrS aiGaMu;awmif;cHcJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ &Sifaygvk\
pdwfqE´rSm olwkdYukday;&efjzpfonf/ olwkdYxHrS&,l&efr[kwfcJhyg/ &Sifaygvk
uudk,fhukd,fukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ 0dnmOfa&;zciftjzpf ½Ijrif
cJhNyD;? zcifwpfa,muftaejzihf &Sifaygvk\wm0ef0wå&m;rSm rdrd\
om;orD;rsm;ukd ay;urf;axmufyHh&efjzpfonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
ukdzcifuJhokdYcspfaompdwfaMumihf rdrday;EkdiforQaomt&mukday;&efrSm
&Sifaygvk\ BuD;rm;aomMunfEl;0rf;ajrmufjcif;jzpfonf/ olonf
oifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkd 269
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif270 271
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd rdrd\om;orD;t&if;rsm;yrm cspfjrwfEkd;í
*½kpkdufcJhygvdrfhrnf/ þtwGufaMumihf olonfrdrdü&SdorQukd olwkdYtwGuf
0rf;yef;womtokH;jyKcJhygvdrfhrnf/
&Sifaygvk\pdwf&if;udk ar;cGef;xkwfp&mr&SdcJhyg/ toif;awmf
wpfyg; (okdY) ae&ma'owpfckrS rdrdwkdY&&SdrnfhtusKd;tjrwfay:ü tajc
cHí xkdtoif;awmf (okdY) ae&ma'ookdY oGm;a&mufítrIawmfaqmif
oihf^raqmifoifhukd qkH;jzwfxm;aomolrsm;tm; uREkfyfBuHKzl;onf/
tzkd;tcr,lbJ trIawmfaqmif&efwGef;ykdYcJhonfht&mrSm &Sifaygvk\
cspfjcif;arwåmjzpfonf/ þuJhokdYaomtoufwmonf avmuDom;rsm;
u em;rvnfEkdifaomtoufwmjzpfonf (i,f 15)/
tcef;i,f 16wGif &Sifaygvku rdrd\owdpdwfüay:vmaom
jyóemwpfckudkajz&Sif;xm;onf/ &Sifaygvkukd r,kHMunfaomolrsm;
&SdcJhMuonf/ xkdolwkdYu &Sifaygvkonf 4if;wkdYukdvSnfhpm;aecJhNyD;? 4if;wkdY
xHrS aiGaMu;ukd&&SdzkdY rvSdrfhwywfvkyfaeonf[k ajymqkdaecJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvkonf rnfolYxHürQ tcGihfaumif;ukdr,lbJ trIawmfaqmifcJh
ygonf/ olonf wpfpkHwpfckukd tjyeftvSeftm;jzihf jyefvnf&&SdzkdY &SmBuH
aejcif;r&SdbJ trIawmfukdxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/
vlwkdYtaejzihf þt&mukdem;vnfoabmaygufzkdY tvGefcufcJ
cJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrdtzkdYwpfpkHwpfckukd twkdif;twmwpfcktxd
&SmBuHaevdrfhrnf[k olwkdY,kHMunfcJhMuonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufu tb,f
aMumifh þrQapwem&Sdae&oenf;/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufu tb,fhaMumihf
þenf;vrf;jzihf wpkdufrwfrwftrIawmfaqmifae&ygoenf;/ a,½k
&SvifNrdKU&Sd oefY&Sif;olrsm;twGuf wdwk\tvSLaiGaumufcHjcif;onf
&SifaygvktwGufaiGaMu;&&SdzkdY r½kd;om;aomtpDtrHwpfckjzpfonf[k
tcsKdUuxifrSwfaezkdYrSm oHo,jzpfp&mr&Sdyg/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ pdwfxJü&Sdaeaom þar;cGef;rsm;ukd
od&Sdaejcif;ESihftwl &Sifaygvku4if;\trIawmfvkyfief;ESihf 4if;\
vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;\ trIawmfvkyfief;ukd ppfaq;MuzkdY aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;ukd zdwfac:cJhonf/ tcef;i,f 17wGif &Sifaygvku rdrd\vkyf
azmfaqmifzufwpfa,mufa,muftm;jzihf 4if;wkdYtay:ütcGihfaumif;
,lcJhjcif;&Sd? r&Sdukd ppfaq;MuzdkY aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd ar;cJhonf/
&Sifaygvkuwdwkukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHokdY apvTwfcJhNyD;? wdwkukd
trnfraz:xm;aom nDtpfukdwpfa,mufu taz:jyKay;cJhonf (i,f
18)/ þnDtpfukdonf &SifaygvkESihfomoduRrf;onfr[kwf? aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;ESihfyg oduRrf;oljzpfonf[laomtcsufrSwpfyg; þnD
tpfudktaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYrod&yg/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; wdwk4if;wdkYESihftwl
&SdcJhaomtcsdefukd jyefvnftrSwf&zkdYukdvn;faumif;? wdwk\enf;vrf;
rsm;ukd jyefvnfqef;ppfzkdYukdvnf;aumif; ajymcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku rdrdESihf
wdwkwkdYonf pdwfoabmcsif;wlMuaMumif;ukd odaecJhonf/ aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;\ 0dnmOfa&;&m&ifhusufjcif;twGuf xm;&Sdaomrdrd\
pdwfqE´onf wdwk\pdwfqE´ESihfwpfom;wnf;jzpfaMumif;ukd &Sifaygvk
odaecJhonf/ wdwkonfvnf; aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tay:ü tcGihf
aumif;,lcJhvdrfhr[kwfyg/ olonf&SifaygvkuJhokdYyif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
oifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkd
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif270 271
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd rdrd\om;orD;t&if;rsm;yrm cspfjrwfEkd;í
*½kpkdufcJhygvdrfhrnf/ þtwGufaMumihf olonfrdrdü&SdorQukd olwkdYtwGuf
0rf;yef;womtokH;jyKcJhygvdrfhrnf/
&Sifaygvk\pdwf&if;udk ar;cGef;xkwfp&mr&SdcJhyg/ toif;awmf
wpfyg; (okdY) ae&ma'owpfckrS rdrdwkdY&&SdrnfhtusKd;tjrwfay:ü tajc
cHí xkdtoif;awmf (okdY) ae&ma'ookdY oGm;a&mufítrIawmfaqmif
oihf^raqmifoifhukd qkH;jzwfxm;aomolrsm;tm; uREkfyfBuHKzl;onf/
tzkd;tcr,lbJ trIawmfaqmif&efwGef;ykdYcJhonfht&mrSm &Sifaygvk\
cspfjcif;arwåmjzpfonf/ þuJhokdYaomtoufwmonf avmuDom;rsm;
u em;rvnfEkdifaomtoufwmjzpfonf (i,f 15)/
tcef;i,f 16wGif &Sifaygvku rdrd\owdpdwfüay:vmaom
jyóemwpfckudkajz&Sif;xm;onf/ &Sifaygvkukd r,kHMunfaomolrsm;
&SdcJhMuonf/ xkdolwkdYu &Sifaygvkonf 4if;wkdYukdvSnfhpm;aecJhNyD;? 4if;wkdY
xHrS aiGaMu;ukd&&SdzkdY rvSdrfhwywfvkyfaeonf[k ajymqkdaecJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvkonf rnfolYxHürQ tcGihfaumif;ukdr,lbJ trIawmfaqmifcJh
ygonf/ olonf wpfpkHwpfckukd tjyeftvSeftm;jzihf jyefvnf&&SdzkdY &SmBuH
aejcif;r&SdbJ trIawmfukdxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/
vlwkdYtaejzihf þt&mukdem;vnfoabmaygufzkdY tvGefcufcJ
cJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrdtzkdYwpfpkHwpfckukd twkdif;twmwpfcktxd
&SmBuHaevdrfhrnf[k olwkdY,kHMunfcJhMuonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufu tb,f
aMumifh þrQapwem&Sdae&oenf;/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufu tb,fhaMumihf
þenf;vrf;jzihf wpkdufrwfrwftrIawmfaqmifae&ygoenf;/ a,½k
&SvifNrdKU&Sd oefY&Sif;olrsm;twGuf wdwk\tvSLaiGaumufcHjcif;onf
&SifaygvktwGufaiGaMu;&&SdzkdY r½kd;om;aomtpDtrHwpfckjzpfonf[k
tcsKdUuxifrSwfaezkdYrSm oHo,jzpfp&mr&Sdyg/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;\ pdwfxJü&Sdaeaom þar;cGef;rsm;ukd
od&Sdaejcif;ESihftwl &Sifaygvku4if;\trIawmfvkyfief;ESihf 4if;\
vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;\ trIawmfvkyfief;ukd ppfaq;MuzkdY aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;ukd zdwfac:cJhonf/ tcef;i,f 17wGif &Sifaygvku rdrd\vkyf
azmfaqmifzufwpfa,mufa,muftm;jzihf 4if;wkdYtay:ütcGihfaumif;
,lcJhjcif;&Sd? r&Sdukd ppfaq;MuzdkY aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd ar;cJhonf/
&Sifaygvkuwdwkukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHokdY apvTwfcJhNyD;? wdwkukd
trnfraz:xm;aom nDtpfukdwpfa,mufu taz:jyKay;cJhonf (i,f
18)/ þnDtpfukdonf &SifaygvkESihfomoduRrf;onfr[kwf? aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;ESihfyg oduRrf;oljzpfonf[laomtcsufrSwpfyg; þnD
tpfudktaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYrod&yg/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; wdwk4if;wdkYESihftwl
&SdcJhaomtcsdefukd jyefvnftrSwf&zkdYukdvn;faumif;? wdwk\enf;vrf;
rsm;ukd jyefvnfqef;ppfzkdYukdvnf;aumif; ajymcJhonf/ &Sifaygvku rdrdESihf
wdwkwkdYonf pdwfoabmcsif;wlMuaMumif;ukd odaecJhonf/ aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;\ 0dnmOfa&;&m&ifhusufjcif;twGuf xm;&Sdaomrdrd\
pdwfqE´onf wdwk\pdwfqE´ESihfwpfom;wnf;jzpfaMumif;ukd &Sifaygvk
odaecJhonf/ wdwkonfvnf; aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tay:ü tcGihf
aumif;,lcJhvdrfhr[kwfyg/ olonf&SifaygvkuJhokdYyif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
oifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkd
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif272 273
rsm;xHü odu©morm"d&Sd&Sdjzihf trIawmfaqmifcJhygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvk
jzpfap? &Sifaygvk\vkyfazmfaqmifzufrsm;jzpfap aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;ukd vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;zkdY (okdY) rw&m;tokH;cszkdY rBudK;pm;cJhMuyg/
þonfrSm aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd rdpämwrefawmfESihf ododomomuGJjym;aom
tcsufjzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 19 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdYxHü rdrdajymcJhaomt&mrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\a&SUawmfü [kwf
rSefaomt&mjzpfaMumif; tmrcHcJhonf/ olonfolYukdpGyfpGJajymqkdae
aomolrsm;xHü &Sif;vif;csufay;&efwm0efr&SdcJh? bk&m;ociftay:ü
om t<uif;rJhwm0ef&SdcJhonf/ rdrd\wrefawmftcGihftmPmESihf pyfvsOf;
í4if;wkdYxHüajymjycJhaom t&mrsm;twGuf r&SufcJhyg (10;1? 12;8)/
rdrd\trIawmfvkyfief;ukd ½kd;om;aompdwfjzihf qef;ppfaomolwkdYu
rdrdonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd olawmfaumif;[efaqmifjcif;r&SdbJ
tvkyftauR;jyKcJhaMumif;ukd awGUjrifMuvdrfhrnf[laom pdwfcsrIwpfck
&Sifaygvkü&SdaecJhygonf/
þae&mü &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYtm; tvGeftpGrf;xufaom
ykHOyrmwpfckukd ay;xm;onfr[kwfygvm;/ uREkfyfwkdYajymqkdaomt&m
rsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYrnfrQ&Sufrdygoenf;/ uREkfyfwkdYonf oefY&Sif;aombk&m;
ocif\a&SUawmfü&yfí uREkfyfwkdY\pum;vkH;rsm;ESihf pdwf&if;pdwfxm;
rsm;ukd qef;ppfcGihfukday;&Jygovm;/ uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\a&SU
awmfü&yfí uREkfyfwdkYtrIawmfaqmif&jcif;\ oabmxm;ESihf &nf&G,f
csufwkdYukd qef;ppfcGihfjyK&Jygovm;/ uREkfyfwkdYtrIawmfaqmifykHü uREkfyfwkdY
opöm&SdcJhMuygovm;/ vkyfaqmifcJhorQaomt&mtm;vkH;onf ocif
c&pfawmf\ ukd,fcE¨mawmftm; tm;opfavmif;ay;zkdY [kwfcJhygovm;/
tcef;i,f 20 wGif&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdYxHokdYvma&mufvnfywfaomtcg bk&m;ocifonf rdrdukdESdrfhcs
awmfrlrnfukd pkd;&drfaMumif;ajymcJhonf/ þESdrfhcsjcif;qkdonfrSm aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;ukd 4if;wkdY\tjypf'kp½kdufü qufvufí&SifoefaeMu
onfukd jrif&onfhykHpHrsKd;ü jzpfcJhygvdrfhrnf/ olwkdYukdoGefoifqkH;ray;
aeonfhMum;rSmyif olwkdYonfA½kef;okef;um;tajctaeESihf pm&dwå
azmufjyefjcif;ü qufvufí&SdaeMurnfukd &Sifaygvkpkd;&drfcJhonf/ olwkdY
onf&efawGUjcif;? *kPfNydKifjcif;? trsufxGufjcif;? jiif;ckefjcif;? olYto
a&ukd½Iwfcsjcif;? acsmpm;jcif;? rmeaxmifvTm;jcif;? tcsif;csif;trIvkyf
jcif;wkdYü qufvufí&SdaeMurnfukd pkd;&drfcJhonf/ 4if;wkdY\tv,fü
&Sdaom udavomvGefusL;jcif;tjypfrsm;ukd 0efcHjcif;rjyK? z,f&Sm;jcif;
rjyKjcif;jzihf rdrdtm;0rf;enf;aMuuGJapMurnfukd &Sifaygvkpkd;&drfcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku þtjypf'kp½kdufrsm;ukd aum&dE
oKMo0g'pmyxrapmifwGif
vdyfrlcJhNyD;jzpfonf (1aum 5;1-13? 16;13-17 ukdMunfhyg)/ olwkdYonf
ocifbk&m;ü BuD;xGm;&ihfusufMuonfhtwkdif; r&ifhusufcJhMurnfukd
&Sifaygvktxl;pkd;&drfcJhonf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u &Sifaygvkukd remcHcJhvQif xkdtcsif;
t&monf &SifaygvkrBudK;pm;cJhaomaMumihf jzpfcJhrnfr[kwfyg/ wpfcg
wpf&HwGif uREkfyfwkdYtaumif;qkH;BudK;pm;xm;cJhaomt&mrsm;onf t&m
xifcsifrSxifygvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfwkdY\pdwf&if;pdwfxm;rSm rnfokdYyif
jzLpifí oefY&Sif;cJhonfjzpfap uREkfyfwkdY\trIawmfukd vlwkdif;u vufcH
ay;Murnfr[kwfyg/ wrefawmfBuD;onf ukd,fhukd,fukd ocifbk&m;\
oifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkd
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif272 273
rsm;xHü odu©morm"d&Sd&Sdjzihf trIawmfaqmifcJhygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvk
jzpfap? &Sifaygvk\vkyfazmfaqmifzufrsm;jzpfap aum&dE
oKtoif;om;
rsm;ukd vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;zkdY (okdY) rw&m;tokH;cszkdY rBudK;pm;cJhMuyg/
þonfrSm aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sd rdpämwrefawmfESihf ododomomuGJjym;aom
tcsufjzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 19 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdYxHü rdrdajymcJhaomt&mrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\a&SUawmfü [kwf
rSefaomt&mjzpfaMumif; tmrcHcJhonf/ olonfolYukdpGyfpGJajymqkdae
aomolrsm;xHü &Sif;vif;csufay;&efwm0efr&SdcJh? bk&m;ociftay:ü
om t<uif;rJhwm0ef&SdcJhonf/ rdrd\wrefawmftcGihftmPmESihf pyfvsOf;
í4if;wkdYxHüajymjycJhaom t&mrsm;twGuf r&SufcJhyg (10;1? 12;8)/
rdrd\trIawmfvkyfief;ukd ½kd;om;aompdwfjzihf qef;ppfaomolwkdYu
rdrdonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd olawmfaumif;[efaqmifjcif;r&SdbJ
tvkyftauR;jyKcJhaMumif;ukd awGUjrifMuvdrfhrnf[laom pdwfcsrIwpfck
&Sifaygvkü&SdaecJhygonf/
þae&mü &Sifaygvku uREkfyfwkdYtm; tvGeftpGrf;xufaom
ykHOyrmwpfckukd ay;xm;onfr[kwfygvm;/ uREkfyfwkdYajymqkdaomt&m
rsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdYrnfrQ&Sufrdygoenf;/ uREkfyfwkdYonf oefY&Sif;aombk&m;
ocif\a&SUawmfü&yfí uREkfyfwkdY\pum;vkH;rsm;ESihf pdwf&if;pdwfxm;
rsm;ukd qef;ppfcGihfukday;&Jygovm;/ uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocif\a&SU
awmfü&yfí uREkfyfwdkYtrIawmfaqmif&jcif;\ oabmxm;ESihf &nf&G,f
csufwkdYukd qef;ppfcGihfjyK&Jygovm;/ uREkfyfwkdYtrIawmfaqmifykHü uREkfyfwkdY
opöm&SdcJhMuygovm;/ vkyfaqmifcJhorQaomt&mtm;vkH;onf ocif
c&pfawmf\ ukd,fcE¨mawmftm; tm;opfavmif;ay;zkdY [kwfcJhygovm;/
tcef;i,f 20 wGif&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdYxHokdYvma&mufvnfywfaomtcg bk&m;ocifonf rdrdukdESdrfhcs
awmfrlrnfukd pkd;&drfaMumif;ajymcJhonf/ þESdrfhcsjcif;qkdonfrSm aum&dE
oK
toif;om;rsm;ukd 4if;wkdY\tjypf'kp½kdufü qufvufí&SifoefaeMu
onfukd jrif&onfhykHpHrsKd;ü jzpfcJhygvdrfhrnf/ olwkdYukdoGefoifqkH;ray;
aeonfhMum;rSmyif olwkdYonfA½kef;okef;um;tajctaeESihf pm&dwå
azmufjyefjcif;ü qufvufí&SdaeMurnfukd &Sifaygvkpkd;&drfcJhonf/ olwkdY
onf&efawGUjcif;? *kPfNydKifjcif;? trsufxGufjcif;? jiif;ckefjcif;? olYto
a&ukd½Iwfcsjcif;? acsmpm;jcif;? rmeaxmifvTm;jcif;? tcsif;csif;trIvkyf
jcif;wkdYü qufvufí&SdaeMurnfukd pkd;&drfcJhonf/ 4if;wkdY\tv,fü
&Sdaom udavomvGefusL;jcif;tjypfrsm;ukd 0efcHjcif;rjyK? z,f&Sm;jcif;
rjyKjcif;jzihf rdrdtm;0rf;enf;aMuuGJapMurnfukd &Sifaygvkpkd;&drfcJhonf/
&Sifaygvku þtjypf'kp½kdufrsm;ukd aum&dE
oKMo0g'pmyxrapmifwGif
vdyfrlcJhNyD;jzpfonf (1aum 5;1-13? 16;13-17 ukdMunfhyg)/ olwkdYonf
ocifbk&m;ü BuD;xGm;&ihfusufMuonfhtwkdif; r&ifhusufcJhMurnfukd
&Sifaygvktxl;pkd;&drfcJhonf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u &Sifaygvkukd remcHcJhvQif xkdtcsif;
t&monf &SifaygvkrBudK;pm;cJhaomaMumihf jzpfcJhrnfr[kwfyg/ wpfcg
wpf&HwGif uREkfyfwkdYtaumif;qkH;BudK;pm;xm;cJhaomt&mrsm;onf t&m
xifcsifrSxifygvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfwkdY\pdwf&if;pdwfxm;rSm rnfokdYyif
jzLpifí oefY&Sif;cJhonfjzpfap uREkfyfwkdY\trIawmfukd vlwkdif;u vufcH
ay;Murnfr[kwfyg/ wrefawmfBuD;onf ukd,fhukd,fukd ocifbk&m;\
oifwkdYtwGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;rjzpfvkd
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
trIawmfjrwfü t<uif;rJhay;tyfcJhaomfvnf; vlwkdYurnfokdYwkefYjyef
Murnfukd tmrrcHEkdifcJhyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\w&m;a'oemukd Mum;&aom
vlwkdif;u rdrdwkdYtzkdY ukd,fykdifqkH;jzwfcsufukd csrSwfcJh&ygvdrfhrnf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
aum&dE
oKNrdKUü &SifaygvktrIawmfaqmifykHESihf rdpämwrefawmf
rsm;\ trIawmfaqmifykHwkdY uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrSm tb,fenf;/
twåpdwfukd tajccHaompdwf&if;pdwfxm;rsm;ESihf trIawmfjrwf
üoihfukdoif ½kef;uefaecJh&onfukd oifBuHKawGU&zl;ygovm;/
xkdt&mrsm;rSm rnfonfht&mrsm;jzpfMuoenf;/ &Sif;jyyg/
trIawmfjrwfü tajz&vm'fukd uREkfyfwkdYtmrcHEkdifMuygovm;/
uREkfyfwkdYü rSefuefaompdwf&if;oabmxm;rsm;&Sdaomfvnf;
tajz&vm'fukd rawGUjrif&onfhtajctaersKd;rSm jzpfEkdifyg
ovm;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
trIawmfjrwfü &Sdaeaomoihf&JUpdwf&if;pdwfxm;ukd qef;ppf
ay;zkdY ocifbk&m;ukd awmif;avQmufyg/
emrawmfjrwfukd *kPfrBuD;aponfh tajymtqkdrsm;rS oihfEIwf
crf;rsm;ukd wm;qD;umuG,fay;zkdY ocifbk&m;ukdawmif;avQmuf
yg/
trIawmfjrwfü &Sifaygvk\pdwf&if;oabmxm;rsKd;ukd oifhtm;
ay;oem; zdkYocifbk&m;xHü awmif;avQmufyg/
2323
2323
23
pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
2aum 13 ukdzwf½Iyg/
þaemufqkH;tcef;BuD;ukda&;om;&mü &SifaygvkwGift"du
&nf&G,fcsufBuD;ESpfck &SdcJhonf[k rSwf,l&onf/ yxr&nf&G,fcsufrSm
olonf 4if;wkdYxHokdYvma&mufvnfywfrnfjzpfaomaMumihf 4if;wkdY\
tjypfrsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;xm;MuzdkY aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd
today;&ef tvkd&SdcJhonf/ 'kwd,&nf&G,fcsufrSm aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;tm; ocifbk&m;ESihf 4if;wkdYtwlavQmufvSrf;&mwGif pkHvifjcif;
twGuf tywfwukwfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuzkdY cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;&ef
jzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 1 wGif &Sifaygvkuaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdYxHokdY wwd,tBudrfvma&mufvnfywf&efrSm rdrd\&nf&G,fcsuf
jzpfaMumif; today;jcif;jzihf tpjyKcJhonf/ olvma&mufvnfywfcsdef
wGifjyóemtm;vkH;ukd oufaocHESpfOD;? okH;OD;tm;jzihfwnf&rnfh
taMumif;oday;cJhonfukd þusrf;ykd'füowdjyKyg/ þt&mukd &Sifaygvk
ajymjycsdefwGif olonfw&m;a[m&musrf; 19;15ü rSwfwrf;wifxm;
aom bk&m;ocihfynwfawmf\ or®mw&m;ukdaz:jyaejcif;jzpfonf/
274
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif
trIawmfjrwfü t<uif;rJhay;tyfcJhaomfvnf; vlwkdYurnfokdYwkefYjyef
Murnfukd tmrrcHEkdifcJhyg/ uREkfyfwkdY\w&m;a'oemukd Mum;&aom
vlwkdif;u rdrdwkdYtzkdY ukd,fykdifqkH;jzwfcsufukd csrSwfcJh&ygvdrfhrnf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
aum&dE
oKNrdKUü &SifaygvktrIawmfaqmifykHESihf rdpämwrefawmf
rsm;\ trIawmfaqmifykHwkdY uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrSm tb,fenf;/
twåpdwfukd tajccHaompdwf&if;pdwfxm;rsm;ESihf trIawmfjrwf
üoihfukdoif ½kef;uefaecJh&onfukd oifBuHKawGU&zl;ygovm;/
xkdt&mrsm;rSm rnfonfht&mrsm;jzpfMuoenf;/ &Sif;jyyg/
trIawmfjrwfü tajz&vm'fukd uREkfyfwkdYtmrcHEkdifMuygovm;/
uREkfyfwkdYü rSefuefaompdwf&if;oabmxm;rsm;&Sdaomfvnf;
tajz&vm'fukd rawGUjrif&onfhtajctaersKd;rSm jzpfEkdifyg
ovm;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
trIawmfjrwfü &Sdaeaomoihf&JUpdwf&if;pdwfxm;ukd qef;ppf
ay;zkdY ocifbk&m;ukd awmif;avQmufyg/
emrawmfjrwfukd *kPfrBuD;aponfh tajymtqkdrsm;rS oihfEIwf
crf;rsm;ukd wm;qD;umuG,fay;zkdY ocifbk&m;ukdawmif;avQmuf
yg/
trIawmfjrwfü &Sifaygvk\pdwf&if;oabmxm;rsKd;ukd oifhtm;
ay;oem; zdkYocifbk&m;xHü awmif;avQmufyg/
2323
2323
23
pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
2aum 13 ukdzwf½Iyg/
þaemufqkH;tcef;BuD;ukda&;om;&mü &SifaygvkwGift"du
&nf&G,fcsufBuD;ESpfck &SdcJhonf[k rSwf,l&onf/ yxr&nf&G,fcsufrSm
olonf 4if;wkdYxHokdYvma&mufvnfywfrnfjzpfaomaMumihf 4if;wkdY\
tjypfrsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;xm;MuzdkY aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd
today;&ef tvkd&SdcJhonf/ 'kwd,&nf&G,fcsufrSm aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;tm; ocifbk&m;ESihf 4if;wkdYtwlavQmufvSrf;&mwGif pkHvifjcif;
twGuf tywfwukwfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuzkdY cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;&ef
jzpfonf/
tcef;i,f 1 wGif &Sifaygvkuaum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdYxHokdY wwd,tBudrfvma&mufvnfywf&efrSm rdrd\&nf&G,fcsuf
jzpfaMumif; today;jcif;jzihf tpjyKcJhonf/ olvma&mufvnfywfcsdef
wGifjyóemtm;vkH;ukd oufaocHESpfOD;? okH;OD;tm;jzihfwnf&rnfh
taMumif;oday;cJhonfukd þusrf;ykd'füowdjyKyg/ þt&mukd &Sifaygvk
ajymjycsdefwGif olonfw&m;a[m&musrf; 19;15ü rSwfwrf;wifxm;
aom bk&m;ocihfynwfawmf\ or®mw&m;ukdaz:jyaejcif;jzpfonf/
274
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif276 277
þtcsufukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; today;&mwGif&Sifaygvku
rdrdonf olwkdYukdw&m;pD&ifzdkY a&mufvmjcif;jzpfaMumif;ukd ajymjyaecJh
onf[kxifrSwf&onf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfürajz&Sif;&ao;onfh
jyóemrsm;pGm&SdaecJhNyD;? &Sifaygvku þt&mrsm;ukdjyifay;zkdY a&mufvm
rnfjzpfonf/ olonftrSefw&m;ukd &SmazGcJhygvdrfhrnf/ olonftoif;
awmfxJü jyKvkyfcJhMuonfhtrSm;rsm;twGuf oufaorsm;ukd &SmBuHí
ocifbk&m;u jy|mef;xm;onfhtwkdif; tjypf'kp½kdufü &Sifoefaexkdif
aeolrsm;ukd tjypfay;pD&ifcJhygvdrfhrnf/
toif;awmfxJü tqifhqifhysHUESHUaeaom owif;taMumif;
t&mrsm;pGm&SdcJhonf/ tcsKdUaomowif;taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm rSm;,Gif;
Muonf/ tjcm;owif;taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm jyifzkdYvkdtyfaomtrSef
jzpfaeonfh 'kp½kduftjypfrsm;taMumif;jzpfcJhMuonf/ ,aeYuREkfyfwkdY\
acwfumv&Sd rnfonfhtoif;awmfu xkdt&mrsm;ukd rBuHKawGU&bJ&Sdae
oenf;/ &Sifaygvka&mufvmaomtcg þta&;udpörsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í
trSefw&m;ukd oufaoESpfOD;? okH;OD;ü tajccHíazmfxkwfcJhygvdrfhrnf/
&Sifaygvk aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd 'kwd,tBudrfvma&muf
vnfywfcJhpOfwGif toif;awmftm;trSefw&m;ukd &SmazGí4if;wkdY\
tv,frS tjypfom;rsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;MuzdkY pdefac:cJhonf/ xkdt&m
ukdtoif;awmfu rvkyfaqmifcJhaomaMumihf wrefawmfBuD;ukd 0rf;enf;
aMuuGJapcJhonf/
uREkfyfwkdY\ toif;awmfrsm;ü tjypf'kp½kdufukd tBudrfrnfí
rnfrQvspfvsL½IaecJhMuygoenf;/ vlwkdYukdtm;emaMumuf&GHUjcif;onf
bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmfukd BudK;pm;&SmBuHjcif;rS uREkfyfwkdYukdrnfokdY qD;wm;
aecJhygoenf;/ þonfrSm aum&dE
oKNrdKUüjzpfysufcJhaomt&mjzpfonf/
þt&mtwGuf wpfpkHwpfckukdjyKvkyfMuzkdY &Sifaygvkuaum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;ukd pdefac:cJhygonf/ þjyóemrsm;ukd olwkdYukd,fwkdifrajz&Sif;
MuvQif &Sifaygvku rdrdukd,fwkdifvma&mufí 4if;wkdYukdta&;,ltjypf
ay;rnf[k aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; pdefac:cJhonf/ z½kdz&JESihf
pm&dwåazmufjyefjcif;tajctaeü &Sdaeaomtoif;awmfukdawGUjrifae&
jcif;onf &Sifaygvk\ESvkH;om;ukd aMuuGJapcJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\tjrif
wGif bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmfrSm tvGefxdckdufEkdifonfh tajctaewGif
&SdaecJhonf/ þtoif;awmfonf þtjypf'kp½kdufrsm;ukd ppfaq;ta&;
,ljcif;r&SdbJ qufvufíaecJhaomaMumihf rdrdwdkY\BuD;xGm;&ifhusufjcif;
ukdukd,fwkdif[efYwm;aecJhMuygonf/ þonfrSm vufrcHEkdifzG,fjzpfcJh
onf/
aum&dE
oKNrdKUrSvltcsKdUu &Sifaygvk\vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd
ar;cGef;xkwfcJhMuonf/ ocifc&pfawmfonf olYtm;jzihftrSefwu,f
pum;ajymawmfrljcif;ukd oufaojy&efawmif;qkdcJhMuonf/ &Sifaygvkudk
tm;enf;oltjzpf pGyfpGJajymqkdcJhMuonf/ þonfrSm wpfpdwfwpfykdif;
tm;jzihf &Sifaygvk\trIawmfaqmifykHaMumifh jzpfcJhonf/ olonfxkdaeY
&ufumvrS rdpämwrefawmfrsm;uJhokdY trIawmfraqmifcJhyg/ olonf
t0wftaumif;pm;rsm;ukd 0wfqifíBuD;us,faompum;vkH;rsm;jzihf
rvmcJhyg/ rdrd\trIawmfaqmifctjzpf toif;awmfxHüvnf; aiGaMu;
rawmif;cHcJhyg/ xkdtpm; rdrd\0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd tcrJhvkdvkdvm;vm;ay;
urf;vkdcJhonf/ olonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHrS rnfonfhtcaMu;
aiGukdrQr,lbJ? ukd,fwkdiftvkyfvkyfí rdrd\trIawmfvkyfief;ukd axmufyHh
pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif276 277
þtcsufukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; today;&mwGif&Sifaygvku
rdrdonf olwkdYukdw&m;pD&ifzdkY a&mufvmjcif;jzpfaMumif;ukd ajymjyaecJh
onf[kxifrSwf&onf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfürajz&Sif;&ao;onfh
jyóemrsm;pGm&SdaecJhNyD;? &Sifaygvku þt&mrsm;ukdjyifay;zkdY a&mufvm
rnfjzpfonf/ olonftrSefw&m;ukd &SmazGcJhygvdrfhrnf/ olonftoif;
awmfxJü jyKvkyfcJhMuonfhtrSm;rsm;twGuf oufaorsm;ukd &SmBuHí
ocifbk&m;u jy|mef;xm;onfhtwkdif; tjypf'kp½kdufü &Sifoefaexkdif
aeolrsm;ukd tjypfay;pD&ifcJhygvdrfhrnf/
toif;awmfxJü tqifhqifhysHUESHUaeaom owif;taMumif;
t&mrsm;pGm&SdcJhonf/ tcsKdUaomowif;taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm rSm;,Gif;
Muonf/ tjcm;owif;taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm jyifzkdYvkdtyfaomtrSef
jzpfaeonfh 'kp½kduftjypfrsm;taMumif;jzpfcJhMuonf/ ,aeYuREkfyfwkdY\
acwfumv&Sd rnfonfhtoif;awmfu xkdt&mrsm;ukd rBuHKawGU&bJ&Sdae
oenf;/ &Sifaygvka&mufvmaomtcg þta&;udpörsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í
trSefw&m;ukd oufaoESpfOD;? okH;OD;ü tajccHíazmfxkwfcJhygvdrfhrnf/
&Sifaygvk aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd 'kwd,tBudrfvma&muf
vnfywfcJhpOfwGif toif;awmftm;trSefw&m;ukd &SmazGí4if;wkdY\
tv,frS tjypfom;rsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;MuzdkY pdefac:cJhonf/ xkdt&m
ukdtoif;awmfu rvkyfaqmifcJhaomaMumihf wrefawmfBuD;ukd 0rf;enf;
aMuuGJapcJhonf/
uREkfyfwkdY\ toif;awmfrsm;ü tjypf'kp½kdufukd tBudrfrnfí
rnfrQvspfvsL½IaecJhMuygoenf;/ vlwkdYukdtm;emaMumuf&GHUjcif;onf
bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmfukd BudK;pm;&SmBuHjcif;rS uREkfyfwkdYukdrnfokdY qD;wm;
aecJhygoenf;/ þonfrSm aum&dE
oKNrdKUüjzpfysufcJhaomt&mjzpfonf/
þt&mtwGuf wpfpkHwpfckukdjyKvkyfMuzkdY &Sifaygvkuaum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm;ukd pdefac:cJhygonf/ þjyóemrsm;ukd olwkdYukd,fwkdifrajz&Sif;
MuvQif &Sifaygvku rdrdukd,fwkdifvma&mufí 4if;wkdYukdta&;,ltjypf
ay;rnf[k aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; pdefac:cJhonf/ z½kdz&JESihf
pm&dwåazmufjyefjcif;tajctaeü &Sdaeaomtoif;awmfukdawGUjrifae&
jcif;onf &Sifaygvk\ESvkH;om;ukd aMuuGJapcJhonf/ &Sifaygvk\tjrif
wGif bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmfrSm tvGefxdckdufEkdifonfh tajctaewGif
&SdaecJhonf/ þtoif;awmfonf þtjypf'kp½kdufrsm;ukd ppfaq;ta&;
,ljcif;r&SdbJ qufvufíaecJhaomaMumihf rdrdwdkY\BuD;xGm;&ifhusufjcif;
ukdukd,fwkdif[efYwm;aecJhMuygonf/ þonfrSm vufrcHEkdifzG,fjzpfcJh
onf/
aum&dE
oKNrdKUrSvltcsKdUu &Sifaygvk\vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd
ar;cGef;xkwfcJhMuonf/ ocifc&pfawmfonf olYtm;jzihftrSefwu,f
pum;ajymawmfrljcif;ukd oufaojy&efawmif;qkdcJhMuonf/ &Sifaygvkudk
tm;enf;oltjzpf pGyfpGJajymqkdcJhMuonf/ þonfrSm wpfpdwfwpfykdif;
tm;jzihf &Sifaygvk\trIawmfaqmifykHaMumifh jzpfcJhonf/ olonfxkdaeY
&ufumvrS rdpämwrefawmfrsm;uJhokdY trIawmfraqmifcJhyg/ olonf
t0wftaumif;pm;rsm;ukd 0wfqifíBuD;us,faompum;vkH;rsm;jzihf
rvmcJhyg/ rdrd\trIawmfaqmifctjzpf toif;awmfxHüvnf; aiGaMu;
rawmif;cHcJhyg/ xkdtpm; rdrd\0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd tcrJhvkdvkdvm;vm;ay;
urf;vkdcJhonf/ olonf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xHrS rnfonfhtcaMu;
aiGukdrQr,lbJ? ukd,fwkdiftvkyfvkyfí rdrd\trIawmfvkyfief;ukd axmufyHh
pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif278 279
cJhonf/ þtcsif;t&mukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u em;rvnfcJhMuyg/
tcef;i,f 3 ESihf 4 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
tm; 4if;wkdY\txJü&Sdaeaom ocifa,½I\wefckd;awmfESihfu,fwifjcif;
trItaMumif;ukd today;cJhonf/ ocifa,½Ionfvnf; qJa&;apmfum;
cH&í jyuf&,fjyKcH&um jiif;y,fcH&NyD; um;wkdifüwifowfjcif;ukd
cHcJh&aMumif;olwkdYukd today;cJhonf/ ocifa,½Ionf yumoeuif;
aomtoufwmjzihf &SifoefcJhíwpfcgwpf&HtdyfpufzkdY ae&myifr&SdcJhyg/
olonf awmf0if0wf½kHrsm;ukdr0wfqifcJh? omrefvlwpfOD;uJhokdYom
0wfpm;cJhonf/ olonftokdif;t0kdif;xJrS tqifhtwef;tedrfhqkH;yk*¾dKvf
ESihfwef;wlwpfom;wnf;jzpfjcif;twGufvnf;aumif;? xdawGU&eftwGuf
vnf;aumif; rwkefYqkdif;cJhyg/ um;wkdifüwifowfcH&aomtcgü avmuD
om;rsm;uolYukd tm;enf;oltjzpfjyuf&,fjyKcJhMuonf/ okdYaomfolonf
crnf;awmf\tvkdawmfukd tpGrf;wefckd;BuD;pGm emcHcJhygonf/ tvm;
wlyif? &Sifaygvkonfvnf; avmuDom;rsm;\t,ltqESihf pHcsdefpHñTef;
t&tm;enf;oltjzpf xifrSwfcJh&onf/ okdYaomf olaum&dE
oKNrdKUokdY a&muf
vmcJhcsdefü tjypfusL;vGefxm;olrsm;ukd tjypfay;ta&;,l&mwGif vlwkdif;
ubk&m;ocif\ wefckd;awmfukd &Sifaygvkü awGUjrifcJhMuygvdrfhrnf/
þavmu\pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;jzihf uREkfyfwkdY\acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd
wkdif;wmowfrSwf&efrSm tb,frQvG,fulygoenf;/ tpGrf;tpESihf
vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmwkdYonf vlwkdY0wfqifaomt0wftpm;? ykdifqkdifaom
aiGaMu;yrmP? av;pm;MunfndKzkdYawmif;qkdaom twkdif;twmtm;jzihf
oufao xif&Sm;jyo&onf[k ,kHrSwfjcif;axmifacsmufü aMumhrd&efrSm
tb,frQ vG,fulygoenf;/ ocifa,½Ionf vlxktv,fwGiftvG,f
wulowdjyK rdcH&atmifraexkdifcJhyg/ olonf aiGaMu; (okdY) Opömpnf;pdrf
r&SdcJhouJhokdY vlwkdY\av;pm;rIukdrcH&aomfvnf; bk&m;ocif\om;awmf
jzpfNrJjzpfcJhygonf/ ocifa,½I\wefckd;awmfonf ESdrfhcsjcif;jzihf qifjref;
vTrf;NcHKxm;ygonf/
vkyfykdifcGihftmPmonf tvGeftEÅ&m,f&Sdaomt&mjzpfonf/
ajrmufjrm;pGmaomolwkdYonf vkyfykdifcGifhtmPm\ zsufqD;jcif;ukdcHcJhMu
&onf/ rsm;pGmaomolwkdYu þt&mukdwvGJtokH;jyKcJhMuNyD;? bk&m;ocifh
vlwkdY\ toif;awmfwpfckvkH;ukd zsufqD;cJhMuonf/ þvkyfykdifcGihftmPm
ukduREkfyfwkdYukdifwG,fEkdifrnfh wpfckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm 4if;udkESdrfhcs
jcif;tdwfü xnfhío,faqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ ppfrSefpGmESdrfhcsaomolrsm;
uomvQif bk&m;ocif\vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd ½kd;om;ajzmihfrwfpGm
o,faqmifEkdifrnfjzpfonf/ þonfrSm ocifa,½IvkyfaqmifcJhaom
enf;vrf;jzpfouJhokdY &Sifaygvk\enf;vrf;vnf;jzpfcJhonf/ olwkdYonf
bk&m;ocif\vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd ESdrfhcsjcif;tdwfü xnfhío,faqmifcJh
Muonf/ oifonftrIawmfjrwfü vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd&&SdvkdvQifxkdt&m
ukdukdifwG,fzdkY ESdrfhcsjcif;ukd oifhtm;OD;pGm;ay;oem;&ef ocifbk&m;ukd
awmif;avQmufyg/ aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmfonf þt,ltqukd
em;rvnfEkdifcJhyg/
tcef;i,f 5 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdYtxJü ocifc&pfawmf&Sd? r&SdukdodjrifMuzdkY ukd,fhukd,fukdppfaq;
Mu&efpdefac:cJhonf/ olwkdY\txJü ocifc&pfawmf&SdcJhvQif xkdc&pf
pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif278 279
cJhonf/ þtcsif;t&mukd aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;u em;rvnfcJhMuyg/
tcef;i,f 3 ESihf 4 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;
tm; 4if;wkdY\txJü&Sdaeaom ocifa,½I\wefckd;awmfESihfu,fwifjcif;
trItaMumif;ukd today;cJhonf/ ocifa,½Ionfvnf; qJa&;apmfum;
cH&í jyuf&,fjyKcH&um jiif;y,fcH&NyD; um;wkdifüwifowfjcif;ukd
cHcJh&aMumif;olwkdYukd today;cJhonf/ ocifa,½Ionf yumoeuif;
aomtoufwmjzihf &SifoefcJhíwpfcgwpf&HtdyfpufzkdY ae&myifr&SdcJhyg/
olonf awmf0if0wf½kHrsm;ukdr0wfqifcJh? omrefvlwpfOD;uJhokdYom
0wfpm;cJhonf/ olonftokdif;t0kdif;xJrS tqifhtwef;tedrfhqkH;yk*¾dKvf
ESihfwef;wlwpfom;wnf;jzpfjcif;twGufvnf;aumif;? xdawGU&eftwGuf
vnf;aumif; rwkefYqkdif;cJhyg/ um;wkdifüwifowfcH&aomtcgü avmuD
om;rsm;uolYukd tm;enf;oltjzpfjyuf&,fjyKcJhMuonf/ okdYaomfolonf
crnf;awmf\tvkdawmfukd tpGrf;wefckd;BuD;pGm emcHcJhygonf/ tvm;
wlyif? &Sifaygvkonfvnf; avmuDom;rsm;\t,ltqESihf pHcsdefpHñTef;
t&tm;enf;oltjzpf xifrSwfcJh&onf/ okdYaomf olaum&dE
oKNrdKUokdY a&muf
vmcJhcsdefü tjypfusL;vGefxm;olrsm;ukd tjypfay;ta&;,l&mwGif vlwkdif;
ubk&m;ocif\ wefckd;awmfukd &Sifaygvkü awGUjrifcJhMuygvdrfhrnf/
þavmu\pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;jzihf uREkfyfwkdY\acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd
wkdif;wmowfrSwf&efrSm tb,frQvG,fulygoenf;/ tpGrf;tpESihf
vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmwkdYonf vlwkdY0wfqifaomt0wftpm;? ykdifqkdifaom
aiGaMu;yrmP? av;pm;MunfndKzkdYawmif;qkdaom twkdif;twmtm;jzihf
oufao xif&Sm;jyo&onf[k ,kHrSwfjcif;axmifacsmufü aMumhrd&efrSm
tb,frQ vG,fulygoenf;/ ocifa,½Ionf vlxktv,fwGiftvG,f
wulowdjyK rdcH&atmifraexkdifcJhyg/ olonf aiGaMu; (okdY) Opömpnf;pdrf
r&SdcJhouJhokdY vlwkdY\av;pm;rIukdrcH&aomfvnf; bk&m;ocif\om;awmf
jzpfNrJjzpfcJhygonf/ ocifa,½I\wefckd;awmfonf ESdrfhcsjcif;jzihf qifjref;
vTrf;NcHKxm;ygonf/
vkyfykdifcGihftmPmonf tvGeftEÅ&m,f&Sdaomt&mjzpfonf/
ajrmufjrm;pGmaomolwkdYonf vkyfykdifcGifhtmPm\ zsufqD;jcif;ukdcHcJhMu
&onf/ rsm;pGmaomolwkdYu þt&mukdwvGJtokH;jyKcJhMuNyD;? bk&m;ocifh
vlwkdY\ toif;awmfwpfckvkH;ukd zsufqD;cJhMuonf/ þvkyfykdifcGihftmPm
ukduREkfyfwkdYukdifwG,fEkdifrnfh wpfckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm 4if;udkESdrfhcs
jcif;tdwfü xnfhío,faqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ ppfrSefpGmESdrfhcsaomolrsm;
uomvQif bk&m;ocif\vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd ½kd;om;ajzmihfrwfpGm
o,faqmifEkdifrnfjzpfonf/ þonfrSm ocifa,½IvkyfaqmifcJhaom
enf;vrf;jzpfouJhokdY &Sifaygvk\enf;vrf;vnf;jzpfcJhonf/ olwkdYonf
bk&m;ocif\vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd ESdrfhcsjcif;tdwfü xnfhío,faqmifcJh
Muonf/ oifonftrIawmfjrwfü vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd&&SdvkdvQifxkdt&m
ukdukdifwG,fzdkY ESdrfhcsjcif;ukd oifhtm;OD;pGm;ay;oem;&ef ocifbk&m;ukd
awmif;avQmufyg/ aum&dE
oKNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmfonf þt,ltqukd
em;rvnfEkdifcJhyg/
tcef;i,f 5 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
4if;wkdYtxJü ocifc&pfawmf&Sd? r&SdukdodjrifMuzdkY ukd,fhukd,fukdppfaq;
Mu&efpdefac:cJhonf/ olwkdY\txJü ocifc&pfawmf&SdcJhvQif xkdc&pf
pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif280 281
awmfonf &SifaygvktxJüvnf;&Sdí &Sifaygvktm;jzihfpum;ajymawmf
rlonfukd ,kHMunfzkdYtb,faMumihf tvGefcufcJae&ygoenf;/ þokdY
ajymqkd&mü &Sifaygvku olwkdYukdtjyifyef;o@mef\tjcm;wpfzufqDokdY
ausmfí Munfh½IMu&ef pdefac:cJhygonf/ olwkdYonf rdpämwrefawmfrsm;\
t0wfaumif; tpmaumif;rsm;ESihf aiGaMu;ykdifqkdifrIrsm;ukdom MunfhcJhMu
NyD;? þyk*¾dKvfrsm;uomvQif av;pm;zkdYxkdufonf[k rSwf,lcJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm; t0wftpm;rsm;ukdausmfvGefí
ESvkH;om;ukdMunfhMuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku olwkdYudkar;cGef;wpfck
ar;MuzkdYpdefac:cJhonf/ ]]'Dvl&JUtoufwmrSm ocifc&pfawmf&JU
rsufarSmufjyKjcif;[mxif&Sm;aeygovm;/}} xif&Sm;aecJhvQif xkdolonf
4if;wkdY\ av;pm;rIESihf xkdufwefaomoljzpfonf/
ukwftuÐsESifhvnfpD;wkdY\ vSnfhjzm;jcif;ukdrcHygESihf/ tvStqef;
cs,foxm;aom aetdrfrsm;ESihfum;rsm;\vSnfhjzm;rIudkrcHygESihf/ xkdt&m
rsm;onf vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukday;aom t&mrsm;r[kwfMuyg/ ocifc&pf
awmf\rsufarSmufjyKjcif;uom bk&m;ocif\vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd ay;
ygonf/ ocifc&pfawmf\ vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd o,faqmifxm;aom
olrsm;onf ESdrfhcsjcif;tdwfüxnfhío,faqmifxm;Muygonf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf tjyifyef;t&mrsm;\wpfzuf
tausmfukdMunfhí rdrdüocifc&pfawmf xif&Sm;aeonfudk awGUjrifEkdifMu
rnfhtaMumif; &SifaygvkarQmfvifhxm;onf/ rdrd\0wfpm;qif,OfykH?
rdrd\aiGaMu;csrf;omrIwdkYaMumihf rdrda[majymaomt&mukd olwkdY
em;axmifonfh tjzpfrsKd;ukd &SifaygvkrvkdcsifcJhyg/ rdrda[majymaom
t&mü xif&Sm;aeonhf ocifc&pfawmf\ rsufarSmufjyKjcif;qDodkYom
olwkdYukd &SifaygvkqGJac:vkdcJhonf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm; aumif;rGefpGmusihfBuHMurnftaMumif;
rSm &Sifaygvk\arQmfvifhcsufESihfqkawmif;csufjzpfonf (i,f 7)/ yxr
ESpfBudrfvma&mufvnfywfcJhcsdefwGif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf
þtjypf'kp½kdufrsm;ü aemifwr&cJhMuaMumif;ukd &SifaygvkawGUjrifcJh
&onf[k xifrSwf&onf/ rdrdysufuGufcJhonf[k xif&aom þtrIudpöü
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm; atmifjrifcJhMuvdrfhrnf[k &SifaygvkarQmfvihfae
cJhonf/ aum&dE
oK toif;om;rsm;ü toufwmajymif;vJjcif;ukd zefwD;
&rnfholrSm rdrdomjzpfonf[laom aphaqmfrIrsKd;tm; rcHpm;&jcif;wGif
&Sifaygvk\pdwfESvkH;ESdrfhcsjcif; taxmuftxm;ukdawGU&onf/ atmif
jrifjcif;ESihf ocifc&pfawmfü toufwmajymif;vJjcif;rsm;twGuf
emrnfaumif;ESihf vlwkdY\csD;rGrf;jcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYcsnf;om rnfírnfrQ
vkdcsifcJhMuygoenf;/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrd\tcef;u@ukd vkyfaqmifcJhcsdef
wGif toD;tyGihfukdawGUjrif&rnfholrSm rddrdomjzpfonf[laomtcsuf
rSm olYtwGufta&;rygcJhawmhay/ bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmf csJUxGifjcif;
cHae&orQumvywfvkH; &Sifaygvkonf ukd,fhukd,fukdab;z,fxm;í
tjcm;olrsm;tm; &dwfodrf;jcif;ukd jyKvkyfapzkdYvkdvkdvm;vm;&SdaecJhyg
onf/
tcef;i,f 8 wGif &Sifaygvkonf or®mw&m;ukdqefYusifí
rwkdufckdufvkdaMumif;? or®mw&m;twGufom tvkyfvkyfvkdcJhaMumif;ukd
owdjyKyg/ &dwfodrf;jcif;ukd jyKvkyfaomolwpfOD;jzpfvmzkdY &Sifaygvk wkdufyGJ
pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif280 281
awmfonf &SifaygvktxJüvnf;&Sdí &Sifaygvktm;jzihfpum;ajymawmf
rlonfukd ,kHMunfzkdYtb,faMumihf tvGefcufcJae&ygoenf;/ þokdY
ajymqkd&mü &Sifaygvku olwkdYukdtjyifyef;o@mef\tjcm;wpfzufqDokdY
ausmfí Munfh½IMu&ef pdefac:cJhygonf/ olwkdYonf rdpämwrefawmfrsm;\
t0wfaumif; tpmaumif;rsm;ESihf aiGaMu;ykdifqkdifrIrsm;ukdom MunfhcJhMu
NyD;? þyk*¾dKvfrsm;uomvQif av;pm;zkdYxkdufonf[k rSwf,lcJhMuonf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm; t0wftpm;rsm;ukdausmfvGefí
ESvkH;om;ukdMunfhMuzkdY pdefac:cJhonf/ &Sifaygvku olwkdYudkar;cGef;wpfck
ar;MuzkdYpdefac:cJhonf/ ]]'Dvl&JUtoufwmrSm ocifc&pfawmf&JU
rsufarSmufjyKjcif;[mxif&Sm;aeygovm;/}} xif&Sm;aecJhvQif xkdolonf
4if;wkdY\ av;pm;rIESihf xkdufwefaomoljzpfonf/
ukwftuÐsESifhvnfpD;wkdY\ vSnfhjzm;jcif;ukdrcHygESihf/ tvStqef;
cs,foxm;aom aetdrfrsm;ESihfum;rsm;\vSnfhjzm;rIudkrcHygESihf/ xkdt&m
rsm;onf vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukday;aom t&mrsm;r[kwfMuyg/ ocifc&pf
awmf\rsufarSmufjyKjcif;uom bk&m;ocif\vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd ay;
ygonf/ ocifc&pfawmf\ vkyfykdifcGihftmPmukd o,faqmifxm;aom
olrsm;onf ESdrfhcsjcif;tdwfüxnfhío,faqmifxm;Muygonf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf tjyifyef;t&mrsm;\wpfzuf
tausmfukdMunfhí rdrdüocifc&pfawmf xif&Sm;aeonfudk awGUjrifEkdifMu
rnfhtaMumif; &SifaygvkarQmfvifhxm;onf/ rdrd\0wfpm;qif,OfykH?
rdrd\aiGaMu;csrf;omrIwdkYaMumihf rdrda[majymaomt&mukd olwkdY
em;axmifonfh tjzpfrsKd;ukd &SifaygvkrvkdcsifcJhyg/ rdrda[majymaom
t&mü xif&Sm;aeonhf ocifc&pfawmf\ rsufarSmufjyKjcif;qDodkYom
olwkdYukd &SifaygvkqGJac:vkdcJhonf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm; aumif;rGefpGmusihfBuHMurnftaMumif;
rSm &Sifaygvk\arQmfvifhcsufESihfqkawmif;csufjzpfonf (i,f 7)/ yxr
ESpfBudrfvma&mufvnfywfcJhcsdefwGif aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf
þtjypf'kp½kdufrsm;ü aemifwr&cJhMuaMumif;ukd &SifaygvkawGUjrifcJh
&onf[k xifrSwf&onf/ rdrdysufuGufcJhonf[k xif&aom þtrIudpöü
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm; atmifjrifcJhMuvdrfhrnf[k &SifaygvkarQmfvihfae
cJhonf/ aum&dE
oK toif;om;rsm;ü toufwmajymif;vJjcif;ukd zefwD;
&rnfholrSm rdrdomjzpfonf[laom aphaqmfrIrsKd;tm; rcHpm;&jcif;wGif
&Sifaygvk\pdwfESvkH;ESdrfhcsjcif; taxmuftxm;ukdawGU&onf/ atmif
jrifjcif;ESihf ocifc&pfawmfü toufwmajymif;vJjcif;rsm;twGuf
emrnfaumif;ESihf vlwkdY\csD;rGrf;jcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYcsnf;om rnfírnfrQ
vkdcsifcJhMuygoenf;/ &Sifaygvkonf rdrd\tcef;u@ukd vkyfaqmifcJhcsdef
wGif toD;tyGihfukdawGUjrif&rnfholrSm rddrdomjzpfonf[laomtcsuf
rSm olYtwGufta&;rygcJhawmhay/ bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmf csJUxGifjcif;
cHae&orQumvywfvkH; &Sifaygvkonf ukd,fhukd,fukdab;z,fxm;í
tjcm;olrsm;tm; &dwfodrf;jcif;ukd jyKvkyfapzkdYvkdvkdvm;vm;&SdaecJhyg
onf/
tcef;i,f 8 wGif &Sifaygvkonf or®mw&m;ukdqefYusifí
rwkdufckdufvkdaMumif;? or®mw&m;twGufom tvkyfvkyfvkdcJhaMumif;ukd
owdjyKyg/ &dwfodrf;jcif;ukd jyKvkyfaomolwpfOD;jzpfvmzkdY &Sifaygvk wkdufyGJ
pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif282 283
0ifcJhvQif olonfrSm;,Gif;aomwkdufyGJukd qifETJaejcif;omjzpfcJhygvdrfhrnf/
ajrmufjrm;pGmaomtcsdefwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf xifay:ausmfMum;jcif;ukd
rdrdwkdYzmomBudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;jzihf or®mw&m;ukd qefYusifwkdufckduf
aeEkdifMuygonf/ aemufqkH;atmifEkdifjcif;ukd ,laqmifvmaomol wpfOD;
tjzpfESihf *kPfjyKcHjcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYvkdcsifMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdYemrnfrsm;ukd
atmifjrifjcif;rsm;ESihf ,SOfwGJaz:jyjcif;ukd vkdcsifMuonf/ okdYaomf or®m
w&m;twGuffwkdufyGJ0ifjcif;wGif uREkfyfwkdYonfemrnfaumif;twGuf
tcsif;csif;wpfa,mufESihfwpfa,muf rwkdufckdufoifhyg/ þokdYjyKvkyfjcif;
onf EkdifiHawmfcsJUxGifjcif;ukd [efYwm;aESmuf,Sufygvdrfhrnf/
tcef;i,f 9 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
rdrdESihfrdrd\vkyfazmfaqmifzufrsm;onf tm;enf;onf[k xifrSwfcH&í
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;rSm tm;BuD;onf[kxifrSwfcH&jcif;onf rdrd
twGuf ta&;rygaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf
or®mw&m;ü oefrmtm;BuD;Muí xkdor®mw&m;ü &SifoefaexkdifaeMu
onfukd oljrifawGUcJh&vQif olonftm;enf;jcif;ü qufvuf&Sdae&jcif;ukd
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfcJhvdrfhrnfjzpfNyD;? aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;udkjyif;
jyif;xefxef tjypfray;? ta&;r,l&aomaMumifhvnf; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;
omjzpfcJhygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvk tjzpfcsifqkH;t&mrSm aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm; or®mw&m;ücGeftm;opf oGef;avmif;cH&jcif;ukdjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvktav;xm;aomt&mrSm or®mw&m;a&SUokdYcsDwufwkd;yGm;
oGm;a&;jzpfonf/ rdrd\yk*¾vwkd;yGm;a&;r[kwfcJhyg/
oifwkdY\NrdKU&Sd or®musrf;pmukd,kHMunfukdifqGJaomtjcm; toif;
awmfwpfyg;onf oifwkdY\toif;awmfxuf toif;0ifykdrsm;vQif
tb,fhaMumifh a&;BuD;cGifus,fvkyfae&rnfenf;/ tjcm;oif;tkyfwpf
yg;onf ocifc&pfawmfü toufwmajymif;vJjcif;rsm;ukd oihfxufykdí
jrifawGUaevQif tb,fhaMumihfa&;BuD;cGifus,fvkyfae&rnfenf;/ vlwkdYu
oihf&JUa[majymjcif;xuf tjcm;wpfOD;wpfa,muf\ a[majym
jcif;ukdykdí wkefYjyefaeMuvQif tb,fhaMumifha&;BuD;cGifus,fvkyfae&
rnfenf;/ ta&;BuD;aomt&mrSm bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfcsJUxGifcH&jcif;
jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtav;xm;&rnfht&mrSm uREkfyfwkdYtwGufxifay:
jcif;ESihftodtrSwfjyKcH&jcif;ukd vufcH&&Sdjcif;ür[kwf? bk&m;ocifonf
bkef;awmfxif&Sm;í EkdifiHawmf wkd;wufcsJUxGifcH&jcif;ü jzpf&ayrnf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYtv,fü&Sdae
aom jyóemrsm;ukdajz&Sif;xm;MuzdkY wkdufwGef;&eftwGufBudKwifa&;om;
taMumif;Mum;cJhonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf olvma&mufvnfywfaomtcgwGif
4if;wkdYESihfxdyfwdkuf ajz&Sif;p&mvkdawmhrnfr[kwfcJhyg (i,f 10)/ olonf
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xH a&mufvmaomtcgü rdrd\vkyfykdifcGihf
tmPmukdtokH;jyKí olwkdYukdjyif;jyif;xefxefqkH;r&onfxuf cGeftm;
ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;? aumif;BuD;r*FvmwkdYESihftwl olwkdYxHvma&muf
vnfywf&onfukd ykdíESpfoufcJhonf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; aemufqkH;pdefac:rItaejzihf
&Sifaygvku 4if;wkdYukd0dnmOfa&;&m avQmufvSrf;jcif;üpkHvifjcif;ukd
&nfrSef;MuzdkY ajymcJhonf (i,f 11)/ þtcsif;t&mukd olwkdYjyKvkyfzkdY
qkdvQif olwkdYonf&Sifaygvkajymjyaeaomt&mrsm;ukd em;axmifcJhMu&
pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif282 283
0ifcJhvQif olonfrSm;,Gif;aomwkdufyGJukd qifETJaejcif;omjzpfcJhygvdrfhrnf/
ajrmufjrm;pGmaomtcsdefwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf xifay:ausmfMum;jcif;ukd
rdrdwkdYzmomBudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;jzihf or®mw&m;ukd qefYusifwkdufckduf
aeEkdifMuygonf/ aemufqkH;atmifEkdifjcif;ukd ,laqmifvmaomol wpfOD;
tjzpfESihf *kPfjyKcHjcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYvkdcsifMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdYemrnfrsm;ukd
atmifjrifjcif;rsm;ESihf ,SOfwGJaz:jyjcif;ukd vkdcsifMuonf/ okdYaomf or®m
w&m;twGuffwkdufyGJ0ifjcif;wGif uREkfyfwkdYonfemrnfaumif;twGuf
tcsif;csif;wpfa,mufESihfwpfa,muf rwkdufckdufoifhyg/ þokdYjyKvkyfjcif;
onf EkdifiHawmfcsJUxGifjcif;ukd [efYwm;aESmuf,Sufygvdrfhrnf/
tcef;i,f 9 wGif &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm;
rdrdESihfrdrd\vkyfazmfaqmifzufrsm;onf tm;enf;onf[k xifrSwfcH&í
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;rSm tm;BuD;onf[kxifrSwfcH&jcif;onf rdrd
twGuf ta&;rygaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;onf
or®mw&m;ü oefrmtm;BuD;Muí xkdor®mw&m;ü &SifoefaexkdifaeMu
onfukd oljrifawGUcJh&vQif olonftm;enf;jcif;ü qufvuf&Sdae&jcif;ukd
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfcJhvdrfhrnfjzpfNyD;? aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;udkjyif;
jyif;xefxef tjypfray;? ta&;r,l&aomaMumifhvnf; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;
omjzpfcJhygvdrfhrnf/ &Sifaygvk tjzpfcsifqkH;t&mrSm aum&dE
oKtoif;
om;rsm; or®mw&m;ücGeftm;opf oGef;avmif;cH&jcif;ukdjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvktav;xm;aomt&mrSm or®mw&m;a&SUokdYcsDwufwkd;yGm;
oGm;a&;jzpfonf/ rdrd\yk*¾vwkd;yGm;a&;r[kwfcJhyg/
oifwkdY\NrdKU&Sd or®musrf;pmukd,kHMunfukdifqGJaomtjcm; toif;
awmfwpfyg;onf oifwkdY\toif;awmfxuf toif;0ifykdrsm;vQif
tb,fhaMumifh a&;BuD;cGifus,fvkyfae&rnfenf;/ tjcm;oif;tkyfwpf
yg;onf ocifc&pfawmfü toufwmajymif;vJjcif;rsm;ukd oihfxufykdí
jrifawGUaevQif tb,fhaMumihfa&;BuD;cGifus,fvkyfae&rnfenf;/ vlwkdYu
oihf&JUa[majymjcif;xuf tjcm;wpfOD;wpfa,muf\ a[majym
jcif;ukdykdí wkefYjyefaeMuvQif tb,fhaMumifha&;BuD;cGifus,fvkyfae&
rnfenf;/ ta&;BuD;aomt&mrSm bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmfcsJUxGifcH&jcif;
jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtav;xm;&rnfht&mrSm uREkfyfwkdYtwGufxifay:
jcif;ESihftodtrSwfjyKcH&jcif;ukd vufcH&&Sdjcif;ür[kwf? bk&m;ocifonf
bkef;awmfxif&Sm;í EkdifiHawmf wkd;wufcsJUxGifcH&jcif;ü jzpf&ayrnf/
&Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdYtv,fü&Sdae
aom jyóemrsm;ukdajz&Sif;xm;MuzdkY wkdufwGef;&eftwGufBudKwifa&;om;
taMumif;Mum;cJhonf/ xkdokdYtm;jzihf olvma&mufvnfywfaomtcgwGif
4if;wkdYESihfxdyfwdkuf ajz&Sif;p&mvkdawmhrnfr[kwfcJhyg (i,f 10)/ olonf
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;xH a&mufvmaomtcgü rdrd\vkyfykdifcGihf
tmPmukdtokH;jyKí olwkdYukdjyif;jyif;xefxefqkH;r&onfxuf cGeftm;
ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;? aumif;BuD;r*FvmwkdYESihftwl olwkdYxHvma&muf
vnfywf&onfukd ykdíESpfoufcJhonf/
aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; aemufqkH;pdefac:rItaejzihf
&Sifaygvku 4if;wkdYukd0dnmOfa&;&m avQmufvSrf;jcif;üpkHvifjcif;ukd
&nfrSef;MuzdkY ajymcJhonf (i,f 11)/ þtcsif;t&mukd olwkdYjyKvkyfzkdY
qkdvQif olwkdYonf&Sifaygvkajymjyaeaomt&mrsm;ukd em;axmifcJhMu&
pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif284 285
ygvdrfhrnf/ olwkdYonftjypf'kp½kduftay:ü jyif;xefMuí 4if;wkdYukd
jzwfawmuf&yfwefYMu&ayrnf/ olwkdYonf tcsif;csif;toifhtwifh
aeMuí&SifaygvkESihfvnf; oifhwifhpGmaeMu&vdrhfrnf/ ,kHMunfolrsm;ukd
pdwf0rf;uGJapaom jyóemrsm;tm;vkH;ukd ajz&Sif;MuzdkYvkdtyfygonf/
tjypf'kp½kdufukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;jcif;ESihf qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;
ukdjyefvnfwnfaqmufrGrf;rHjcif;&vm'fonf Nidrfoufcsrf;omjcif;ukd
ay;aombk&m;ocif olwkdYESihftwl&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ ajrmufjrm;pGm
aomtcsdefwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocifukdNidrfoufcsrf;omjcif;ESihf
vnf;aumif;? wefckd;BuD;jcif;ESihfvnf;aumif; uREkfyfwkdYESihftwl&Sdaeay;zkdY
vkdcsifMuaomfvnf;? xkdt&mrsm;ukdrawGUBuHKrcHpm;&atmif qD;wm;ae
onfht&mrsm;ukdrl ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;jcif;rvkyfvkdMuyg/ uREkfyfwkdYtm;
tpGrf;xufpGmtokH;jyKzkdY&m bk&m;ocifukduREkfyfwkdYtvkd&SdMuaomfvnf;
usKd;yJhaMurGaeaom qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;ukdrl uREkfyfwkdYrukdifwG,f rajz
&Sif;csifMuyg/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdY\tjypf
'kp½kdufESihf usKd;yJhaMurGaeaomqufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;
jcif;jzihf a&S;OD;pGmjzifh pkHvifjcif;ukd tywfwukwfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfMu&ef
pdefac:cJhonf/ xkdokdYvkyfaqmifNyD;rSom bk&m;ocif\Nidrfoufcsrf;om
jcif;ü aexkdif&jcif;ukdolwkdY arQmfvifhEkdifygonf/
ed*kH;csKyfjcif;wGif &Sifaygvku ,kHMunfolwkdYtm; tcsif;csif;wpf
a,mufukdwpfa,muf oefY&Sif;aomterf;jzihf EIwfqufMu&efqifhac:
cJhonf/ þtxl;oD;oefY&nf&G,faom EIwfqufjcif;onf4if;wkdYESihf tvGef
eD;pyfuRrf;0ifaomolrsm;twGufom jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvku ,kHMunfol
rsm;Mum;wGif tvGefeD;pyfuRrf;0ifaom qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsKd;ukd jrifawGU
vkdcJhonf/ ocifbk&m;ukd tvkyftauR;jyK&müvnf;aumif;? ocifbk&m;
ukd*kPfBuD;ap&müvnf;aumif;? 4if;wdkYcsnf;omr[kwfaMumif;ukd
&Sifaygvku today;cJhonf/ tjcm;oefY&Sif;olwkdYuvnf; 4if;wkdY\
EIwfqufjcif;ukd ay;ykdYcJhMuonf/ olwkdYonf wavmuvkH;ü ysHUESHUaeaom
ocifc&pfawmf\ ukd,fcE¨mawmfBuD;\ tpdwftykdif;jzpfcJhMuygonf/
&Sifaygvk\ qkawmif;csufrSm ocifc&pfawmf\aus;Zl;awmf
(rxkdufrwefbJ&aom rsufESmomay;rI)onfvnf;aumif;? crnf;awmf
bk&m;\ arwåmawmfonfvnf;aumif;? oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\
tHhzG,frdó[m,awmfonfvnf;aumif;? aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tzkdY
jzpfcJhvdrfhrnfhtaMumif;jzpfonf/ þ0dnmOfa&;&mü cufcJvkH;axG;&csdef
wGif 4if;wkdYtay:ü pdwf&Snfonf;cHjcif;udkjzpfapcJhaomt&mrSm
þaus;Zl;awmf ESihfarwåmawmfjzpfcJhonf/ oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\
rdó[m,zGJUjcif;onf bk&m;ocifu olwkdYukdqifhac:í &Sifoefapaom
toufwmüqufvuf&Sifoef&efrpí tpGrf;ay;rnfht&mjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvk u aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd bk&m;ocif\þaus;Zl;awmf?
arwåmawmf? rdó[m,zGJUawmfü qufuyftyfESHcJhygonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
0dnmOfa&;&mü vkyfykdifcGihftmPm&Sdjcif;ukd &Sifaygvkem;vnf
xm;ykHESihf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ESihf rdpämwrefawmfwkdY\
em;vnfxm;ykHkwkdY\ uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrSm tb,fenf;/
vkyfykdifcGihftmPm&Sdjcif;wGif pdwfESvkH;ESdrfhcsjcif;\ tcef;u@
pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif284 285
ygvdrfhrnf/ olwkdYonftjypf'kp½kduftay:ü jyif;xefMuí 4if;wkdYukd
jzwfawmuf&yfwefYMu&ayrnf/ olwkdYonf tcsif;csif;toifhtwifh
aeMuí&SifaygvkESihfvnf; oifhwifhpGmaeMu&vdrhfrnf/ ,kHMunfolrsm;ukd
pdwf0rf;uGJapaom jyóemrsm;tm;vkH;ukd ajz&Sif;MuzdkYvkdtyfygonf/
tjypf'kp½kdufukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;jcif;ESihf qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;
ukdjyefvnfwnfaqmufrGrf;rHjcif;&vm'fonf Nidrfoufcsrf;omjcif;ukd
ay;aombk&m;ocif olwkdYESihftwl&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ ajrmufjrm;pGm
aomtcsdefwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf bk&m;ocifukdNidrfoufcsrf;omjcif;ESihf
vnf;aumif;? wefckd;BuD;jcif;ESihfvnf;aumif; uREkfyfwkdYESihftwl&Sdaeay;zkdY
vkdcsifMuaomfvnf;? xkdt&mrsm;ukdrawGUBuHKrcHpm;&atmif qD;wm;ae
onfht&mrsm;ukdrl ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;jcif;rvkyfvkdMuyg/ uREkfyfwkdYtm;
tpGrf;xufpGmtokH;jyKzkdY&m bk&m;ocifukduREkfyfwkdYtvkd&SdMuaomfvnf;
usKd;yJhaMurGaeaom qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;ukdrl uREkfyfwkdYrukdifwG,f rajz
&Sif;csifMuyg/ &Sifaygvku aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tm; 4if;wkdY\tjypf
'kp½kdufESihf usKd;yJhaMurGaeaomqufqH&if;ESD;rIrsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;
jcif;jzihf a&S;OD;pGmjzifh pkHvifjcif;ukd tywfwukwfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfMu&ef
pdefac:cJhonf/ xkdokdYvkyfaqmifNyD;rSom bk&m;ocif\Nidrfoufcsrf;om
jcif;ü aexkdif&jcif;ukdolwkdY arQmfvifhEkdifygonf/
ed*kH;csKyfjcif;wGif &Sifaygvku ,kHMunfolwkdYtm; tcsif;csif;wpf
a,mufukdwpfa,muf oefY&Sif;aomterf;jzihf EIwfqufMu&efqifhac:
cJhonf/ þtxl;oD;oefY&nf&G,faom EIwfqufjcif;onf4if;wkdYESihf tvGef
eD;pyfuRrf;0ifaomolrsm;twGufom jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvku ,kHMunfol
rsm;Mum;wGif tvGefeD;pyfuRrf;0ifaom qufqH&if;ESD;rIrsKd;ukd jrifawGU
vkdcJhonf/ ocifbk&m;ukd tvkyftauR;jyK&müvnf;aumif;? ocifbk&m;
ukd*kPfBuD;ap&müvnf;aumif;? 4if;wdkYcsnf;omr[kwfaMumif;ukd
&Sifaygvku today;cJhonf/ tjcm;oefY&Sif;olwkdYuvnf; 4if;wkdY\
EIwfqufjcif;ukd ay;ykdYcJhMuonf/ olwkdYonf wavmuvkH;ü ysHUESHUaeaom
ocifc&pfawmf\ ukd,fcE¨mawmfBuD;\ tpdwftykdif;jzpfcJhMuygonf/
&Sifaygvk\ qkawmif;csufrSm ocifc&pfawmf\aus;Zl;awmf
(rxkdufrwefbJ&aom rsufESmomay;rI)onfvnf;aumif;? crnf;awmf
bk&m;\ arwåmawmfonfvnf;aumif;? oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\
tHhzG,frdó[m,awmfonfvnf;aumif;? aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;tzkdY
jzpfcJhvdrfhrnfhtaMumif;jzpfonf/ þ0dnmOfa&;&mü cufcJvkH;axG;&csdef
wGif 4if;wkdYtay:ü pdwf&Snfonf;cHjcif;udkjzpfapcJhaomt&mrSm
þaus;Zl;awmf ESihfarwåmawmfjzpfcJhonf/ oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\
rdó[m,zGJUjcif;onf bk&m;ocifu olwkdYukdqifhac:í &Sifoefapaom
toufwmüqufvuf&Sifoef&efrpí tpGrf;ay;rnfht&mjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvk u aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ukd bk&m;ocif\þaus;Zl;awmf?
arwåmawmf? rdó[m,zGJUawmfü qufuyftyfESHcJhygonf/
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
pOf;pm;okH;oyf&eftcsufrsm;
0dnmOfa&;&mü vkyfykdifcGihftmPm&Sdjcif;ukd &Sifaygvkem;vnf
xm;ykHESihf aum&dE
oKtoif;om;rsm;ESihf rdpämwrefawmfwkdY\
em;vnfxm;ykHkwkdY\ uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrSm tb,fenf;/
vkyfykdifcGihftmPm&Sdjcif;wGif pdwfESvkH;ESdrfhcsjcif;\ tcef;u@
pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif286
rSmtb,fenf;/
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfxJwGif&Sdaeaomtjypf'kp½kduftay:ü
xm;&Sd aom &Sifaygvk\pdwfaeoabmxm;ESihf xkdtoif;awmfrS
acgif;aqmifrsm;\ pdwfaeoabmxm;wkdYukd EIdif;,SOfMunfhyg/
rnfokdYuGJjym;jcm;em;Muygoenf;/
,aeYkwGif oifwkdY\toif;awmfonf rnfonfh0dnmOfa&;jyó
emrsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;zkdY &Sdaeygoenf;/ oifhukd,fwkdifwGif
vnf; rnfonfhjyóemukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;zkdY &Sdaeygoenf;/
bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufjyKjcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdY\toif;awmf
rsm;üvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdY\yk*¾vtoufwmüvnf;aumif;
wkd;íjrifawGUEkdif&eftwGuf jzpfysufzkdYvdktyfaom t&mrsm;ESihf
pyfvsOf;í þtcef;BuD;u uREkfyfwkdYukdrnfokdY oGefoifay;xm;
ygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
oifonf ocifbk&m;ESihfykdíeD;uyfvmzkdY oifhtoufwmü
ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;zkdY vkdtyfaomtpdwftykdif;rsm;ukd az:jyay;
zkdY ocifbk&m;ukdawmif;avQmufyg/
þtcef;BuD;ü &Sifaygvktxift&Sm;oufaojycJhaom ESdrfhcs
onfhpdwfxm;ESihf tvm;wlaompdwfxm;rsKd;ukd oihftm;
ay;oem;zkdY ocifbk&m;ukd awmif;avQmufyg/
tjypf'kp½kduftay:üxm;&Sdaom &Sifaygvk\pdwfxm;rsKd;ukd
oihftm;ay;oem;zkdY awmif;avQmufyg/ tjypf'kp½kdufukd jzwf
awmuf&yfwefY&rnfhtpm;? xkdtjypf'kp½kdufü &Sifoefaexkdif
cJhonfhtcsdefrsm;twGuf cGihfvTwfay;zkdY bk&m;ocifukd awmif;
avQmufyg/
287pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
aum&dE
oKMo0gpm'kwd,apmif286
rSmtb,fenf;/
aum&dE
oKtoif;awmfxJwGif&Sdaeaomtjypf'kp½kduftay:ü
xm;&Sd aom &Sifaygvk\pdwfaeoabmxm;ESihf xkdtoif;awmfrS
acgif;aqmifrsm;\ pdwfaeoabmxm;wkdYukd EIdif;,SOfMunfhyg/
rnfokdYuGJjym;jcm;em;Muygoenf;/
,aeYkwGif oifwkdY\toif;awmfonf rnfonfh0dnmOfa&;jyó
emrsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;zkdY &Sdaeygoenf;/ oifhukd,fwkdifwGif
vnf; rnfonfhjyóemukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;zkdY &Sdaeygoenf;/
bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufjyKjcif;ukd uREkfyfwkdY\toif;awmf
rsm;üvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwkdY\yk*¾vtoufwmüvnf;aumif;
wkd;íjrifawGUEkdif&eftwGuf jzpfysufzkdYvdktyfaom t&mrsm;ESihf
pyfvsOf;í þtcef;BuD;u uREkfyfwkdYukdrnfokdY oGefoifay;xm;
ygoenf;/
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
qkawmif;&eftcsufrsm;
oifonf ocifbk&m;ESihfykdíeD;uyfvmzkdY oifhtoufwmü
ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;zkdY vkdtyfaomtpdwftykdif;rsm;ukd az:jyay;
zkdY ocifbk&m;ukdawmif;avQmufyg/
þtcef;BuD;ü &Sifaygvktxift&Sm;oufaojycJhaom ESdrfhcs
onfhpdwfxm;ESihf tvm;wlaompdwfxm;rsKd;ukd oihftm;
ay;oem;zkdY ocifbk&m;ukd awmif;avQmufyg/
tjypf'kp½kduftay:üxm;&Sdaom &Sifaygvk\pdwfxm;rsKd;ukd
oihftm;ay;oem;zkdY awmif;avQmufyg/ tjypf'kp½kdufukd jzwf
awmuf&yfwefY&rnfhtpm;? xkdtjypf'kp½kdufü &Sifoefaexkdif
cJhonfhtcsdefrsm;twGuf cGihfvTwfay;zkdY bk&m;ocifukd awmif;
avQmufyg/
287pkHvifjcif;twGuf&nfrSef;jcif;
